128 resultados para Elm.


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Tutkielmassani käsittelen vuoden 1905 suurlakon ja Viaporin kapinan välistä aikaa vallankumouksellisena prosessina Helsingissä. Miten vallankumouksellisuus ilmeni suurlakon aikana ja sen jälkeen Helsingissä? Miten tavalliset työläiset reagoivat tapahtumiin? Metodisina apuvälineinä minulla on ensinnäkin Charles Tillyn määritelm vallankumoukselliselle tapahtumalle. Keskeistä tälle määritelmlle on, että vallankumouksellista tapahtumaa pitää tutkia sen lähtökohdista käsin eikä lopputuloksen kautta. Vallankumouksellinen tilanne syntyy, kun olemassa oleva hallitus saa kilpailijan ja vastaavasti se on ohi, kun jompikumpi jää jäljelle. Toiseksi apunani ovat olleet sosiaalihistorialliset tutkimukset Venäjän vallankumouksesta, joissa aihetta käsitellään ruohonjuuritason näkökulmasta. Tällöin polttopisteessä ovat lakot ja niiden aikana esitetyt vaatimukset. Oleellista näistä tutkimuksissa on, ettei työläisiä nähdä tahdottomana massana, joka sokeasti tottelee poliittisten johtajien käskyjä. Työläisillä oli omia, lähinnä ammatillisia vaatimuksia, jotka ilmensivät toisaalta huolta jokapäiväisestä toimeentulosta ja toisaalta ne heijastivat demokraattisten vaatimusten ulottamista laajemmalle kuin pelkästään valtiolliselle tasolle eli myös työpaikoille. Suurlakon aikana Helsingin työläiset johtivat käytännössä kaupungin julkista elämää. Vallan keskuksena toimi kansallislakon keskuskomitea. Näkyvintä valtaa käytti kansalliskaarti. Kaarti toimi vahvana poliisivoimana koko lakon ajan. Se pyrki kontrolloimaan liikennettä ja kauppaa sekä sensuroimaan muiden tahojen tiedonvälitystä. Raittiusväellä oli myös oma kaartin osasto, jonka avulla kaupunkiin säädettiin kieltolaki sekä kiellettiin prostituutio. Keskeinen elementti lakon onnistumisen kannalta oli niinikään avustustoiminnan järjestäminen lakon vuoksi hätään joutuneille. Näin turvattiin, ettei lakkorintamassa sattuisi ennenaikaisia repeämiä. Suurlakon jälkeen työväestö aktivoitui ennennäkemättömällä tavalla. Lakkojen lukumäärä ja niihin osallistuneiden työläisten määrä moninkertaistui. SDP:n virallinen tavoite eli poliittinen kansalaisuus ei riittänyt työläisjoukoille, vaan lakoilla pyrittiin saamaan aikaiseksi demokraattinen yhteiskunta laajemminkin. Lyhytikäisiksi jääneet työehtosopimukset eivät tilannetta korjanneet. Demokratia saatiin poliittisella tsolla, mutta ruohonjuurinäkökulmasta uudistukset jäivät kesken ja tyytymättömyys säilyi. Tässä mielessä työväenliike ei integroitunut yhteiskuntaan. Suomessa vallankumouksellinen toivo asetettiin Venäjän vallankumoustapahtumien etenemiseen. Suomalaisen radikalismin päätepisteenä voi pitää epäonnistunuttta Viaporin kapinaa, johon osallistui myös suomalaisia punakaartilaisia. Punakaartilaiset olivat suurelta osin nuoria, muualta Helsinkiin muuttaneita ja vähän järjestökokemusta omaavia henkilöitä. Nuoruus, juurettomuus ja liittyminen työväentyöväenpuolueeseen tai sen järjestöihin vasta perustamisvaiheen 1899-1903 jälkeen olivatkin leimallisia piirteitä radikaalien aineksien keskuudessa. Tutkielmassani osoitan, että ruohonjuuritason tutkimuksella voidaan kuvaa vuosisadan alun työläisistä, heidän toiveistaan ja haluistaan täsmentää. Vuosien 1905 ja 1906 poliittisessa murroksessa oli myös ammatillisilla seikoilla tärkeä sija työväestön pyrkimyksissä. Ne osoittavat omalta osaltaan työläisten vallankumouksellisia ja radikaaleja vaatimuksia. Punakaartilaisradikalismi oli läheistä sukua tälle toiminnalle. Avainsanat: Sosiaalihistoria, vallankumous, työväenliike, suurlakko 1905, Viaporin kapina.

