Properties of polycrystalline gas sensors based on d.c. and a.c. electrical measurements

Electrical properties of polycrystalline gas sensors are analyzed by d.c. and a.c. measurements. d.c. electrical conductivity values compared with those obtained by admittance spectroscopy methods help to obtain a detailed 'on line' analysis of conductivity-modulated gas sensors. The electrical behaviour of grain boundaries is obtained and a new design of sensors can be achieved by enhancing the activity of surface states in the detecting operation. A Schottky barrier model is used to explain the grain boundary action under the presence of surrounding gases. The height of this barrier is a function of gas concentration due to the trapping of excess charge generated by gas adsorption at the interface. A comparison between this dependence, and a plot of the real and imaginary components of the admittance versus frequency at different gas concentrations, provides information on the different parameters that play a role in the conduction mechanisms. These methods have been applied to the design of a CO sensor based on tin oxide films for domestic purposes, the characteristics of which are presented.

Surface wind-stress threshold for glacial Atlantic overturning

Using a coupled model of intermediate complexity the sensitivity of the last glacial maximum (LGM) Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) to the strength of surface wind-stress is investigated. A threshold is found below which North Atlantic deep water formation (DWF) takes place south of Greenland and the AMOC is relatively weak. Above this threshold, DWF occurs north of the Greenland-Scotland ridge, leading to a vigorous AMOC. This nonlinear behavior is explained through enhanced salt transport by the wind-driven gyre circulation and the overturning itself. Both pattern and magnitude of the Nordic Sea's temperature difference between strong and weak AMOC states are consistent with those reconstructed for abrupt climate changes of the last glacial period. Our results thus point to a potentially relevant role of surface winds in these phenomena.