128 resultados para J.P. Morgan
Resumo:
Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on analysoida erit lakitermej, jotka esiintyvt papyruksessa P. Petra inv. 83. Kyseinen dokumentti, joka sislt sopimuksen kahden naapuruksen vlisen kiistan lopettamiseksi, ajoittuu todennkisesti vuodelle 574 jKr. ja se kuuluu Jordanian Petrasta vuonna 1993 lydettyyn hiiltyneeseen papyrusarkistoon. Papyrus on tll hetkell viel julkaisematon, ja tm ty on osa siihen liittyv perustutkimusta, jonka tarkoituksena on toisaalta selitt tekstin itsens sislt, toisaalta arvioida sen antaman informaation merkityst laajemmassa historiallisessa kontekstissa. Papyrus on kirjoitettu kreikaksi, Bysantin eli It-Rooman valtakunnan virallisella kielell, mutta itse lakitermeist suurin osa liittyy alun perin latinan kielell luotuun roomalaiseen oikeuteen. Paikallinen vest puolestaan oli seemilist alkuper, jolla ei ainoastaan ollut oma kieli, vaan jolla oli ollut ennen valtakuntaan liittmist omat oikeustraditionsakin. Niinp papyruksessa esiintyvien termien tutkimuksen kautta nousevat esille monenlaiset laajemmatkin kysymyksenasettelut. Lakitermej analysoidaan pasiassa kolmesta nkkulmasta. Ensisijaisena pyrkimyksen on selvitt niiden tarkka merkitys asiayhteydessn, joka papyruksen fragmentaarisuuden vuoksi ei ole etukteen selv, ja siten edist tekstiss puheena olevien asianhaarojen ymmrtmist. Toiseksi termien kytt koskevat tulokset suhteutetaan yleiseen oikeushistoriaan ja pyritn arvioimaan niiden merkityst Petrassa kytss olleen oikeusjrjestelmn kannalta. Kolmas nkkulma on kielitieteellinen, sill termien kytt papyruksessa on nhtv osana laajempaa kehityst, jossa roomalaisen oikeuden vhittinen muuttuminen bysanttilaiseksi johti kielten vaihtumiseen ja koko juridisen ksitteistn siirtymiseen latinasta kreikkaan. Siksi tss tyss kytetn itse papyruksen analyysin lisksi laajaa vertailumateriaalia, joka koostuu ennen kaikkea roomalaisesta ja bysanttilaisesta lakikirjallisuudesta sek dokumentaarisesta lhdeaineistosta, etenkin egyptilisist papyruksista. Niin tss papyruksessa kuin muissakin kreikankielisiss lhteiss esiintyvt roomalaiseen oikeuteen liittyvt termit voidaan jaotella suoriin lainoihin, knnslainoihin sek komparaatiolainoihin. Jlkimmisill tarkoitetaan kreikan kieless jo aiemmin kytss olleita termej, jotka eivt sananmukaiselta merkitykseltn vastaa latinalaisia, mutta joita alettiin kytt jonkin latinalaisen termin vastineina. Tutkimus tekee selvksi, ett olipa kyse mist lainakategoriasta tahansa, lakitermien siirtyess kielest toiseen tapahtui yleens semanttisia muutoksia eik termej aina kytetty samalla tavalla kuin alkukieless. Merkityskentt saattoi esimerkiksi supistua taikka laajentua tai sanalle saattoi kehitty lainautumisen jlkeen tysin uusiakin merkityksi. Oikeushistorian suhteen on huomioitava ero virallisten snnsten ja provinsseissa noudatettujen kytntjen vlill. Kaiken kaikkaan Petra nytt kuitenkin olleen kiinte osa Bysantin valtakuntaa, jonka lakeja ainakin ppiirteissn noudatettiin. Kaikkien termien kyttavat eivt tosin ole johdettavissa suoraan virallisiin lakikorpuksiin, mutta ne eivt myskn sodi niit vastaan. Roomalaisen oikeuden tuntemus nytt olleen Petrassa jopa parempaa kuin esimerkiksi Egyptiss. Mit tulee papyruksessa puheena oleviin konkreettisiin asianhaaroihin, termien merkityksen ymmrtminen selvent joidenkin aspektien ppiirteit, kun taas yksityskohdat jvt tekstin fragmentaarisuuden takia useimmiten epselviksi. Avainsanat: papyrologia, Petra, roomalainen oikeus, terminologia, kreikan kieli, latinan kieli, lainasanat
Resumo:
Sommaren 1788 drabbades den svenska flottan av en svrartad febersjukdom. Febern, som senare definierats som febris recurrens el. terfallsfeber, hade sitt ursprung i den ryska flottan. Besttningen ombord skeppet Vladislav, krigsbytet frn slaget vid Hogland, bar p ett stort antal smittade kldlss. Efter flottans ankomst till Sveaborg spred sig sjukdomen snabbt bland manskapet, men ven bland fstningens garnison. Frhllandena inom militren, bde inom lantarmn och framfr allt inom flottan, var gynnsamma fr epidemiers spridning. De trnga utrymmena, den ensidiga kosten, det undermliga dricksvattnet, den bristande hygienen: allt gynnade uppkomsten och spridningen av olika epidemier. Manskapets frsmrade allmntillstnd gjorde, att sjukdomarna blev mera frdande n vad de i andra frhllanden skulle ha varit. Bristen p manskap och material under Gustav III:s ryska krig var enormt, bl.a. var bristen p medicinsk personal och -utrustning skriande. D flottan och armn drabbades av en epidemi av katastrofala dimensioner stod myndigheterna hjlplsa. Epidemin visaqr tydligt hur illa frberett hela kriget var och hur missktt flottans sjukvrd var. P Sveaborg var frhllandena fruktansvrda. Halva garnisonen uppges ha avlidit, och det lg travar av lik verallt. Kaserner m.fl. byggnader adapterades till provisoriska lasarett och det rdde brist p allt. De medicinska myndigheterna representerades av den till fstningen skickade andra fltlkaren, som tillsammans med lkarna p fstningen gjorde sitt bsta i enlighet med tidens vrdmetoder. D den svenska rlogsflottan i november seglat ver tilll Karlskrona spred sig epidemin i staden. Sjukdomen grasserade ocks bland de civila. D sjukdomens orsak och utbredningsstt var oknda, kunde man varken hindra epidemin frn att spridas eller genomfra adekvata vrdmetoder. Tvrtom, med de hemfrlovade btsmnnen spred sig sjukdomen ven till de vriga delarna av riket. Under 1789 var flottan p.g.a. de mnga sjukdomsfallen nrmast operationsoduglig. Under vrvintern och vren 1790 avtog epidemin. Epidemin var ett svrt medicinskt problem. Fr att utreda situationen i Karlskrona skickade den tillfrordnade regeringen, utredningskommissionen och Collegium medicum sina egna representanter till staden. De olika lkarnas sjukdomssyner grundade sig frmst p tron om sjukdomars uppkomst genom miasma och frbttrandet av luftkvaliteten sgs som en vsentlig vrdform. I arbetet jmfrs de olika myndigheternas och ngra av de p platsen varande lkarnas syn p sjukdomens art, dess orsaker och ursprung. De flesta hrleder sjukdomen till den ryska flottan, och nmner ngon form av smitta. Som frmsta sjukdomsorsak nmns dock miasma och de rekommenderade vrdformerna representerade den humoralpatologiska synen. Frste amiralitetslkaren Arvid Faxe representerar dock en annan sikt, i det att han enbart tror p sjukdomens verfring via smitta. Epidemin var ocks ett politiskt problem. Epidemin var en lokal angelgenhet nda till dess att flottans operationer hmmades av manskapsbristen, varefter den blev ett rende p hgsta niv. Kungen ingrep sommaren 1789 genom att grunda en kommision med rtt vidstrckta befogenheter. I Karlskrona verkar de militra myndigheterna och lkarna ha misstrott och skuldsatt varandra fr katastrofen, och frhllandet mellan de till staden snda utredarna och militrerna var likas inflammerat. Genom kllorna terspeglas rivalitet, avund och inbrdes konkurrens. Personalbristen var svr, och den skyldiga sktes utanfr den egna kretsen. Den danskfdde apotekaren med sina pstott otjnliga mediciner blev en ypperlig syndabock. rlogsflottan berknas i sjukdomar ha frlorat omkring 10.000 man i dda, huvudsakligen i Karlskrona (civila inberknade). Armn och Skrgrdsflottan uppges likadeles ha mist omkring 10.000 man, medan antalet i strid stupade armsoldater endast var ca 1500. Sammanlagt antas allts ca 20.000 mnniskor ha mist livet; bde i terfallsfeber, men ven i andra, samtidigt grasserande farsoter. I denna siffra r inte de vriga delarna av riket inberknade. Epidemin i frga kan allts p goda grunder anses vara det svenska 1700-talets strsta medicinska katastrof.