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Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan esi-isien merkitystä sukuma-nymawezi-alueen ennustajientyössä. Työ perustuu kenttätyömateriaaliin, joka on pääasiassa kerätty neljän kylän muodostamalta hallinnolliselta alueelta, Isakasta, joka sijaitsee sukuma-nyamwczi-alueen kes-kiosissa. Sukumat ja nyamwezit ovat Tansanian suurimmat kansat ja muodostavat kulttuurisesti hyvinkin yhtenäisen alueen. Isakan alue, jossa kenttätyö on tehty, on nopeasti kasvava keskus, jonka kasvun ovat mahdollistaneet erinomaiset liikenneyhteydet, joiden vaikutuksesta alueelle on muuttanut useiden kansojen edustajia lähinnä vaurastumisen toivossa. Mm. ennustajia alueella on runsaasti juuri tästä syystä. Tutkielmassa esitellään erilaisia näkökulmia ennustukseen ja esi-isien merkitykseen Isakassa. Ennustuksen asiantuntijoiden, ennustajien, lisäksi näitä näkökulmia tarjoavat alueen perinteisten tanssirituaalien johtajat sekä länsimaisen terveydenhuollon ja valtion kulttuuriviraston edustajat. Nämä eri tahot edustavat usein jopa vastakkaisia näkemyksiä ennustuksen merkitykseen yhteisössä. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan kuitenkin sitä, miten nämä toisistaan poikkeavat näkemykset yhdistyvät yksilöiden (isakalaisten naisten) kohdalla erilaisiksi kokonaisuuksiksi, joissa erilaiset näkemykset täydentävät toisiaan. Isakassa ennustajat selvittävät erilaisten ennustusmenetelmien avulla asiakkaittensa ongelmat ja tarvittavat hoitomuodot. Ennustuksen lisäksi he tarjoavat usein asiakkailleen myöstarvittavan hoidon. Lähes poikkeuksetta ennustus tapahtuu esi-isien tai muiden henkienavulla. Ennustuksessa voidaan käyttää henkipossessiota, jolloin henki kertoo asiakkaanongelmat ennustajan ruumiin kautta. Myös käytettäessä muita ennustusmenetelmiä kuin henkipossessiota, on esi-isien merkitys suuri, sillä ennustajan kykyjen nähdään olevannäiltä peräisin. Tutkielmassa esi-isien ja mahdollisten muiden henkien merkitystä ennus-tustyössä valotetaan henkipossessioteorioiden avulla ja tarkastellaan mm. sitä, miten esi-isät kommentoivat yhteisön jäsenten elämää "historian äänenä". Sukuma-nyamwezi-kosmologiassa esi-isät ja noituus nähdään mahdollisina sairauksien j amuiden ongelmien aiheuttajina. Erityisesti näissä tapauksissa virallisen (länsimaisen) terveydenhuollon palveluja ei nähdä riittävinä. Tutkielmassa korostetaankin sitä, miten isakalaisille ennustajien ja virallisen terveydenhuollon palvelut näyttäytyvät toisiaan täydentävi-nä vaihtoehtoina etsittäessä ratkaisuja sairauksien tai muiden ongelmien alkuperään ja tar-vittavaan hoitoon. Avainsanat: Tansania; sukuma-nyamwczi; ennustus; esi-isät ja muut henget; noituus

