Sex-biased differences in the effects of host individual, host population and environmental traits driving tick parasitism in red deer

The interactions between host individual, host population, and environmental factors modulate parasite abundance in a given host population. Since adult exophilic ticks are highly aggregated in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and this ungulate exhibits significant sexual size dimorphism, life history traits and segregation, we hypothesized that tick parasitism on males and hinds would be differentially influenced by each of these factors. To test the hypothesis, ticks from 306 red deer-182 males and 124 females-were collected during 7 years in a red deer population in south-central Spain. By using generalized linear models, with a negative binomial error distribution and a logarithmic link function, we modeled tick abundance on deer with 20 potential predictors. Three models were developed: one for red deer males, another for hinds, and one combining data for males and females and including "sex" as factor. Our rationale was that if tick burdens on males and hinds relate to the explanatory factors in a differential way, it is not possible to precisely and accurately predict the tick burden on one sex using the model fitted on the other sex, or with the model that combines data from both sexes. Our results showed that deer males were the primary target for ticks, the weight of each factor differed between sexes, and each sex specific model was not able to accurately predict burdens on the animals of the other sex. That is, results support for sex-biased differences. The higher weight of host individual and population factors in the model for males show that intrinsic deer factors more strongly explain tick burden than environmental host-seeking tick abundance. In contrast, environmental variables predominated in the models explaining tick burdens in hinds.

Evidence of shared bovine viral diarrhea infections between red deer and extensively raised cattle in south-central Spain

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus that affects cattle production worldwide and that can infect other ungulates such as cervids and even wild boar (Sus scrofa). It is believed that domestic livestock can become infected through contact with wild animals, though it is known that infection can spread among wild animals in the absence of contact with livestock. Little is known about the sharing of BVDV infection between wild and domestic animals in the same habitat, which is important for designing eradication campaigns and preventing outbreaks, especially on hunting estates with high animal densities.

La formación de un sistema político regional en el período posrevolucionario, el caso del estado de Zacatecas, México, 1890-1934

Este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal el de analizar cómo y con qué elementos se integró un sistema político regional después de la primera gran revolución del siglo XX, de la Revolución mexicana, la que sucedió seis años antes que la Revolución rusa. Se muestra un análisis sobre el campo de la política, se hace desde la perspectiva del ejercicio de la política y del poder; son situados los actores individuales y colectivos que emergieron y constituyeron una nueva clase política regional, la que tuvo el reto de constituir un nuevo sistema político nacional que se complementaba con un nuevo régimen político nacional, el posrevolucionario. En este escenario, es importante revisar cómo se impulsó la organización y desarrollo de las elecciones y qué instituciones fueron establecidas durante el período, en las cuales se asentó el sistema político en el estado federado de Zacatecas. Consideramos los impactos inmediatos, los posibles estancamientos y la evolución en los individuos y las acciones políticas. El estudio es sobre Zacatecas, una de las regiones federativas que desde el siglo XIX es parte de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Su territorio está delimitado por la legislación interna y por la emitida por el Congreso nacional. En tal área existen instituciones que ejercen autoridad sobre la zona que señala la legislación. Los individuos a los que se prestó atención son los que fungieron como gobernador, diputados al Congreso local y magistrados de los tribunales estatales. Son examinados los sujetos que laboraron en las instituciones que tenían autoridad en el territorio estatal. Estas precisiones espaciales son las que confirman que se atiende una región que interactúa en un Estado nacional...

Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus by free-living wild animals in Spain

The presence of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) was analyzed in different free-living wild animals to assess the genetic diversity and predominant genotypes on each animal species. Samples were taken from the skin and/or nares, and isolates were characterized by spa typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The proportion of MSSA carriers were 5.00, 22.93, 19.78, and 17.67% in Eurasian griffon vulture, Iberian ibex, red deer, and wild boar, respectively (P = 0.057). A higher proportion of isolates (P = 0.000) were recovered from nasal samples (78.51%) than skin samples (21.49%), but the 9.26% of red deer and 18.25% of wild boar would have been undetected if only nasal samples had been tested. Sixty-three different spa types were identified, including 25 new spa types. The most common were t528 (43.59%) in Iberian ibex, t548 and t11212 (15.79% and 14.04%) in red deer, and t3750 (36.11%) in wild boar. By MLST, 27 STs were detected, of which 12 had not been described previously. The most frequent were ST581 for Iberian ibex (48.72%), ST425 for red deer (29.82%), and ST2328 for wild boar (42.36%). Isolates from Eurasian griffon vulture belong to ST133. Host specificity has been observed for the most frequent spa types and STs (P = 0.000). The highest resistance percentage was found against benzylpenicillin (average, 22.2%), although most of the S. aureus isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial tested. Basically, MSSA isolates were different from those MRSA isolates previously detected in the same animal species.