Resumo:
The objective of my dissertation Pull (or Draught, or Moves) at the Parnassus , is to provide a deeper understanding of Nordic Middle Class radicalism of the 1960 s as featured in Finland-Swedish literature. My approach is cultural materialist in a broad sense; social class is regarded a crucial aspect of the contents and contexts of the novels and literary discussions explored. In the first volume, Middle Class With A Human Face , novels by Christer Kihlman, Jarl Sjblom, Marianne Alopaeus, and Ulla-Lena Lundberg, respectively, are read from the points of view of place, emotion, and power. The term "cryptotope" is used to designate the hidden places found to play an important role in all of these four narratives. Also, the "chronotope of the provincial small town", described by Mikhail Bakhtin in 1938, is exemplified in Kihlman s satirical novel, as is the chronotope of of war (Algeria, Vietnam) in those of Alopaeus and Lundberg s. All the four novels signal changes in the way general "scripts of emotions", e.g. jealousy, are handled and described. The power relations in the novels are also read, with reference to Michel Foucault. As the protagonists in two of them work as journalists, a critical discussion about media and Bourgeois hegemony is found; the term "repressive legitimation" is created to grasp these patterns of manipulation. The Modernist Debate , part II of the study, concerns a literary discussion between mainly Finland-Swedish authors and critics. Essayist Johannes Salminen (40) provided much of the fuel for the debate in 1963, questioning the relevance to contemporary life of the Finland-Swedish modernist tradition of the 1910 s and 1920 s. In 1965, a group of younger authors and critics, including poet Claes Andersson (28), followed up this critique in a debate taking place mainly in the newspaper Vasabladet. Poets Rabbe Enckell (62), Bo Carpelan (39) and others defended a timeless poetry. This debate is contextualized and the changing literary field is analyzed using concepts provided by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. In the thesis, the historical moment of Middle Class radicalism with a human face is regarded a temporary luxury that new social groups could afford themselves, as long as they were knocking over the statues and symbols of the Old Bourgeoisie. This is not to say that all components of the Sixties strategy have lost their power. Some of them have survived and even grown, others remain latent in the gene bank of utopias, waiting for new moments of change.