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Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan moderniin kansalaisuuteen sisältyneitä normeja ja ihanteita, joita analysoidaan vuoden 1935 sterilisaatiolain toteuttamisessa syntyneiden asiakirjojen kautta. Pyrkimyksenä on löytää asiakirjoihin implisiittisesti kirjatut hyvän elämän ja kansalaisuuden kriteerit. Työn laajemman kehyksen muodostaa suomalaisen modernisaation ja ns. uuden keskiluokan analyysi erityisesti lääketieteen ja huoltotoimen asiantuntijaviranomaisten avulla. Rotuhygienian tarkastelu avaa uuden väylän tutkia moderniin kansalaisuuteen liittyneitä määreitä. Rotuhygienia ja erityisesti sen käytäntöön soveltaminen sterilisaatiolain muodossa tarjoaa kansalaisuuden näkökulmalle konkreettisen ja fokusoidun tutkimuskohteen. Sterilisaatioasiakirjoissa kristallisoituu lääketieteellisin perustein tehty huonon kansalaisen määrittely. Tutkimus rakentuu kolmesta pääluvusta. Ensin käydään läpi vuoden 1935 sterilisaatiolain toteuttamista yleisesti aikaisemman tutkimuksen perusteella, minkä jälkeen tarkennetaan kuvaa otoksista saatujen tulosten avulla. Seuraavassa luvussa tarkastellaan hyvän elämän kriteerejä oikeanlaisen elämänkulun hahmottamisen avulla. Viimeinen pääluku keskittyy modernin kansalaisen muotokuvan rakentamiseen normeiksi määrittyvien fysionomisten ja seksuaalisten sekä luonne- ja älykkyysominaisuuksien palasilla. Normaali, terve kansalainen oli lapsesta asti sekä fyysisiltä että psyykkisiltä ominaisuuksiltaan normien mukaan kehittynyt. Hänessä ei ilmennyt diagnosoitavia häiriötiloja vaan hänen yksilöllinen elämänsä noudatti sisäsyntyistä "luonnollista" elämänkulkua. Fyysiseltä olemukseltaan ihannekansalainen oli sopusuhtainen, säännönmukainen ja mahdollisimman symmetrinen. Normaali kansalainen oli alistanut viettinsä rationaalin alle. Hän hallitsi tunteitaan ja elämäänsä järkevästi niitä itse tietoisesti ohjaillen. Seksuaaliviettinsä ihannekansalainen oli rajannut porvarillisen avioliiton alueelle, ja sielläkin sukupuolielämän tehtävänä oli reproduktio uusien kansalaisten tuottajana. Viettielämän hallitsemattomuus ja ylivalta suhteessa yksilön järjen tahtoon osoitti sisäsyntyistä rappiota, degeneraatiota, jolloin vajaan, epänormaalin yksilön elämä oli jäänyt lapsen tai lähes eläimen tasolle. Normaali kansalainen kulki jatkuvan yksilöllisen kehityksen polkua, jonka tarkoituksena oli saattaa atavistiset piirteet ja vietit järjen ja sivistyksen tuoman hallinnan alle.Ihannekansalaisen evolutionääriseen kehitykseen kuului valintojen tekeminen yhteneväisinä kansallisvaltion päämäärien kanssa. Hän kykeni elättämään itsensä ja perheensä mahdollisimman itsenäisesti muiden apuun turvautumatta. Hän eli kristillisten moraaliarvojen mukaisesti rehellisyydessä, säästäväisyydessä ja anteeksiannossa. Modernin ihannekansalaisen kasvatus alkoi kotona, jossa häntä oli hoidettu ja kasvatettu normien mukaisesti sekä oikeanlaisessa tunnesuhteessa äitiinsä. Indoktrinoiva kasvatus ja ohjaus ihannekansalaisuuteen jatkui koulussa. Tutkimukseni osoittaa kristilliseen opetukseen sisältyneiden arvojen ja moraalikäsitysten jatkumon objektiiviksi kutsutuissa moderneissa (luonnon-)tieteissä. Tieteen avulla perustellut käsitykset työnteosta, sukupuolimoraalista sekä auktoriteetin ylivallasta ovat verrattavissa luterilaisen opin sisältöihin. Avainsanat: Kansalainen, sterilisaatio, rotuhygienia, moderni keskiluokka, älykkyys

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Tutkielma käsittelee Einojuhani Rautavaaran omaelämäkertaa (Omakuva, 1989). Työssä on lähdetty liikkeelle Omakuvan lehdistövastaanotosta, jossa kyseenalaistettiin teoksen "totuudellisuus". Useat arvostelijat esimerkiksi pohtivat Omakuvan asemaa fakta-fiktio-akselilla ja viittasivat teoksen romaanimaisuuteen.Tutkielmassa on etsitty selityksiä sille, miksi lukija joutuu kyseenalaistamaan teoksen 'totuudellisuuden' sekä lisäksi sitä, millaisia merkityksiä teoksessa annetaan omalle menneisyydelle. Rautavaaran Omakuva on suhteutettu työssä autobiografian genren kanssa ja analyyttisen tarkastelun lähtökohtana on käytetty Philippe Lejeunen narratologista autobiografiateoriaa. Rautavaaran omaelämäkerta sisältää hyvin heterogeenista ainesta, mutta teos on mielestäni autobiografia eikä se kuulu esimerkisi muistelmien tai omakuvan lajiin. Omakuva kuitenkin horjuttaa lukijan kanssa tehtyä autobiografista ja referentiaalista sopimusta, joka on Lejeunen teorian lähtökohta, eikä siten sopeudu autobiografian lukemisen konventionaalisiin pelisääntöihin. Omakuvan teksti on lisäksi narsistisesti itsetietoista omasta kerronnallisesta identiteetistään, ja teksti pakottaa lukijan havaitsemaan, että tarina on vain tekijän retrospektiivisesti kirjoittama tulkinta elämästään. Rautavaara näkee peilissä paitsi oman kuvansa myös kuvan romanttisesta taiteilijasta. Romanttisen taiteilijamyytin representoituminen tekstissä on keskeinen teoksen 'totuudellisuutta' horjuttava piirre, koska se pakottaa lukijan kysymään, onko peilissä nähty omakuva aito ja todellinen vai onko se kenties tuotettu tietoisesti ja manipuloiden. Omakuvan Rautavaara on romanttinen taiteilija, joka tahtoisi vetäytyä norsunluutornin/erakkoluolan yksinäisyyteen ja pystyttää muurin taiteen ja elämän arvojen välille. Säveltäjän minä on myös konfliktissa häntä ympäröivän yhteiskunnan kanssa ja esimerkiksi kriitikot, muusikot ja kapellimestarit uhkaavat hänen olemassaoloaan. Omakuvan päähenkilö muistuttaakin hyvin paljon Maurice Beeben (1964) tutkimien taiteilijaromaanien päähenkilöitä ja erityisesti James Joycen romaanin Taiteilijan omakuva nuoruuden vuosilta päähenkilöä Stephen Dedalusta. Omakuva lähestyy taiteilijaromaaneille tyypillisiä tapoja kuvata taiteilijaa. Teoksessa käsitellään elämää sekä autobiografisessa että taiteilijaromaanin genren tilassa. Omakuva onkin rajateksti, joka horjuttaa autobiografian lajikonventioita. Lisäksi teoksen minä piiloutuu arkkityyppisten kuvien ja myyttien taakse kieltäen jähmettymisen yhdeksi kuvaksi. Lukijalle tarjoutuukin tekstissä monta mahdollista kuvaa Rautavaarasta ja Omakuvasta tulee erilaisten subjektien näyttämö. Avainsanat: säveltäjäautobiografia, romanttinen taiteilijamyytti, kulttuurinen musiikintutkimus

