Puhutun kielen segmentointi lausemaisiksi yksik��iksi

Puhutun kielen segmentointiin ei ole olemassa kaikkiin tarkoituksiin sopivaa, yleisesti hyv��ksytty�� ja toimivaa menetelm���� - kirjoitettu kieli segmentoituu lauseiksi ja virkkeiksi, mutta puhetta segmentoidaan monin eri tavoin tilanteesta ja tarkoituksesta riippuen. T��h��n on vaikuttanut kirjoitetun kielen keskeinen asema kielitieteellisess�� tutkimuksessa: kirjoitusta on tutkittu enemm��n ja kauemmin kuin puhetta, ja lis��ksi kirjoitettu kieli vaikuttaa ihmisten kielik��sityksiin my��s tiedostamattomalla tasolla, joten puhetta on vasta viime aikoina alettu tarkastella sen omista l��ht��kohdista k��sin. Pro gradu -tutkielmassani vertaan kesken����n kolmea puhutun kielen segmentointitapaa, jotka perustuvat erilaisiin teorioihin puheen luonteesta. Ensimm��inen on pohjoismaiseen Talsyntax-projektiin perustuva puhtaasti syntaktinen analyysimalli, jonka mukaiset segmentit ovat syntaktisesti itsen��isi�� makrosyntagmoja. Toinen on Wallace Chafen ajattelua mukaileva kognitiivisperustainen segmentointitapa, jossa puheen katsotaan koostuvan ihmisen kognition toimintaa heijastavista ajatusyksik��ist��. Kolmas malli perustuu David Brazilin teoriaan, jossa intonaatio ja kommunikaatio liittyv��t olennaisesti toisiinsa, ja t��m��n mallin mukaan puhe segmentoituu kommunikaation kannalta merkityksellisiksi intonaatiojaksoiksi. Mallien vertailupohjana toimii erilaisista puhetilanteista koostuva 15 minuutin puhekorpus, jonka olen segmentoinut kaikkien kolmen mallin mukaisesti ja verrannut segmentointituloksia toisiinsa. Tutkimukseni osoittaa, ett�� intonaatioon, kognitioon ja syntaksiin pohjautuvat segmentointitavat tuottavat hyvin samantapaisia tuloksia: segmenttien rajakohdista suurin osa on kaikkien kolmen segmentointitavan mukaisia. Erityisesti intonaatioon ja syntaksiin perustuvien analyysien tulokset ovat hyvin samankaltaisia, kun taas kognitiivispohjaisen segmentointitavan mukaiset tulokset eroavat muista enemm��n ja se on my��s tulkinnanvaraisempi. Kun puhuttu teksti segmentoidaan sek�� intonaatiojaksoiksi ett�� makrosyntagmoiksi, syntyvist�� segmenteist�� on molempien segmentointitapojen suhteen yhtenevi�� noin 85 % ja niihin kuuluu kaikista tekstin sanoista l��hes 60 %. Eri segmentointitapojen suhteen yhtenevi�� segmenttej�� ovat tyypillisesti minimipalautteet ja muut lyhyet puheenvuorot, ja lis��ksi yhtenevyys on tyypillist�� kysymyksille sek�� puhujan ja puheenaiheen vaihtumiskohdille. Ep��yhtenevyytt�� puolestaan esiintyy l��hinn�� tilanteissa, joissa sama henkil�� on pitk����n yht��jaksoisesti ����ness��: mit�� pidempi yhten��inen puhejakso, sit�� vaikeampi puhujan on hahmottaa sit�� kokonaisuutena, joten sellaisiin muodostuu helpommin intonationaalisia tai syntaktisia ep��johdonmukaisuuksia. Tuloksista voidaan p����tell��, ett�� intonaatio ja syntaksi sek�� jossain m����rin my��s kognitio liittyv��t olennaisesti toisiinsa puhutussa kieless��. Jos tarkoituksena on l��yt���� yleisesti hyv��ksytt��v�� ja toimiva puhutun kielen segmentointitapa, intonationaalis-syntaktinen segmentointi vaikuttaisi olevan hyv�� l��ht��kohta. Avainsanat: puhuttu kieli, puhe, segmentointi, lause, intonaatio, kognitio, syntaksi

