Juutalaisvastaisuus suomalaisissa aikakauslehdiss�� ja kirjallisuudessa 1918-1944

Anti-Semitism existed in Finland during the whole period covered by this study. The immoral acts associated with Jews in the articles were mostly regarded as universal habits, qualities and/or modes of action, that is, unconnected with any particular Finnish Jew. Researchers have tried to explain anti-Semitism in several ways. The theory of Jews as outsiders has been a popular explanation as well as xenophobia, chimerical anti-Semitism and the socio-economic models. The main sources of this study have been over 400 Finnish periodicals and magazines, literature and text books published between 1918 and 1944. This vast number of magazines includes those of the army and the civil guard, religion, humour and the papers of the Finnish extreme right. One can see a distinct foreign and especially German influence in the subjects and phraseology of Finnish anti-Semitic writings between 1918 and 1944. Several known Finnish anti-Semitic writers had some kind of link with Germany. Some Finnish organisations and societies were openly anti-Semitic during this period. There had been cycles in the activity of anti-Semitic writing in Finland, obvious peaks appearing in 1918 1919, 1929 1931, 1933 1938 and 1942 1944. The reason for the 1918 1919 activity was the civil rights which were granted to the Jews in Finland, and the Russian Bolshevik revolution. The worldwide depression from 1929 to 1932 seem to be the reason for new anti-Semitic writing activity. The rise of National Socialism in Germany and the influence this phenomenon had in Finland was the reason for the peak during 1933 1938. During the continuation war 1942 1944 National Socialist Germany was fighting side-by-side with Finland and their anti-Semitic propaganda found easier access to Finland. Of the 433 magazines, journals and newspapers which were used in this study, 71 or 16.4 per cent had at least one article that can be identified as anti-Semitic; especially the magazines of national socialists and other extreme right parties were making anti-Semitic annotations. There were about 50 people known to have written anti-Semitic articles. At least half of these known writers had studied at the university, including as many as 10 priests. Over and above these, there was an even larger number of people who wrote under a pseudonym. The material used suggested that anti-Semitism was not very popular in Finland between 1918 and 1944. Anti-Semitic articles appeared mostly in the magazines of the extreme right, but their circulation was not very large. A proof of the slight influence of these extreme right anti-Semitic ideas is that, beside the tightening of policy towards Jewish immigrants in 1938 and the handing over of eight of these refugees to Germany in 1942, the official policy of Finland never became anti-Semitic. As was stated before, despite the cycles in the number of writings, there does not appear to have been any noticeable change in public opinion. One must also remember that most Finns had not at that period actually met a Jew. The material used suggests that between 1918 and 1944 the so-called Jewish question was seemingly unimportant for most Finns and their attitude to Jews and Jewishness can be described as neutral.

Down, You Vagabond of a Heart! : Romance and Created Personas in the Journals of L. M. Montgomery

Kanadalainen kirjailija L. M. (Ludy Maud) Montgomery (1874-1942) tunnetaan parhaiten lasten ja nuorten kirjallisuudestaan, erityisesti Anne of Green Gables -romaanistaan (suom. Annan nuoruusvuodet). Graduni tutkii kuitenkin Montgomeryn v��hemm��n tunnettua omael��m��kerrallista tuotantoa, h��nen p��iv��kirjojaan, jotka on julkaistu viidess�� osassa (1985-2004). Keskityn romanssin kuvaukseen Montgomeryn p��iv��kirjojen ensimm��isess�� osassa ja tutkin, millaisia tekstuaalisia persoonia (personas) kertoja luo autobiografisessa prosessissa. T��h��n narratiiviseen prosessiin vaikuttavat erityisesti p��iv��kirjan yleis�� tai lukijat (audience), samoin kuin fiktiiviset esikuvat ja fiktiivisesti kirjoittaminen (fictionalisation) sek�� kysymys p��iv��kirjan kertovasta ja kerrotusta min��st�� (narrated and narrating I). Romanssi on p����osassa Montgomeryn p��iv��kirjojen ensimm��isess�� julkaistussa osassa, joka kuvaa h��nen teini- ja varhaisaikuisuusvuosiaan. V��it��n, ett�� vaikka p��iv��kirjateksti saattaa vaikuttaa rehelliselt�� ja todenmukaiselta kuvaukselta el��m��st��, varsinkin Montgomeryn tapauksessa kyseess�� on silti l��pikotaisin editoitu ja muokattu teksti, jota p��iv��kirjan tekij�� hallitsee rautaisella otteella ja joka k��ytt���� hyv��kseen fiktiivisi�� keinoja. Aineistonani k��yt��n sek�� Montgomeryn julkaistuja ett�� julkaisemattomia p��iv��kirjoja, joita s��ilytet����n University of Guelphin arkistoissa, Kanadan Ontariossa. P��iv��kirjat ovat moneen kertaan sek�� Montgomeryn ett�� julkaistujen p��iv��kirjojen editoijien muokkaamia, joten niiden tutkiminen l��hilukemalla (close-reading) ja eri versioita vertaillen on erityisen t��rke����. Teorian osalta keskityn l��hinn�� Pohjois-Amerikassa kirjoitettuun autobiografia- ja (naisten) p��iv��kirjatutkimukseen. V��it��n gradussani, ett�� Montgomeryn kuvaus heteroseksuaalisesta romanssista v��ltt���� tarjoamasta lukijalle romanssijuonen tyypillist�� katharsista. Montgomeryn romanttiset persoonat ovat yll��tt��v��n ep��romanttisia ja ristiriidassa kesken����n. Romantiikan traditiolle tyypillist�� kielt�� ja personifikaatiota k��ytet����n joko korostetun liioitellusti tai humoristisesti ja parodioiden.

Benchmarking Scientific Journals from the Submitting Author���s Viewpoint

Authors of scholarly papers to a large extent base the decision on where to submit their manuscripts on the prestige of journals, taking little account of other possible factors. Information concerning such factors is in fact often not available. This paper argues for the establishment of methods for benchmarking scientific journals, taking into account a wider range of journal performance parameters than is currently available. A model for how prospective authors determine the value of submitting to a particular journal is presented. The model includes eight factors that influence an author���s decision and 21 other underlying factors. The model is a qualitative one. The method proposes to benchmark groups of journals by application of the factors. Initial testing of the method has been undertaken in one discipline.

A Method for Comparing Scholarly Journals as Service Providers to Authors

When authors of scholarly articles decide where to submit their manuscripts for peer review and eventual publication, they often base their choice of journals on very incomplete information abouthow well the journals serve the authors��� purposes of informing about their research and advancing their academic careers. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a new method for benchmarking scientific journals, providing more information to prospective authors. The method estimates a number of journal parameters, including readership, scientific prestige, time from submission to publication, acceptance rate and service provided by the journal during the review and publication process. Data directly obtainable from the web, data that can be calculated from such data, data obtained from publishers and editors, and data obtained using surveys with authors are used in the method, which has been tested on three different sets of journals, each from a different discipline. We found a number of problems with the different data acquisition methods, which limit the extent to which the method can be used. Publishers and editors are reluctant to disclose important information they have at hand (i.e. journal circulation, web downloads, acceptance rate). The calculation of some important parameters (for instance average time from submission to publication, regional spread of authorship) can be done but requires quite a lot of work. It can be difficult to get reasonable response rates to surveys with authors. All in all we believe that the method we propose, taking a ���service to authors��� perspective as a basis for benchmarking scientific journals, is useful and can provide information that is valuable to prospective authors in selected scientific disciplines.