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Dynamic constructions Dynamic constructions is a study of the dynamism of Finnish grammar. Dynamism as a linguistic phenomenon is studied on both the diachronic and synchronic level. The study therefore focuses not only on the temporal changes of grammar but also on the conventionality of grammatical structures and on the interplay between closely related constructions. Dynamism is also treated as a phenomenon occurring between different varieties of Finnish. All in all, dynamism is shown to be a key feature of the nature of grammar. The study is set within the framework of cognitive linguistics and construction grammar. Both theories emphasise the role of constructions pairings of form with semantic or discourse function in the composition and development of grammar. The grammar of a language is understood to be a structured inventory of such constructions. I argue that the constructions are best studied in their original contexts of use. Thus, the study is usage-based in a strict sense. The data is compiled from various corpora consisting of both written and spoken as well as standard and non-standard Finnish. The dissertation consists of an introduction and four empirical studies. The four papers examine various Finnish constructions and thereby shed light on different aspects of the dynamism of a grammar. The first paper focuses on the diachronic development of the Finnish temporal converb essa. The second paper discusses a specific construction which includes the essa converb, that is, the mikäs on ollessa construction. Some closely related constructions and their semantic interplay are also examined. The third paper extensively studies what is generally regarded as an ellipsis of the negation verb in Finnish. By using present day Finnish data, I show that the omission of the negation verb is not an instance of mere ellipsis but rather a construction. The final paper combines the themes of the second and the third paper by focusing on closely related constructions of the negative ellipsis construction.

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Tämä tutkielma käsittelee Paavo Ravilan (1902–1974) ja Leonard Bloomfieldin (1887–1949) tieteenfilosofisia näkemyksiä ja heistä muodostunutta tutkijankuvaa. Työn näkökulma on oppihistoriallinen, ja sen tavoitteena on selvittää Ravilan ja Bloomfieldin teoreettisten näkemysten yhtäläisyyksiä. Työn pääasiallinen lähdekirjallisuus sisältää sekä kotimaista että kansainvälistä kielitieteen historiankirjoitusta. Aineistona on Ravilan ja Bloomfieldin teoreettisen tason kirjoitukset kielitieteestä ja tieteenfilosofiasta; näin ollen heidän kielitieteelliset tutkimuksensa jäävät työn ulkopuolelle. Työtä varten on käytetty myös arkistolähteitä sekä ulkomailta että Suomesta. Ravilan kansainvälisyyttä käsiteltäessä arvokasta aineistoa ovat varsinkin yhdysvaltalaisten yliopistojen arkistoista löytynyt kirjeenvaihto ja muu arkistomateriaali. Luvussa 2 esitellään yleistä kielitieteen historiaa 1800-luvulta 1960-luvulle. Luvussa 3 käsitellään Ravilan ja Bloomfieldin elämää ja uraa ja analysoidaan heistä muodostunutta tutkijankuvaa. Luvussa 4 käsitellään niitä tieteenfilosofisia kysymyksiä, joissa Ravilan ja Bloomfieldin ajatusten samankaltaisuus parhaiten tulee esille: empirismiä, positivismia, merkitystä, formalismia sekä synkronian ja diakronian suhdetta. Ravila ja Bloomfield painottivat empiristisen asennoitumisen tärkeyttä kielitieteessä erityisesti suhteessa aineistoon ja siitä tehtäviin päätelmiin. Lisäksi molemmat olivat positivisteja ja vastustivat siksi sellaisia selityksiä, joita ei voi perustella aineistosta käsin suorien havaintojen avulla. Myös molemmilla toistuva tieteellisyyden vaatimus on johdettavissa positivistisesta asennoitumisesta. Kielitieteen oppihistoriassa Ravilan ja Bloomfieldin tutkijankuva on erilainen varsinkin suhteessa merkityksentutkimukseen, mutta heidän kannanottojensa yksityiskohtaisempi tarkastelu osoittaa, että heidän näkemyksistään voidaan löytää yllättäviä samankaltaisuuksia. Myös synkronian ja diakronian suhdetta tutkittaessa voidaan havaita yhtymäkohtia: synkronistina pidetty Bloomfield ja diakronistina pidetty Ravila pitivät molemmat parhaana lähestymistapana kieleen synkronian ja diakronian yhdistävää tutkimusotetta. Vertailemalla Ravilan ja Bloomfieldin tieteenfilosofisia näkemyksiä voidaan havaita, että heidän käsityksensä kielitieteestä on monilta osin yhteneväinen. Lisäksi vertailu avaa mielenkiintoisia näkökulmia Ravilan suhteeseen suomalaiseen kielitieteeseen. Esimerkiksi positivismin mukainen metafysiikkavastaisuus erottaa hänet ajan eurooppalaisesta kielitieteestä ja toisaalta yhdistää häntä yhdysvaltalaiseen kielitieteeseen.