Drag p�� parnassen. Tv�� sextiotalsstudier. : Del I: Medelklass med m��nskligt ansikte. Medelklassradikalism i fyra romaner av Christer Kihlman, Jarl Sj��blom, Marianne Alopaeus och Ulla-Lena Lundberg. Del II: Modernistdebatten. Sak, person och f��lt i en finlandssvensk litteraturdebatt ��r 1965.

The objective of my dissertation Pull (or Draught, or Moves) at the Parnassus , is to provide a deeper understanding of Nordic Middle Class radicalism of the 1960 s as featured in Finland-Swedish literature. My approach is cultural materialist in a broad sense; social class is regarded a crucial aspect of the contents and contexts of the novels and literary discussions explored. In the first volume, Middle Class With A Human Face , novels by Christer Kihlman, Jarl Sj��blom, Marianne Alopaeus, and Ulla-Lena Lundberg, respectively, are read from the points of view of place, emotion, and power. The term "cryptotope" is used to designate the hidden places found to play an important role in all of these four narratives. Also, the "chronotope of the provincial small town", described by Mikhail Bakhtin in 1938, is exemplified in Kihlman s satirical novel, as is the chronotope of of war (Algeria, Vietnam) in those of Alopaeus and Lundberg s. All the four novels signal changes in the way general "scripts of emotions", e.g. jealousy, are handled and described. The power relations in the novels are also read, with reference to Michel Foucault. As the protagonists in two of them work as journalists, a critical discussion about media and Bourgeois hegemony is found; the term "repressive legitimation" is created to grasp these patterns of manipulation. The Modernist Debate , part II of the study, concerns a literary discussion between mainly Finland-Swedish authors and critics. Essayist Johannes Salminen (40) provided much of the fuel for the debate in 1963, questioning the relevance to contemporary life of the Finland-Swedish modernist tradition of the 1910 s and 1920 s. In 1965, a group of younger authors and critics, including poet Claes Andersson (28), followed up this critique in a debate taking place mainly in the newspaper Vasabladet. Poets Rabbe Enckell (62), Bo Carpelan (39) and others defended a timeless poetry. This debate is contextualized and the changing literary field is analyzed using concepts provided by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. In the thesis, the historical moment of Middle Class radicalism with a human face is regarded a temporary luxury that new social groups could afford themselves, as long as they were knocking over the statues and symbols of the Old Bourgeoisie. This is not to say that all components of the Sixties strategy have lost their power. Some of them have survived and even grown, others remain latent in the gene bank of utopias, waiting for new moments of change.

"Han ��r en trollkarl. Alla skriver laudatur som g��r p�� hans lektioner" : en studie om elevernas uppfattningar om orsakerna till toppresultat i svenska i tre finska gymnasier