Resumo:
The dissertation presents a functional model for analysis of song translation. The model is developed on the basis of an examination of theatrical songs and a comparison of three translations: the songs of the Broadway musical My Fair Lady (Lerner and Loewe, 1956), made for the premiere productions (19591960) in Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian. The analysis explores the three challenges of a song translator: the fitting of a text to existing music, the consideration of a prospective sung performance, and the verbal approximation of the content of the source lyric. The theoretical foundation is based on a functional approach to translation studies (Christiane Nord) and a structuralist/semiotic analysis of a theatrical message (Ivo Osolsob, building on Roman Jakobson). Thus, three functional levels in the fitting of a text to music are explored: first, a prosodic/phonetic format; secondly, a poetic/rhetoric format; and thirdly, semantic/reflexive values (verbalizing musical expression). Similarly, three functional levels in the textual connections to a prospective performance are explored: first, a presentational goal; secondly, the theatrical potential; and thirdly, dramaturgic values (for example dramatic information and linguistic register). The functionality of Broadway musical theatre songs is analyzed, and the song score of My Fair Lady, source and target lyrics, is studied, with an in-depth analysis of seven of the songs. The three translations were all considered very well-made and are used in productions of the musical to this day. The study finds that the song translators appear to have worked from an understanding of the presentational goal, designed their target texts on the prosodic and poetic shape of the music, and pursued the theatrical functionality of the song, not by copying, but by recreating connections to relevant contexts, partly independently of the source lyrics, using the resources of the target languages. Besides metaphrases (closest possible transfer), paraphrases and additions seem normally to be expected in song translation, but song translators may also follow highly individual strategies for example, the Norwegian translator is consistently more verbally faithful than the Danish and Swedish translators. As a conclusion, it is suggested that although linguistic and cultural difference play a significant role, a translators solution must nevertheless be arrived at, and assessed, in relation to the song as a multimedial piece of material. As far as a song can be considered a theatrical message singers representing the voice, person, and situation of the song the descriptive model presented in the study is also applicable to the translation of other types of song.
Resumo:
Tm pro gradu -tutkielma on tehty osana Svenska i toppen -projektia, joka alkoi syksyll 2008 Pohjoismaisten kielten ja pohjoismaisen kirjallisuuden laitoksella. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvitt, mitk tekijt vaikuttavat lukiolaisten nkkulmasta hyvien tulosten saavuttamiseen ruotsin ylioppilaskirjoituksissa kolmessa suomenkielisess lukiossa, jotka sijaitsevat Turun, Tampereen ja Joensuun seuduilla. Lisksi tavoitteena on selvitt, miten maantieteelliset tekijt vaikuttavat opiskelijoiden ruotsin kielen osaamiseen sek mit eroja on keskipitkn ja pitkn ruotsin oppimrn opiskelijoiden asenteissa kielt kohtaan. Tutkielman aineistona on kolme ryhmhaastattelua, joihin on osallistunut 14 lukiolaista, 11 tytt ja 3 poikaa. Haastattelut on tehty joulukuussa 2008 sek tammi- ja maaliskuussa 2009. Haastatteluissa on kytetty strukturoitua kyselylomaketta, jossa kysytn opiskelijoiden nkemyksi ruotsin opiskelusta. Tutkimusmenetelmn on kvalitatiivinen tutkimusote, jossa on piirteit kolmesta eri menetelmst: tapaustutkimuksesta, etnografisesta tutkimuksesta sek temaattisesta analyysist. Trkeimpn teoriataustana on ruotsi toisena kielen -tutkimus, oppiminen sosiokonstruktivistisena ilmin sek motivaatiotutkimus. Tarkastelen kielenoppijaa luokkahuoneessa sosiaalisena osallistujana omassa oppimisprosessissaan. Oppiminen nhdn kokonaisuutena, johon kuuluu eri osa-alueita, esimerkiksi koulujen kytnnt, yhteisn vaikutus oppimiseen sek opiskelijan identiteetin muokkautuminen kouluyhteisss. Motivaatiota tarkastelen kielenoppimisen nkkulmasta, ja se koostuu erilaisista dynaamisista vaiheista, esimerkiksi tavoitteiden asettamisesta oppimisprosessin alussa, valintojen tekemisest sek motivaation yllpitmisest oppimisprosessin kuluessa. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, ett suurin yksittinen syy menestykseen opiskelijoiden nkkulmasta on opettaja, joka omalla toiminnallaan voi merkittvsti parantaa opiskelijoiden oppimisedellytyksi. Tyhn panostaminen, opiskelijoiden yksilllinen kohtaaminen mys luokkahuoneen ulkopuolella ja esimerkiksi omien oppimateriaalien valmistaminen ovat opettajaan liittyvi tekijit, jotka voivat nostaa opiskelijoiden motivaatiota huomattavasti. Mys lukion maantieteellisell sijainnilla on vaikutusta. Paikkakunnilla, joilla ruotsin kielt kytetn vhn, korostuu opettajan rooli kielellisen oppimisympristn luomisessa. Keskipitkn ja pitkn ruotsin opiskelijoiden vlill ei tutkimuksessa ilmene eroja asenteissa kielt kohtaan.