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The study examines the dissertation process. The thesis is based on twenty-three autobiographical stories. They were collected from PhDs who had taken their doctoral degrees at the University of Helsinki. The purpose is to investigate the experiences of these PhD recipients and find out what they recall of the events, traditions, and meanings associated with their PhD studies. An anthology collected from PhDs in the historical sciences, which was published in 1998, was used as reference material. This study begins with a general presentation of the history and values of the university and the traditions of the academic community in Finland. Thereafter, the data and the methodological framework of the study are presented. Attention is paid to the discipline background, sex and age of these PhDs, which may have affected their storytelling. The former studies concerning the academic life together with the experiences of the writers revealed that the process of becoming a PhD graduate is generally considered as an academic rite of passage. The change from student status to becoming a fully accepted professional member of one’s field is real, transforming and at certain points, ritualized. The finding of an inner logic to the doctoral process, which included meaningful turning points, was central to the narrative analysis approach. During the process there were different kinds of struggles and highlights. The family background, university studies and time in employment had directed the doctoral studies of some PhD students enormously. But generally the most memorable and value laden were the phases of actually writing the dissertation, the public examination, and the celebration party in the evening called “karonkka”. The picture that emerged from these various life-stories demonstrated that there was no ivory tower where doctoral candidates live an isolated existence. Everyday cares in ordinary life and tasks in academic life are both demanding and rewarding at the same time. The main point is that the academic community in general and PhD supervisors in particular should concentrate not only on the thesis-writing process their students but also on the doctoral students´ wider life situation. Doctoral students need scientific, financial, and mental support. Somebody must be available to inspire and offer encouragement otherwise the process will be disturbed. The successful completion of the PhD ritual gives the PhD graduate self-confidence and respect but its’ influence on the doctors’ subsequent academic career is diverse. The dissertation process is a personal and unique experience. The aim of the PhD graduation is that this traditional ritual leads to a successful completion and ensures a positive reward for the PhD graduate and the academic community. Keywords: autobiography, narratives, academic traditions, PhD graduates.

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The aim of this research was to explore how issues of power manifest themselves in bringing up children at home. The starting point for the study was a phenomenon centered, power focused, and theoretically orientated view which also included an empirical part as well. The most common aim of the research was to find out and theoretize of power which is suitable for bringing up children at home. Power was defined and researched on the basis of existing power theories, mostly those presented in anglo-american research on power. For closer investigation I chose the most common categorizations and theories of power, namely, the nature of power, the four dimensions of power, and forms of power. The empirical part of the research consisted of 22 thematic interviews with mothers, fathers and 14 – 16-year-old teenagers from 11 different families. The interviewees were found through snowball sampling. The questions for the interviews were based on power theories. The result of the research was that the most common categorizations and theories of power were useful but not satisfactory in the study of power in bringing up children at home. The nature of authority in bringing up children at home appears to have same characteristics as the categorization of authority put forward by Weber but in addition it included extra categories called moral authority and ontological-existential authority. Theoretically the most challenging problem concerns the conflict between modern and postmodern views of power. None of them alone is able to describe power in bringing up children at home. The best solution appeared to be to add an assumption about the inner relation to the modern power view and an assumption about the Popperian three worlds to the postmodern view of power. The relationship between the parent and the child is necessary the inner power relation where the relation itself modifies the parties’ identities. In that case positive and productive elements are also included in the power relationship. Parents use many forms of power in bringing up children at home. Manipulative and violent forms of power are not justifiable but other forms of power and their open exercise is sometimes necessary. The important criteria to use in order to determine the most suitable forms of power and the most appropriate ways of exercising that power is to see how they improve the development of the identity and internalization of values of the child. An ethically justified exercise of power in bringing up children at home is based on a dialogical, pedagogical relationship between the parent and the child, focuses on the relationship between the parent and the child, orientates itself further than present, aspires to promote the good of the child, and comes true in a caring atmosphere.