T��m�� pro gradu -tutkielma on tehty osana Svenska i toppen -projektia, joka alkoi syksyll�� 2008 Pohjoismaisten kielten ja pohjoismaisen kirjallisuuden laitoksella. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvitt����, mitk�� tekij��t vaikuttavat lukiolaisten n��k��kulmasta hyvien tulosten saavuttamiseen ruotsin ylioppilaskirjoituksissa kolmessa suomenkielisess�� lukiossa, jotka sijaitsevat Turun, Tampereen ja Joensuun seuduilla. Lis��ksi tavoitteena on selvitt����, miten maantieteelliset tekij��t vaikuttavat opiskelijoiden ruotsin kielen osaamiseen sek�� mit�� eroja on keskipitk��n ja pitk��n ruotsin oppim����r��n opiskelijoiden asenteissa kielt�� kohtaan. Tutkielman aineistona on kolme ryhm��haastattelua, joihin on osallistunut 14 lukiolaista, 11 tytt���� ja 3 poikaa. Haastattelut on tehty joulukuussa 2008 sek�� tammi- ja maaliskuussa 2009. Haastatteluissa on k��ytetty strukturoitua kyselylomaketta, jossa kysyt����n opiskelijoiden n��kemyksi�� ruotsin opiskelusta. Tutkimusmenetelm��n�� on kvalitatiivinen tutkimusote, jossa on piirteit�� kolmesta eri menetelm��st��: tapaustutkimuksesta, etnografisesta tutkimuksesta sek�� temaattisesta analyysist��. T��rkeimp��n�� teoriataustana on ruotsi toisena kielen�� -tutkimus, oppiminen sosiokonstruktivistisena ilmi��n�� sek�� motivaatiotutkimus. Tarkastelen kielenoppijaa luokkahuoneessa sosiaalisena osallistujana omassa oppimisprosessissaan. Oppiminen n��hd����n kokonaisuutena, johon kuuluu eri osa-alueita, esimerkiksi koulujen k��yt��nn��t, yhteis��n vaikutus oppimiseen sek�� opiskelijan identiteetin muokkautuminen kouluyhteis��ss��. Motivaatiota tarkastelen kielenoppimisen n��k��kulmasta, ja se koostuu erilaisista dynaamisista vaiheista, esimerkiksi tavoitteiden asettamisesta oppimisprosessin alussa, valintojen tekemisest�� sek�� motivaation yll��pit��misest�� oppimisprosessin kuluessa. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, ett�� suurin yksitt��inen syy menestykseen opiskelijoiden n��k��kulmasta on opettaja, joka omalla toiminnallaan voi merkitt��v��sti parantaa opiskelijoiden oppimisedellytyksi��. Ty��h��n panostaminen, opiskelijoiden yksil��llinen kohtaaminen my��s luokkahuoneen ulkopuolella ja esimerkiksi omien oppimateriaalien valmistaminen ovat opettajaan liittyvi�� tekij��it��, jotka voivat nostaa opiskelijoiden motivaatiota huomattavasti. My��s lukion maantieteellisell�� sijainnilla on vaikutusta. Paikkakunnilla, joilla ruotsin kielt�� k��ytet����n v��h��n, korostuu opettajan rooli kielellisen oppimisymp��rist��n luomisessa. Keskipitk��n ja pitk��n ruotsin opiskelijoiden v��lill�� ei tutkimuksessa ilmene eroja asenteissa kielt�� kohtaan.

Komplexa tal - vad ��r det?

