De Río a Madrid: límites y posibilidades de las relaciones Unión Europea-América Latina

El pasado mes de mayo, durante el semestre de la Presidencia española de la Unión Europea, se celebró en Madrid la II Cumbre de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno de la Unión Europea y América Latina y el Caribe. Esta reunión debería haber proporcionado un nuevo impulso político a la “Asociación Estratégica” que ambas regiones acordaron en la I Cumbre, celebrada en Río de Janeiro en junio de 1999. Sin embargo, a pesar del tono complaciente de las declaraciones oficiales, la Cumbre de Madrid parece confirmar que Latinoamérica ha perdido importancia en las relaciones exteriores de la Unión Europea, y que ésta ha abandonado la estrategia interregionalista del decenio anterior, que pretendía establecer un marco de relación privilegiado entre ambas regiones. Las exigencias de la ampliación al Este, el compromiso europeo con las negociaciones de la Organización Mundial de Comercio (OMC), y la primacía de la seguridad en la agenda internacional tras los atentados del 11 de septiembre son algunos de los factores que explican el estancamiento de las relaciones eurolatinoamericanas en sus tres ámbitos mas relevantes: el diálogo político, la cooperación al desarrollo y las cuestiones comerciales.

Foreign MNEs and domestic innovative capabilities: are there conditions for reverse spillovers in the spanish industry?

We analyse, over 2004-2008, a sample of approximately 700 foreign subsidiaries and 4,500 domestic firms located in Spain in order to understand the relationship between local R&D cooperation and innovativeness of the firm. Our ultimate objective is to understand whether foreign subsidiaries are likely to make a contribution to local innovative capabilities or if, conversely, they may eventually benefit from conditions for reverse spillovers. Using a variety of specifications for the innovation-related activities of the firm, we find that foreign subsidiaries are more cooperative than the average firm located in Spain, but not necessarily more than affiliated domestic firms (entrepreneurial groups). However, foreign subsidiaries are more cooperative than affiliated domestic firms in sectors considered highly dynamic by international technological standards, whether Spain has a technical advantage in these specific sectors or not. When we focus on companies which are more innovative than the two-digit industries in which they operate, we find that foreign subsidiaries tend to be more cooperative than domestic firms in sectors where Spain displays technological advantage. These sectors comprise traditional industries displaying little innovation dynamism from an international point of view. This finding suggests that there may be conditions for reverse spillovers in these specific Spanish sectors (though measuring them is beyond the objectives of this paper).