A Bayesian approach to study the risk variables for tuberculosis occurrence in domestic and wild ungulates in South Central Spain

BACKGROUND Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic infectious disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Although eradication is a priority for the European authorities, bTB remains active or even increasing in many countries, causing significant economic losses. The integral consideration of epidemiological factors is crucial to more cost-effectively allocate control measures. The aim of this study was to identify the nature and extent of the association between TB distribution and a list of potential risk factors regarding cattle, wild ungulates and environmental aspects in Ciudad Real, a Spanish province with one of the highest TB herd prevalences. RESULTS We used a Bayesian mixed effects multivariable logistic regression model to predict TB occurrence in either domestic or wild mammals per municipality in 2007 by using information from the previous year. The municipal TB distribution and endemicity was clustered in the western part of the region and clearly overlapped with the explanatory variables identified in the final model: (1) incident cattle farms, (2) number of years of veterinary inspection of big game hunting events, (3) prevalence in wild boar, (4) number of sampled cattle, (5) persistent bTB-infected cattle farms, (6) prevalence in red deer, (7) proportion of beef farms, and (8) farms devoted to bullfighting cattle. CONCLUSIONS The combination of these eight variables in the final model highlights the importance of the persistence of the infection in the hosts, surveillance efforts and some cattle management choices in the circulation of M. bovis in the region. The spatial distribution of these variables, together with particular Mediterranean features that favour the wildlife-livestock interface may explain the M. bovis persistence in this region. Sanitary authorities should allocate efforts towards specific areas and epidemiological situations where the wildlife-livestock interface seems to critically hamper the definitive bTB eradication success.

Factors driving the abundance of ixodes ricinus ticks and the prevalence of zoonotic I. ricinus-borne pathogens in natural foci

Environmental factors may drive tick ecology and therefore tick-borne pathogen (TBP) epidemiology, which determines the risk to animals and humans of becoming infected by TBPs. For this reason, the aim of this study was to analyze the influence of environmental factors on the abundance of immature-stage Ixodes ricinus ticks and on the prevalence of two zoonotic I. ricinus-borne pathogens in natural foci of endemicity. I. ricinus abundance was measured at nine sites in the northern Iberian Peninsula by dragging the vegetation with a cotton flannelette, and ungulate abundance was measured by means of dung counts. In addition to ungulate abundance, data on variables related to spatial location, climate, and soil were gathered from the study sites. I. ricinus adults, nymphs, and larvae were collected from the vegetation, and a representative subsample of I. ricinus nymphs from each study site was analyzed by PCR for the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA. Mean prevalences of these pathogens were 4.0% ± 1.8% and 20.5% ± 3.7%, respectively. Statistical analyses confirmed the influence of spatial factors, climate, and ungulate abundance on I. ricinus larva abundance, while nymph abundance was related only to climate. Interestingly, cattle abundance rather than deer abundance was the main driver of B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum prevalence in I. ricinus nymphs in the study sites, where both domestic and wild ungulates coexist. The increasing abundance of cattle seems to increase the risk of other hosts becoming infected by A. phagocytophilum, while reducing the risk of being infected by B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Controlling ticks in cattle in areas where they coexist with wild ungulates would be more effective for TBP control than reducing ungulate abundance.

La peste porcina africana en el este de Europa: evolución de los aislados circulantes y evaluación de las herramientas diagnósticas para su control

La Peste Porcina Africana (PPA) es una enfermedad porcina de etiología vírica muy compleja, de carácter infecto-contagioso, para la que actualmente no existe vacuna. Por su gran importancia económica y sanitaria aparece incluida dentro del grupo de enfermedades de declaración obligatoria de la lista de la OIE y de la Unión Europea y su presencia conduce a restricciones inmediatas sobre el comercio de cerdo y productos derivados. Está causada por el virus de la Peste porcina africana (vPPA), un virus ADN de gran tamaño y estructura compleja, que presenta una envuelta lipoprotéica y una elevada variabilidad genética y antigénica, con 22 genotipos diferentes descritos hasta la fecha. Pertenece a la familia Asfarviridae, genero Asfivirus, de la que es el único integrante. Actualmente está presente en 22 países del África subsahariana, en la isla de Cerdeña, Italia, y desde su introducción en Georgia en 2007, tanto en la región transcaucásica como en el centro y sur de la zona occidental de la Federación Rusa (FR). La compleja situación epidemiológica de la PPA en el este de Europa, con focos continuados en la FR y afectando también a otros países vecinos de la UE como Bielorrusia y Ucrania, originó finalmente la entrada de la enfermedad en varios países de la UE en 2014, Lituania, Polonia, Letonia y Estonia en los que, hasta agosto de 2015, se realizaron más de 1000 notificaciones principalmente en jabalí, y en mucha menor medida en cerdo doméstico. Únicamente las especies de la familia Suidae y a las garrapatas blandas del género Ornithodoros son infectadas de forma natural por el vPPA. En cerdos domésticos y jabalíes europeos las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad son variables. Por el contrario, los suidos silvestres africanos son resistentes a la infección, habitualmente con cursos clínicos de tipo inaparente...