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Most musicians choose a career in music based on their love of the art and a desire to share it with others. However, being a performing musician is highly demanding. Despite considerable evidence of the great frequency of performance-related problems (e.g. debilitating performance anxiety) among professional musicians or aspiring musicians in the current Western classical music tradition these problems are seldom discussed openly. The existing system offers musicians very little help in learning how to build sustainable performance success into their musical career. This study it is first of its kind in Finland which addresses the issue on larger scale in a systematic way. I devised the HOPE intervention (Holistically-Oriented Top Performance and Well-Being Enhancement), in order to learn how to integrate professional peak performance and a sense of personal well-being into the lives and careers of musicians. Unlike most interventions in previous research, the HOPE intervention is explicitly holistic and aims at enhancing the whole musician, not just alleviating performance anxiety. Earlier research has not in principle focused on musicians´ psychological well-being or on their subjective perceptions. The main purpose of the study is to understand the perceived impacts of the specially devised HOPE intervention on the participants and particularly in four key areas: performing, playing or singing well-being, and overall (performing, playing or singing and well-being combined). Furthermore, it is hoped that a deeper understanding of performers´ development will be gained. The research method is interdisciplinary and mainly qualitative. The primary data consist of a series of linked questionnaires (before and after the intervention) and semi-structured follow-up interviews collected during action research-oriented HOPE intervention courses for music majors in the Sibelius Academy. With the longitudinal group called Hope 1, the core data were collected during a nine month HOPE intervention course and from follow-up interviews conducted six months later in 2003-2004. The core data of Hope 1 (nine participants) are compared with the perceived impacts on fifty-three other participants in the HOPE courses during the period since their inception, 2001-2006. The focus is particularly on participants´ subjective perceptions. Results of the study suggest that the HOPE intervention is beneficial in enhancing overall performance capacity, including music performance, and a personal sense of well-being in a music university setting. The findings indicate that within all key areas significant positive changes take place between the beginning and the end of a HOPE intervention course. The longitudinal data imply that the perceived positive changes are still ongoing six months after the HOPE intervention course is finished. The biggest change takes place within the area of performing and the smallest, in participants´ perception of their playing or singing. The main impacts include reduced feelings of stress and anxiety (an enhanced sense of well-being) as well as increased sense of direction and control in one's life. Since the results of the present research gave no other reason to believe otherwise, it is to be expected that the HOPE intervention and the results of the study can be exploited in other areas of human activity as well, especially where continuous professional top performance is a prerequisite such as in business or sports. Keywords: performance enhancement, professional top performance, subjective well-being, subjective perceptions, holism, coaching, music performance anxiety, studying music, music.

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The purpose of this research was to evaluate the special vocational training programme, which aimed at enhancing the pupils with autism spectrum to prepare themselves for work and independent life. The vocational training programme is based on TEACCH (Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication handicapped CHildren), which takes into account the autism spectrum disorders and autistic behaviour. TEACCH is based on the principles of structured teaching, functional teaching and preparation training for work and independent life. The TEACCH has been adapted to Finnish society and the educational system. Treatment programmes were individually designed for each student´s educational needs. There is also an important role for the AAPEP rating scale (Adolescent and Adult Psychoeducational Profile). The AAPEP has been the major tool for planning and following the courses. The AAPEP is an assessment instrument designed by the TEACCH programme, and it is used to provide an evaluation of current and potential skills. The AAPEP contains three scales: a direct observation scale, a home scale and a school / work scale. The AAPEP includes six test variables: vocational skills, independent functions, functional communication, interpersonal behaviour, vocational behaviour and leisure skills; these are evaluated at three levels: pass, emerge and fail. The subjects were 49 students (65% male and 35 % female) with autism spectrum, who have been followed and tested several times, also one year after the vocational training. The design is therefore a longitudinal one. The research data were collected 1997-2004 using the AAPEP rating scales. The teachers have used the AAPEP scales and the codings have been checked by the researcher. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that the structure of AAPEP rating scales works quite well as a hypothesis. The factor structure of the scales of the AAPEP was almost the same in these data as in the original publications. The learning-and-changes results showed that learning is a slow process, but that there were also intended changes in several AAPEP areas. The Cohen´s kappa was used as an effect-size measure and the most important result of this research showed that the student´s skills were developing on a school / work scale; vocational skills variable (0,34), vocational behaviour variable (0,28), leisure skills variable (0,26) and on a direct observation scale; interpersonal behaviour variable (0,21). On a home scale skills of some students were developing negatively and also that effect-size was small. The results showed that the students´ vocational skills and vocational behaviour will continue to develop after school in many areas. There were differences between scales. The result of this research shows that the student´s skills were developing significantly in 3 of 48 variables on a direct observation scale and also on a home scale. On a school / work scale student´s skills were developing significantly in 17 of 48 variables. This result implies that students can do the work without extra assistance if there exist continuing supports for the skills after the vocational training. The fully independent life of students will be difficult, because their independent functions, functional communications and leisure skills regressed after the schooling. This seems to indicate that they will not manage their daily life without support. The students and their parents said that the treatment programmes were individually designed for each student s educational needs, and that they were satisfied with the programmes and services. Generally, it can be concluded that vocational special education can be developed for pupils with autistic syndrome and the detailed teaching can be done using TEACCH principles and applying the tool of AAPEP.

