La puesta en escena de la serie de comedias de magia "Cuando hay falta de hechiceros lo quieren ser los gallegos" y "Asombro de Salamanca" (1741-1775), de Nicolás González Martínez

Esta tesis comienza en el punto donde concluía el trabajo pionero sobre comedia de magia del XVIII emprendido por Joaquín Álvarez Barrientos. Planteaba él entonces la necesidad de saber más sobre los hombres y mujeres de la época para comprender mejor la comedia de magia como género escénico, con el objetivo de responder la pregunta que tantos dieciochistas nos hemos hecho: ¿por qué la comedia de magia tuvo tanto éxito? Mi investigación partió también de sus respuestas: se debió, sobre todo, a motivos ideológicos y espectaculares. Comprender la comedia de magia como género escénico quiere decir comprender todos los mecanismos de la materialidad de su puesta en escena y de la relación establecida entre espectáculo y espectadores. Implica comprender la teatralidad a un nivel que no es solo textual, sino físico y relacional. Las relaciones y reacciones que desataba la comedia de magia eran tremendamente pasionales y opuestas, como demuestran los datos de que disponemos: las espectaculares recaudaciones, de un lado, y las múltiples diatribas y prohibiciones, de otro. Así que, la siguiente pregunta que era necesario plantear era: ¿por qué molestaban tanto las comedias de magia? En el siglo XVIII ocurrió un acontecimiento especialmente traumático, el denominado «Motín contra Esquilache», que tuvo numerosas consecuencias para la sociedad en general pero, sobre todo, para el teatro. De hecho, una de las primeras medidas que el gobierno del conde de Aranda emprende nada más acabar con las revueltas es la Reforma del teatro. Haciendo un razonamiento inverso, surgía la hipótesis de que el teatro, en un sentido amplio, y en concreto la comedia de magia, hubiera tenido más intervención en el motín de lo que se piensa, tanto por sus temáticas, como por las posibilidades de encuentro y organización social que la asistencia al teatro propiciaba. Surgía pues, la necesidad de profundizar en la reconstrucción de una teoría estética de la comedia de magia, así como de estudiar el hecho teatral durante los años centrales del siglo, en concreto, desde la construcción de los nuevos coliseos, pues parecía probable que el cambio de espacio hubiera propiciado algún cambio de mentalidad…

Tonsils of the soft palate do not mediate the response of pigs to oral vaccination with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis

Mycobacterium bovis causes animal tuberculosis (TB) in cattle, humans, and other mammalian species, including pigs. The goal of this study was to experimentally assess the responses of pigs with and without a history of tonsillectomy to oral vaccination with heat-inactivated M. bovis and challenge with a virulent M. bovis field strain, to compare pig and wild boar responses using the same vaccination model as previously used in the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), to evaluate the use of several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and lateral flow tests for in vivo TB diagnosis in pigs, and to verify if these tests are influenced by oral vaccination with inactivated M. bovis. At necropsy, the lesion and culture scores were 20% to 43% higher in the controls than those in the vaccinated pigs. Massive M. bovis growth from thoracic tissue samples was observed in 4 out of 9 controls but in none of the 10 vaccinated pigs. No effect of the presence or absence of tonsils was observed on these scores, suggesting that tonsils are not involved in the protective response to this vaccine in pigs. The serum antibody levels increased significantly only after challenge. At necropsy, the estimated sensitivities of the ELISAs and dual path platform (DPP) assays ranged from 89% to 94%. In the oral mucosa, no differences in gene expression were observed in the control group between the pigs with and without tonsils. In the vaccinated group, the mRNA levels for chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 (CCR7), interferon beta (IFN-β), and methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase (MUT) were higher in pigs with tonsils. Complement component 3 mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) increased with vaccination and decreased after M. bovis challenge. This information is relevant for pig production in regions that are endemic for M. bovis and for TB vaccine research.

Oral vaccination with heat inactivated Mycobacterium bovis activates the complement system to protect against tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a pandemic affecting billions of people worldwide, thus stressing the need for new vaccines. Defining the correlates of vaccine protection is essential to achieve this goal. In this study, we used the wild boar model for mycobacterial infection and TB to characterize the protective mechanisms elicited by a new heat inactivated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine (IV). Oral vaccination with the IV resulted in significantly lower culture and lesion scores, particularly in the thorax, suggesting that the IV might provide a novel vaccine for TB control with special impact on the prevention of pulmonary disease, which is one of the limitations of current vaccines. Oral vaccination with the IV induced an adaptive antibody response and activation of the innate immune response including the complement component C3 and inflammasome. Mycobacterial DNA/RNA was not involved in inflammasome activation but increased C3 production by a still unknown mechanism. The results also suggested a protective mechanism mediated by the activation of IFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells by MHC I antigen presenting dendritic cells (DCs) in response to vaccination with the IV, without a clear role for Th1 CD4+ T cells. These results support a role for DCs in triggering the immune response to the IV through a mechanism similar to the phagocyte response to PAMPs with a central role for C3 in protection against mycobacterial infection. Higher C3 levels may allow increased opsonophagocytosis and effective bacterial clearance, while interfering with CR3-mediated opsonic and nonopsonic phagocytosis of mycobacteria, a process that could be enhanced by specific antibodies against mycobacterial proteins induced by vaccination with the IV. These results suggest that the IV acts through novel mechanisms to protect against TB in wild boar.