Komplexa tal har traditionellt undervisats i de finl��ndska gymnasierna som en valbar kurs. Denna situation har f��r��ndrats i och med de nya l��roplanerna som tagits i bruk senast h��sten 2005. Den nya, striktare l��roplanen ger inte lika stora valm��jligheter f��r skolorna att best��mma undervisningsstoffet, inte ens f��r de valbara kurserna, och d��rf��r har m��nga gymnasier varit tvungna att sluta undervisa om komplexa tal. F��r att forts��ttningsvis ge en m��jlighet f��r gymnasieelever att studera komplexa tal finns detta kompendium. Kompendiet fyller tv�� syften. I de gymnasier d��r komplexa tal fortfarande finns med i l��roplanen kan kompendiet anv��ndas som l��romedel p�� ifr��gavarande kurs. Kompendiet torde vara ��nskat eftersom det inte existerar n��got modernt, finlandssvenskt l��romedel d��r de komplexa talen tas upp. Kompendiets andra, huvudsakliga syfte ��r att finnas till att ge en m��jlighet f��r de elever, som inte g��r ett gymnasium d��r komplexa tal undervisas, att p�� egen hand l��ra sig grunder om komplexa tal. Kunskap om utvidgandet av talomr��det fr��n reella talen till komplexa h��r till matematisk allm��nbildning, och ��r till stor nytta om man ��r intresserad av att forts��tta studera matematik eller naturvetenskaper efter gymnasiet. Kompendiet kommer att l��ggas ut p�� n��tet f��r att f�� det l��ttillg��ngligt. I det f��rsta kapitlet behandlas matematikens uppkomst. Det andra kapitlet ��r en introduktion till varf��r man beh��ver komplexa tal, d��r g��s tal- och m��ngdl��ra igenom samtidigt som de i kompendiet anv��nda beteckningarna introduceras. I det tredje kapitlet behandlas de komplexa talen; grundl��ggande r��kneregler, absolutbelopp och argument, komplexa tal i pol��r form och l��sning till h��gregradsekvationer ��r centrala begrepp. de Moivers formel ��r ett av de viktigare m��len, ��ven Eulers formel behandlas kort. Problematik med negativa kvadratr��tter tas ocks�� upp. Det fj��rde kapitlet handlar om de komplexa talens intressanta historia. I kompendiet finns rikligt med exempel och ��vningsuppgifter. Kapitel fem inneh��ller extra ��vningsuppgifter och i kapitel sex finns l��sningarna till samtliga uppgifter. Trots att kompendiets omf��ng avsev��rt ��kas i och med dessa l��sningar ��r det av v��rde att de finns med f��r att kompendiets huvudsakliga syfte skall uppfyllas: att eleverna p�� egen hand skall kunna l��ra sig stoffet.

Eru Il��vatar : Jumala J.R.R. Tolkienin legendariumissa

The purpose of my research is to inquire into the essence and activity of God in the legendarium of the English philologist and writer J.R.R. Tolkien (1892-1973). The legendarium, composed of Tolkien���s writings related to Middle-earth, was begun when he created two Elvish languages, Quenya based on Finnish, Sindarin based on Welsh. Tolkien developed his mythology inspired by Germanic myths and The Kalevala. It is a fictional ancient history set in our world. The legendarium is monotheistic: God is called Eru ���The One��� and Il��vatar ���Father of All���. Eru is the same as the Christian God, for Tolkien wanted to keep his tales consistent with his faith. He said his works were Christian by nature, with the religious element absorbed into the story and the symbolism. In The Silmarillion, set in the primeval ages of Middle-earth, the theological aspects are more conspicuous, while in The Lord of the Rings, which brings the stories to an end, they are mostly limited to symbolic references. The legendarium is unified by its realistic outlook on creaturely abilities and hope expressing itself as humbly defiant resistance. ���The possibility of complexity or of distinctions in the nature of Eru��� is a part of the legendarium. Eru Il��vatar is Trinitarian, as per Tolkien���s faith. Without contextual qualifiers, Eru seems to refer to God the Father, like God in the Bible. Being the creator who dwells outside the world is attributed to Him. The Holy Spirit is the only Person of the Trinity bestown with names: the Flame Imperishable and the Secret Fire. When Eru creates the material world with His word, He sends the Flame Imperishable to burn at the heart of the world. The Secret Fire signifies the Creative Power that belongs to God alone, and is a part of Him. The Son, the Word, is not directly mentioned, but according to one writing Eru must step inside the world in order to save it from corruption, yet remain outside it at the same time. The inner structure of the legendarium refers to the need for a future salvation. The creative word of Eru, ���E��! Let these things Be!���, probably has a connection with the Logos in Christianity. Thus we can find three ���distinctions��� in Eru: a Creator who dwells outside the world, a Sustainer who dwells inside it and a Redeemer who shall step inside it. Some studies of Tolkien have claimed that Eru is distant and remote. This seems to hold water only partially. Il��vatar, the Father of All, has a special relation with the Eruh��ni, His Children, the immortal Elves and the mortal Men. He communicates with them directly only through the Valar, who resemble archangels. Nevertheless, only the Children of Eru can fight against evil, because their tragic fortunes turn evil into good. Even though religious activities are scarce among them, the fundamental faith and ultimate hope of the ���Free Peoples��� is directed towards Eru. He is present in the drama of history as the ���Author of the Story���, who at times also interferes with its course through catastrophes and eucatastrophes, ���good catastrophes���. Eru brings about a catastrophe when evil would otherwise bring good to an end, and He brings about a eucatasrophe when creaturely strength is not sufficent for victory. Victory over corruption is especially connected with mortal Men, of whom the most (or least) insignificant people are the Hobbits. However, because of the ���primeval disaster��� (that is, fall) of Mankind, ultimate salvation can only remain open, a hope for the far future.