Resumo:
Pro gradu -tutkielma Teori, praktik och yrkesval: En etnografisk analys av yrkeslivsrelevansen p Nordicas versttarlinje ksittelee pohjoismaisten kielten ja pohjoismaisen kirjallisuuden laitoksen (Nordican) kntjlinjan koulutusta. Tutkielman tavoite on tuottaa kytnnllist tietoa kntjkoulutuksen opinnoista ja opiskelijoista. Tietoa voidaan kytt suunnitteluapuna Helsingin yliopiston kntjkoulutuksen uudelleenorganisoinnissa, joka tapahtuu vuonna 2009. Tutkimuskysymyksiss keskitytn erityisesti Nordican kntjkoulutuksen tyelmorientaatioon liittyviin opintoihin. Tyelmorientaation osuutta opinnoissa ja kntjlinjan opiskelijoiden opintosuunnittelua tutkitaan kyselytutkimuksen ja haastattelujen avulla. Kyselytutkimukseen on vastannut 19 nykyist ja valmistunutta opiskelijaa kntjlinjalta (vastausprosentti on n. 36). Haastatteluihin on osallistunut viisi henkil kolme opiskelijaa ja kaksi valmistunutta. Materiaalin suurin ongelma on aineiston vhyys ja se, ett haastateltavista suurin osa opiskelee tai on opiskellut toisen kotimaisen kielen linjalla. Tutkimuksessa ei siis saada riittvsti tietoa idinkielen linjan opiskelijoiden tilanteesta. Tutkimusmetodi on kvalitatiivinen osaksi aineiston pienuuden takia, mutta kyselytutkimuksen tuloksia analysoidaan mys kvantitatiivisesti. Kyselyn ja haastattelujen avoimet vastaukset analysoidaan etnografisen metodin avulla, joka soveltuu hyvin pienen aineiston analysointiin. Metodissa korostuvat tutkimuksen prosessiluonteisuus ja esimerkiksi tutkimuskysymysten muotoiluun ja materiaalin kermiseen liittyv joustavuus. Tutkimusmateriaalin analyysissa korostuu tutkimuskohteen kuvailun sijaan tulkinta. Tutkielman teoriaosuus ksittelee sek kntjkoulutuksen historiaa ett nykyist yliopistopedagogiikkaa. Johdannossa ksitelln mys Helsingin yliopiston tyllistymiskartoituksia ja aikaisempia tutkimuksia Nordican ja knnstieteen laitoksen opiskelijoiden sijoittumisesta tymarkkinoille. Teoreettisen viitekehyksen keskeisimmt aiheet ovat funktionaalinen kntjkoulutus, kntjn kompetenssit, asiantuntijuus ja ammattimaisuus sek teorian ja kytnnn osuus opinnoissa. Teoriaosuus pohjustaa analyysin keskeisi teemoja. Tutkimustulosten perusteella voi kumota osan tutkielman alussa esitetyist hypoteeseista. Esimerkiksi kntjlinjan opiskelijoiden opintosuunnittelu ja halu suorittaa opintonsa yksinomaan kntjlinjalla ovat osoittautuneet oletettua johdonmukaisemmiksi. Opiskelijat ovat motivoituneita ja sitoutuvat kntjlinjan opintoihin muun muassa valitsemalla sivuaineita, jotka tukevat paineopintoja. Tyelmorientaation osalta tmnhetkiset opiskelijat vaikuttavat tyytyvisemmilt opintoihinsa kuin jo valmistuneet kntjlinjalaiset. Haastateltavien yleinen ksitys on, ett tyelmorientaatiota, ja erityisesti kntjn ammattiin liittyvi kytnnn kysymyksi, ksitelln opinnoissa liian vhn. Tutkielman tarkoitus on kartoittaa kntjlinjan opiskelijoiden ja valmistuneiden kntjlinjalaisten ksityksi opintojen yhteydest tyelmn. Tutkimustulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, ett akateemisiin opintoihin pitisi sislty enemmn tyelmkontakteja. Tyharjoittelu on ollut monelle tutkimuksen haastateltavalle hyv kokemus, joka on johtanut harjoittelujakson jlkeiseen tysuhteeseen. Nordican uutta kntjkoulutusta suunniteltaessa tulisikin ottaa huomioon tyharjoittelun trkeys. Monet haastateltujen mainitsemista koulutuksen kehittmiskohteista liittyvt resurssikysymyksiin. Kntjkoulutuksen uudistuksen myt voidaan toivottavasti vaikuttaa esimerkiksi erityisalojen kurssitarjontaan.