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The aim of this research is to study the boundary zone of home and work and the tensions people experience while reconciling home and work? How are the requirements of the family, the home and the work taken care of in everyday life? What kind of difficulties does the individual experience when reconciling home activities and job requirements together? What kind of activity policies have families created to ease the everyday life? What kind of goals and requirements do families feel behind the difficulties in adjusting home and work? What kind of changes would make the adjusting of home and work easier? The changing family life, everyday home activities and the changing Finnish working life are studied to describe the adjusting of home and work. In addition the boundary zone of home and work and its tensions are studied. 337 research persons who find reconciling home and work challenging were elected from different sectors of the working life. Research persons were gathered from the public, private and third sectors. The research material was gathered with a semi-structured qualitative questionnaire published in internet. Contents analysis was the analysis method of the research material. The tensions of adjusting home and work are various. Several activity systems meet on the boundary zone of home and work causing boundary zones to expand and tensions to increase and expand like a network. In the everyday life of an individual the boundary zone fades out and home and work overlap. Tensions can be examined as internal conflicts of the individual through the activity system of everyday life. Individuals balance between individualism and familism, feeling bad, suffering from lack of time and struggling with childcare organizing problems and inflexible employers. The solutions to reconciling home and work difficulties are situational. Often is the help of family and friends required without any solid solutions. The conflict of the goals, requirements and the reality is behind the problems as well as the tightening terms of the working life and its growing expectations. Change requests are proposed on the levels of individual, home, work and the society. Reconciling home and work is not only a challenge between the employee and the employer. It s a problem that needs multilateral solutions and changes on the levels of individual, home, work and society. The challenge remaining is to find out if it would be successful to take the everyday life as starting point to negotiate the reconciling of home and work and how the possible family, social and work political solutions appear in everyday life.

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Background and aims. Fatness and dieting have been the object of interest between many fields for a long time. Home economics as a discipline enables a comprehensive inspection of fatness and dieting reviewing different disciplines. In addition to the aspect where the pursuit of dieting and health is seen from the perspective of medical and health science it is also been reviewd as a social and cultural phenomena. This study contemplates the influence of history, religion, medicalization and media on dieting and health culture. The objective is to find out if the modern dieting and health culture has gathered influences from centuries ago and absorbed religious features. The stress deriving from appereance has been discussed in the public and there are many solutions conserning weight issues. The purpose of this study is to find out what personal experiences and thoughts female pastors have conserning these questions. The media – which is one of the most influential systems nowadays – has undeniably a great effect on the consumer. The goal is furthermore to estimate the effect of the media on the changing of dieting and health culture. The three main research questions are: 1. What kind of conseptions do female pastors have of dieting and health culture and of its religious features? 2. What kind of personal experiences and conseptions do female pastors have of dieting and strivines of health? 3. How do female pastors regard the image the media has supplied of dieting and health culture? Material and methods. The qualitative data was gathered in year 2009 using the halfstructured theme interview -method. The data consists of interviews conducted with specialists of spiritual matters, i.e. ten female pastors who are between 35 and 60 years old and live in the metropolitan area. The analytical procedure used is called a theory based context analysis. Results and conclusions. Results of this study show that the idealization of slimness and healthiness is a matter discussed in the public on a daily basis. The problem faced was that the media provided contradictory information regarding fatness and dieting and the standard of slimness in commercials focused on females. The pursuit of dieting and healthiness was believed to include also religious elements. In the Middle Ages and the era after that the fatness, overeating and the pleasure one gets from eating was still seen as a condemnable matter in our culture. One could say this was like a sin. The respondents believed that healthiness, healthy living, optimal eating and good looks were a matter more or less equal than a religion. This was a derivative from the fact that treasuring health has become a life stearing value for many people. In the priest’s profession dieting and the pursuit of health was seen in the light of problems arising from weight issues. In ones profession for example the unhealthy eating in festive situations was seen as a matter that leads to unnecessary weight. Another aspect was the job circumstances that limited the degree of movement. The belief was that the female pastors would in a decreasing fashion confront stress deriving from appearence in their job. Keywords: dieting, fatness, healthiness, slimness, female pastors, religion, medicalization, media