On gravitational fields of stars in f(R) gravity theories

Einstein's general relativity is a classical theory of gravitation: it is a postulate on the coupling between the four-dimensional, continuos spacetime and the matter fields in the universe, and it yields their dynamical evolution. It is believed that general relativity must be replaced by a quantum theory of gravity at least at extremely high energies of the early universe and at regions of strong curvature of spacetime, cf. black holes. Various attempts to quantize gravity, including conceptually new models such as string theory, have suggested that modification to general relativity might show up even at lower energy scales. On the other hand, also the late time acceleration of the expansion of the universe, known as the dark energy problem, might originate from new gravitational physics. Thus, although there has been no direct experimental evidence contradicting general relativity so far - on the contrary, it has passed a variety of observational tests - it is a question worth asking, why should the effective theory of gravity be of the exact form of general relativity? If general relativity is modified, how do the predictions of the theory change? Furthermore, how far can we go with the changes before we are face with contradictions with the experiments? Along with the changes, could there be new phenomena, which we could measure to find hints of the form of the quantum theory of gravity? This thesis is on a class of modified gravity theories called f(R) models, and in particular on the effects of changing the theory of gravity on stellar solutions. It is discussed how experimental constraints from the measurements in the Solar System restrict the form of f(R) theories. Moreover, it is shown that models, which do not differ from general relativity at the weak field scale of the Solar System, can produce very different predictions for dense stars like neutron stars. Due to the nature of f(R) models, the role of independent connection of the spacetime is emphasized throughout the thesis.

Search for R-Parity Violating Decays of Sneutrinos to e��, ����, and e�� Pairs in pp�� Collisions at ���s=1.96������TeV

We present a search for tau sneutrino production using the Tevatron ppbar collision data collected with the CDF II detector and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1 fb^-1. We focus on the scenarios predicted by the R-parity violating (RPV) supersymmetric models in which tau sneutrinos decay to two charged leptons of different flavor. With the data consistent with the standard model expectations, we set the upper limits on sigma(ppbar -> tau sneutrino)*BR(tau sneutrino ->emu,mutau,etau) and use these results to constrain the RPV couplings as a function of tau sneutrino mass.

Ironi som forskningsobjekt. ��r det m��jligt att forska i det som finns mellan raderna?

Abstract (Irony as object of research: Is it possible to explore what is between the lines?): The main concern of this article is the interpretation of irony: how is it brought about and how can it be investigated? The method applied is based on authentic texts and their elicited interpretations ��� a method referred to in this article response analysis. Interpretation of irony in the approach taken is seen as being crucially dependent on the notion of coherence. A text is perceived as being coherent if it (a) makes sense and if it(b) hangs together. Incoherent texts can result in an ironic interpretation; however, the incoherence must also be perceived as being intentional, and intentionality in turn is a sign of the edge of the ironist. Ironic interpretation is defined as a combination of five factors: (1) an ironic edge that (2) reflects the intention of the ironist, and (3) has a target and (4) a victim too. Essential to irony is its fifth factor, the fact that one or more of these four factors must be inferred from co(n)text. This definition of irony is crucial in distinguishing irony from non-irony, and it also helps to discern the differences as well as the similarities between irony and related phenomena.