Resumo:
TRANSFORMATIONS OF NATURE Science, Knowledge and Freedom in the Early Thinking of Rudolf Steiner. Perspectives on Waldorf Education in the light of the History of Ideas Waldorf Education is based on the worldview that Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) developed to a wide-ranging anthroposophical movement in the first decades of the 20th century. This thesis takes as its departure the early thinking of Rudolf Steiner that precedes anthroposophy, and its main purpose is to uncover the tradition of ideas represented in Steiners early life and which, in different ways, have emerged in the practice of Waldorf Education. Through systematic analysis I attempt to bring to light different aspects of Steiners early thinking: his concept of science, his epistemological startingpoints and his philosophy of freedom. By departing from J. W. Goethes qualitative concept of science, Steiner strove in his early works to formulate a monistic worldview which appears to be closely related to the Romantic Movement and its philosophy of nature. Characteristic traits of his thinking are, on the one hand, a critique of a one-sided enlightenment and, on the other hand, an aspiration to see the world as a living organic unity. Human beings can, by developing our intuitive faculties, get a deeper understanding of the indissoluble relationship between man and nature. Against this background Steiners early thinking can be read as a special kind of romantic development narrative. Steiners early thinking also opens the way for romantic perspectives on Waldorf Education. It appears that many central aims and conceptions in Waldorf Education can be illuminated by the epistemological perspective upon which Steiner elaborated early in his life. An organic curriculum, phenomenological didactics and high ideal of freedom can be considered seen as educational applications of conceptions that played an important role in Goethe and his age. Thus, Waldorf Education provides in our contemporary society an exceptional set of educational values: a holistic education with romantic undertones.
Resumo:
There are several reasons for increasing the usage of forest biomass for energy in Finland. Apart from the fact that forest biomass is a CO2 -neutral energy source, it is also a domestic resource distributed throughout the country. Usage of forest biomass in the form of logging residues decreases Finlands dependence of energy import and increases both incomes and employment. Wood chips are mainly made from logging residues, which constitute 64 % of the raw material. A large-scale use of forest biomass requires heed also to the potential negative aspects. Forest bioenergy is used extensively, but its impacts on the forests soil nutrition and carbon balance has not been studied much. Nor have there been many studies on the heavy metal or chlorine content of logging residues. The goal of this study was to examine the content of carbon, macronutrients, heavy metals and other for the combustion harmful substances in Scots pine and Norway spruce wood chips, and to estimate the effect of harvesting of logging residues on the forests carbon and nutrient balance. Another goal was to examine the energy content of the clear cut remains. The Wood chips for this study were gathered from pine and spruce dominated clear cut sites in southern Finland, in the costal forests between Hankoo and Siuntio. The number of sample locations were 29, and the average area was 3,15 ha and the average timber volume 212,6 m3 ha -1. The average logged timber volume was for Scots pine timber 70 m3 ha -1 and for Norway spruce timber 124 m3 ha -1 and for deciduous timber (birch and alder) 18,5 m3 ha -1. The proportion of spruce in the logging residues and the stand-volume were relevant for how much nutrients were taken from the forest ecosystem when harvesting logging residues. In this study it was noted that the nutrient content of the logging residues clearly increased when the percentage of spruce in the timber volume increased. The S, K, Na and Cl -contents in the logging residues in this study increased with an increasing percentage of spruce, which is probably due to the fact that the spruce is an effective collector of atmospheric dry-deposition. The amounts of nutrients that were lost when harvesting logging residues were less than those referred to in the literature. Within a circulation period (100 years), the forest soil gets substantially more nutrients from atmospheric deposition, litter fall and weathering than is lost through harvesting of logging residues after a clear cut. Harvesting of the logging residues makes for a relatively modest increase of the quantity of carbon that is removed from the forest compared to traditional forestry. Due to the fact that the clear cut remains in my study showed a high content of chlorine, there is a risk of corrosion in connection to the incineration of the logging residues in power plants especially at coastal areas/forests. The risk of sulphur -related corrosion is probably rather small, because S concentrations are relatively low in woodchips. The clear cut remains showed rather high heavy metal contents. If the heavy metal contents in this study are representative for the clear cut remains in the coastal forests generally, there might be reason to exert some caution when using the ash for forest fertilizing purposes.