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The strong tendency of elderly employees to retire early and the simultaneous aging of the population have been major topics of policy and scientific debate. A key concern has been the financing of future pension schemes and possible labour shortage, especially in social and health services within the public sector. The aging of the population is inevitable, but efforts can be made to prevent or postpone early exit from the labour force, e.g., by identifying and intervening in the factors that contribute to the process of early retirement due to disability. The associations of intentions to retire early, poor mental health and different psychosocial factors with the process of disability retirement are still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations of intentions to retire early, poor mental health, work and family related psychosocial factors and experiences of earlier life stages with the process of disability retirement. The data were derived from the Helsinki Health Study (HHS, N=8960) and the Health and Social Support Study (HeSSup, N=25 901). The Helsinki Health Study is an ongoing employee cohort study among middle-aged women and men. The Health and Social Support Study is an ongoing longitudinal study of a working-age sample representative of the Finnish population. The analyses were restricted to respondents 40 years of age or older. Age and gender adjusted prevalence and incidence rates were calculated. Associations were studied by using logistic, multinomial and Cox regression. Strong intentions to retire early were common among employees. Poor mental health, unfavourable working conditions and work-to-family conflicts were clearly associated with increased intentions to retire early. Strong intentions to retire early predicted disability retirement. Risk of disability retirement increased in a dose-response manner with increasing number of childhood adversities. Poor mental and somatic health, life dissatisfaction, heavy alcohol consumption, current smoking, obesity and low socioeconomic status were also predictors of disability retirement. The impact of poor mental health and adverse experiences from earlier life stages, work and family related psychosocial factors, e.g., work-family interface, the subjective experience of well-being and health related risk behaviours on the process of disability retirement should be recognised. Preventive measures against disability retirement should be launched before subjective experience of ill health, work disability and strong intentions to retire early emerge.

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Developmental dyslexia is a specific reading disability, which is characterised by unexpected difficulty in reading, spelling and writing despite adequate intelligence, education and social environment. It is the most common childhood learning disorder affecting 5-10 % of the population and thus constitutes the largest portion of all learning disorders. It is a persistent developmental failure although it can be improved by compensation. According to the most common theory, the deficit is in phonological processing, which is needed in reading when the words have to be divided into phonemes, or distinct sound elements. This occurs in the lowest level of the hierarchy of the language system and disturbs processes in higher levels, such as understanding the meaning of words. Dyslexia is a complex genetic disorder and previous studies have found nine locations in the genome that associate with it. Altogether four susceptibility genes have been found and this study describes the discovery of the first two of them, DYX1C1 and ROBO1. The first clues were obtained from two Finnish dyslexic families that have chromosomal translocations which disrupt these genes. Genetic analyses supported their role in dyslexia: DYX1C1 associates with dyslexia in the Finnish population and ROBO1 was linked to dyslexia in a large Finnish pedigree. In addition a genome-wide scan in Finnish dyslexic families was performed. This supported the previously detected dyslexia locus on chromosome 2 and revealed a new locus on chromosome 7. Dyslexia is a neurological disorder and the neurobiological function of the susceptibility genes DYX1C1 and ROBO1 are consistent with this. ROBO1 is an axon guidance receptor gene, which is involved in axon guidance across the midline in Drosophila and axonal pathfinding between the two hemispheres via the corpus callosum, as well as neuronal migration in the brain of mice. The translocation and decreased ROBO1 expression in dyslexic individuals indicate that two functional copies of ROBO1 gene are required in reading. DYX1C1 was a new gene without a previously known function. Inhibition of Dyx1c1 expression showed that it is needed in normal brain development in rats. Without Dyx1c1 protein, the neurons in the developing brain will not migrate to their final position in the cortex. These two dyslexia susceptibility genes DYX1C1 and ROBO1 revealed two distinct neurodevelopmental mechanisms of dyslexia, axonal pathfinding and neuronal migration. This study describes the discovery of the genes and our research to clarify their role in developmental dyslexia.

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This study is a systematic analysis of mediated immediacy in the production of the Brazilian professor of theology João Batista Libanio. He stresses both ethical mediation and the immediate character of the faith. Libanio has sought an answer to the problem of science and faith. He makes use of the neo-scholastic distinction between matter and form. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, God cannot be known as a scientific object, but it is possible to predicate a formal theological content of other subject matter with the help of revelation. This viewpoint was emphasized in neo-Thomism and supported by the liberation theologians. For them, the material starting point was social science. It becomes a theologizable or revealable (revelabile) reality. This social science has its roots in Latin American Marxism which was influenced by the school of Louis Althusser and considered Marxism a science of history . The synthesis of Thomism and Marxism is a challenge Libanio faced, especially in his Teologia da libertação from 1987. He emphasized the need for a genuinely spiritual and ethical discernment, and was particularly critical of the ethical implications of class struggle. Libanio s thinking has a strong hermeneutic flavor. It is more important to understand than to explain. He does not deny the need for social scientific data, but that they cannot be the exclusive starting point of theology. There are different readings of the world, both scientific and theological. A holistic understanding of the nature of religious experience is needed. Libanio follows the interpretation given by H. C. de Lima Vaz, according to whom the Hegelian dialectic is a rational circulation between the totality and its parts. He also recalls Oscar Cullmann s idea of God s Kingdom that is already and not yet . In other words, there is a continuous mediation of grace into the natural world. This dialectic is reflected in ethics. Faith must be verified in good works. Libanio uses the Thomist fides caritate formata principle and the modern orthopraxis thinking represented by Edward Schillebeeckx. One needs both the ortho of good faith and the praxis of the right action. The mediation of praxis is the mediation of human and divine love. Libanio s theology has strong roots in the Jesuit spirituality that places the emphasis on contemplation in action.