El audiovisual como herramienta de cambio social de jóvenes en situación de exclusión en Guatemala (2004-2014)

The audiovisual as a tool for social change among youth in social exclusion situations in Guatemala (2004-2014)” is the title of this research paper which aims to study the organizations and projects that have worked with video tools and participatory methodology with young people in marginalized social sectors in order to improve their opportunities and social inclusion. The purpose of this study also includes the analysis of the finish video products as well as the impact of the projects on the youth participants. Guatemala is a country with deep rooted and historical social inequality. This situation is currently reflected by the high violence rates, the extreme poverty and the exclusion of populations, including youth. As social participants, young people have much to say about the construction of a future plan for the country, but they are not heard. That’s why it is so important to facilitate a youth voice and research the tools that can help reach that goal. The participatory methodologies are based on the popular education theories developed by the Latinamerican School with authors such as Paulo Freire, Juan Díaz Bordenave, Jesús Martín Barbero and Mario Kaplún, among others. These methodologies have proved to be a lateral way to face the educational process by promoting dialogue, analysis, consensus search and consciousness-raising. In addition, these methodologies provide a more democratic way to format educational processes that provide students tools to promote an active attitude towards social questions. They can develop their own role of responsibility in the improvement of their own lives and contribute to the progress of their community. This research is based on observation, an extensive bibliographical review, analysis protocols for the study of video materials and projects and closed structured interviews with facilitators and project coordinators. It includes open qualitative interviews with some selected participants and with other specialists in order to complete the necessary information to structure the historical, social and political context of Guatemala...

Una mirada antropológica sobre el conflicto, la desigualdad y los procesos de reinserción social en Colombia

For more than half of a century, Colombia has been living in a state of violence, a nationwide political violence. As the time goes by, this situation gets even worse. Now the violence is implanted for different interests, such as personal, political, social and economical interests. For this reason, the information for this thesis was gathered from the time of the independence, through the era of violence until today; considering a reflection that begins with the perspective of Marx, passing by a theoretical compilation of the conflict, with an anthropological, psychological, biological and sociological perspective. In addition, different theories about violence have been studied to recognize the ideological approach of the different armed movements that have emerged in Colombia. Statistical, economical and social data including class struggle, social stratification, exclusion and gender perspective among others, have been considered from an anthropological and interdisciplinary approach for studying the violence. A strong interest in the social reintegration process, through an ethnographic study, based on the actors backgrounds, their lives, experiences and their geographical location have provided information that will allow to know the reality of those who are living in the process, those who survive it and those who go on with their lives in society, and those who after doing it return to the armed groups. Population displaced by violence, refugees, has contributed to this study about their possibilities to return to the society or to be excluded by it. With this purpose, a theoretical and a documentary analysis as well as fieldwork have been done, trying to bring forward tools and guidelines to make some progress in developing effective solutions for social integration of Colombian armed conflict victims.

Personas sin hogar en la ciudad de Coimbra: recuento, principales necesidades, caracterización psicosocial y retos para el trabajo social

Objetivos: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo elaborar un recuento y caracterizar a la población sin hogar de la ciudad de Coimbra. Se quería conocer quiénes son las personas sin hogar en Coimbra, sus características sociodemográficas, características psicosociales, síntomas depresivos, sentido de la vida y percepción de apoyo social, para disponer de un mayor conocimiento de su situación y necesidades y así mejorar la intervención social orientada al sinhogarismo. Método: El trabajo empírico realizado incluyó dos procedimientos simultáneos: (a) Un recuento de personas sin hogar, durante 3 días, en las instituciones especializadas de apoyo social y en las calles. (b) Una caracterización psicosocial a través de una entrevista estructurada a partir de los cuatro instrumentos siguientes: Cuestionario de Realojamiento y Evaluación (RTAS), Escala de Depresión del Centro para Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D), Cuestionario del sentido de la vida (PIL-R) y Cuestionario de Apoyo Social Percibido (CASP). Los datos fueron analizados mediante los programas SPSS, versión 18.0 y AMOS, versión 18.0. El recuento de personas sin hogar se realizó siguiendo la tipología Europea creada por FEANTSA, llamada ETHOS (European Typology on Homelessness and Housing Exclusion). Partiendo de esta tipología, en el recuento fueron identificadas 257 personas sin hogar, 175 de las cuales accedieron a ser entrevistadas, resultando válidas 174 entrevistas. Resultados: Verificamos que la mayoría de las personas sin hogar de nuestro estudio son hombres de menos de 50 años (edad media 46 años), portugueses, nacidos o con residencia en Coimbra hace más de un año, con escasos estudios, y que están solteros o divorciados. La mayoría duerme en instituciones (28,1%), vive en cuartos alquilados (23,6%) o en la calle (12,6%); han consumido drogas o alcohol (50%) y presentan problemas de salud mental (21,8%). En cuanto a ingresos, la mayoría percibe una renta mínima de inserción (37,9%) o se dedica a la mendicidad (17,2%). En cuanto a las causas percibidas de su situación de personas sin hogar, la mayoría apunta al desempleo (35%) y la pobreza (25,3%)...