Resumo:
The primary aim of the present study was to find an efficient and simple method of vegetative propagation for producing large numbers of hybrid aspen (Populus tremuloides L. x P. tremula Michx.) plants for forest plantations. The key objectives were to investigate the main physiological factors that affect the ability of cuttings to regenerate and to determine whether these factors could be manipulated by different growth conditions. In addition, clonal variation in traits related to propagation success was examined. According to our results, with the stem cutting method, depending on the clone, it is possible to obtain only 18 plants from one stock plant per year. With the root cutting method the corresponding values for two-year-old stock plants are 81207 plants. The difference in number of cuttings between one- and two-year-old stock plants is so pronounced that it is economically feasible to grow stock plants for two years. There is no reason to use much older stock plants as a source of cuttings, as it has been observed that rooting ability diminishes as root diameter increases. Clonal variation is the most important individual factor in propagation of hybrid aspen. The fact that the efficiently sprouted clones also rooted best facilitates the selection of clones for large-scale propagation. In practice, root cuttings taken from all parts of the root system of hybrid aspen were capable of producing new shoots and roots. However, for efficient rooting it is important to use roots smaller than one centimeter in diameter. Both rooting and sprouting, as well as sprouting rate, were increased by high soil temperature; in our studies the highest temperature tested (30C) was the best. Light accelerated the sprouting of root cuttings, but they rooted best in dark conditions. Rooting is essential because without roots the sprouted cutting cannot survive long. For aspen the criteria for clone selection are primarily fiber qualities and growth rate, but ability to regenerate efficiently is also essential. For large-scale propagation it is very important to find clones from which many cuttings per stock plant can be obtained. In light of production costs, however, it is even more important that the regeneration ability of the produced cuttings be high.
Resumo:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate intensity, productivity and efficiency in agriculture in Finland and show implications for N and P fertiliser management. Environmental concerns relating to agricultural production have been and still are focused on arguments about policies that affect agriculture. These policies constrain production while demand for agricultural products such as food, fibre and energy continuously increase. Therefore the importance of increasing productivity is a great challenge to agriculture. Over the last decades producers have experienced several large changes in the production environment such as the policy reform when Finland joined the EU 1995. Other and market changes occurred with the further EU enlargement with neighbouring countries in 2005 and with the decoupling of supports over the 2006-2007 period. Decreasing prices a decreased number of farmers and decreased profitability in agricultural production have resulted from these changes and constraints and of technological development. It is known that the accession to the EU 1995 would herald changes in agriculture. Especially of interest was how the sudden changes in prices of commodities on especially those of cereals, decreased by 60%, would influence agricultural production. The knowledge of properties of the production function increased in importance as a consequence of price changes. A research on the economic instruments to regulate productions was carried out and combined with earlier studies in paper V. In paper I the objective was to compare two different technologies, the conventional farming and the organic farming, determine differences in productivity and technical efficiency. In addition input specific or environmental efficiencies were analysed. The heterogeneity of agricultural soils and its implications were analysed in article II. In study III the determinants of technical inefficiency were analysed. The aspects and possible effects of the instability in policies due to a partial decoupling of production factors and products were studied in paper IV. Consequently connection between technical efficiency based on the turnover and the sales return was analysed in this study. Simple economic instruments such as fertiliser taxes have a direct effect on fertiliser consumption and indirectly increase the value of organic fertilisers. However, fertiliser taxes, do not fully address the N and P management problems adequately and are therefore not suitable for nutrient management improvements in general. Productivity of organic farms is lower on average than conventional farms and the difference increases when looking at selling returns only. The organic sector needs more research and development on productivity. Livestock density in organic farming increases productivity, however, there is an upper limit to livestock densities on organic farms and therefore nutrient on organic farms are also limited. Soil factors affects phosphorous and nitrogen efficiency. Soils like sand and silt have lower input specific overall efficiency for nutrients N and P. Special attention is needed for the management on these soils. Clay soils and soils with moderate clay content have higher efficiency. Soil heterogeneity is cause for an unavoidable inefficiency in agriculture.
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The object of this dissertation is to study globally defined bounded p-harmonic functions on Cartan-Hadamard manifolds and Gromov hyperbolic metric measure spaces. Such functions are constructed by solving the so called Dirichlet problem at infinity. This problem is to find a p-harmonic function on the space that extends continuously to the boundary at inifinity and obtains given boundary values there. The dissertation consists of an overview and three published research articles. In the first article the Dirichlet problem at infinity is considered for more general A-harmonic functions on Cartan-Hadamard manifolds. In the special case of two dimensions the Dirichlet problem at infinity is solved by only assuming that the sectional curvature has a certain upper bound. A sharpness result is proved for this upper bound. In the second article the Dirichlet problem at infinity is solved for p-harmonic functions on Cartan-Hadamard manifolds under the assumption that the sectional curvature is bounded outside a compact set from above and from below by functions that depend on the distance to a fixed point. The curvature bounds allow examples of quadratic decay and examples of exponential growth. In the final article a generalization of the Dirichlet problem at infinity for p-harmonic functions is considered on Gromov hyperbolic metric measure spaces. Existence and uniqueness results are proved and Cartan-Hadamard manifolds are considered as an application.
Resumo:
Deskriptiivisess vaativuusteoriassa tutkitaan laskennan vaativuuteen liittyvi kysymyksi logiikan tykalujen avulla. Tllin ksitelln tilannetta, jossa laskennan sytteen toimivat relliset mallit. Tss kehyksess erinisi vaativuusluokkia voidaan karakterisoida etsimll logiikoita, joilla on kyseist vaativuusluokkaa vastaava ilmaisuvoima. Klassiset esimerkit tllaisista tuloksista ovat Faginin esittm epdeterministisen polynomiaalisen ajan karakterisaatio logiikan _1^1 avulla ja Immermanin, Livchakin ja Vardin esittm deterministisen polynomiaalisen ajan karakterisaatio ensimmisen kertaluvun inflatorisen kiintopistelogiikan avulla. Tss opinnytetyss tarkastellaan Gurevichin esittm kysymyst polynomiaalisessa ajassa ratkeavien kielten luokan P vahvasta loogisesta karakterisaatiosta. Kyseinen kysymys on yksi rellisen malliteorian haastavimpia ongelmia. Kysymyksen esittelyyn tarvittavan peruskoneiston lpikynnin lisksi tss ksi- telln mys sen yhteyksi laskennan vaativuusteoriassa keskeiseen P-NP-ongelmaan. Gurevichin kysymyksest voidaan esitt mys rajoitetumpia versioita, mikli ksitelln tilannetta, jossa laskennan sytteen voi olla vain kiinnitetyn malliluokan K malleja. Tllin luokan P karakterisointi helpottuu, ainakin jos luokka K on riittvn suppea. Tss opinnytetyss kydn lpi Grohen esittm tulos siit, ett mikli luokaksi K valitaan 3-yhtenisten tasoverkkojen luokka, niin ensimmisen kertaluvun inflatorinen kiintopistelogiikka karakterisoi polynomiaalisessa ajassa laskettavat kielet.
