Estudio, edición crítica y traducción del "Memoriale virtvtvm" de Alfonso de Cartagena

Alfonso de Cartagena (1385-1456), possibly the most representative figure of the courtly, political and cultural dimension built around Juan II, was the third son of the famous convert Pablo de Santa Maria, Burgos’ rabbi and, later on, bishop of that same town. He started his career as governor of Cartagena’s cathedral, afterwards he was named dean of Santiago and Segovia, canon of Burgos and, after his father’s death, bishop of Burgos. Alternatively, he played a vital role in Castile’s national and international politics, as an ambassador in Portugal’s court, at Basel’s council and before Poland’s and Germany’s kings. His work, written both in Latin and Romance, either as an historian, treatise writer, theologist or translator, is quite broad; his literary connections were strong either with Italian humanists or with those who were fond of the language arts from Spain. The first part of this Thesis seeks to provide a wide enough perspective of the author, for which we place the emphasis on the most distinctive aspects of his life. Therefore, we divided the introduction in three sections: a biographical overview, his work and, last, a study on the Memoriale uirtutum itself. Thus, regarding the first aspect, we focus on the course of his life (§1.1), where we can highlight his university education, which isn’t restricted to his training as a jurist, but we also observe that his mental vitality takes him to develop certain inquisitiveness for Moral Philosophy or Latin, which leads him to study Grammar and Rhetoric; this would allow the influence of studia humanitatis to emerge, although he never got to learn the Greek language, as we can deduce from the epistolary confrontation between him and Leonardo Bruni. We also focus on the significance of his Jewish past, upon the defence of the converts during the massacre experienced in the XVth century (§1.2), and on his presence at Basel’s council (§1.3). Despite the fact that his work as a diplomat begins during the missions in Portugal as an emissary of king Juan II, he will get recognition owing to his legation in Basel, not only among the European ecclesiastics, but also among the scholars from Italy; the importance of Basel’s council in Cartagena’s life goes beyond his official work there, either as defending the Castilian interests, or as an active member of the purely conciliar functions, since it also had a huge impact in his intellectual growth. During this time period, Cartagena establishes a friendship with Pizzolpaso, Bishop of Milan, writer, humanist, and friend of Leonardo Bruni. As a result of this type of relationship with men of such high cultural standard, he re-awakens the study of the Classical antiquity among his contemporaries, developing a huge interest in the Greco-Roman masterpieces, which will bring him closely to the highly-regarded Spanish humanists of the XVIth century...

El Infante don Fadrique y la estela del arte suabo en el Reino de Castilla en la segunda mitad del siglo XIII

Esta investigación pretende someter a análisis los intercambios arquitectónicos y artísticos que se establecieron entre el Reino de Castilla e Italia en el siglo XIII, centrando la atención en la denostada figura del infante Fadrique de Castilla. Don Fadrique de Castilla fue el segundogénito de Fernando III y Beatriz de Suabia, para quien sus progenitores habían previsto la herencia materna del ducado de Suabia. Con el fin de reclamar el legado de su madre Fadrique emprendió su viaje hacia la corte imperial de Federico II, llegando a la ciudad de Foggia en el mes de abril de 1240. Su permanencia junto al emperador se prolongó hasta el mes de junio de 1245, momento en el cual, el infante decidió abandonar la corte del emperador sin previo aviso para pasar a Milán, principal enemigo del bando gibelino y, después, regresar a Castilla. Una vez en Castilla, Fadrique participó junto a su padre y sus hermanos, Alfonso y Enrique, en la conquista de Sevilla. En el repartimiento recibió amplios territorios en el norte de la ciudad, decidiendo establecer su residencia en el área del actual Convento de Santa Clara. En el interior de este recinto erigió una torre exenta conocida como Torre de don Fadrique que, según la inscripción ubicada sobre la puerta, se construyó en el año 1252. El modelo arquitectónico al que se ajusta es ajeno a la arquitectura civil castellana del siglo XIII, sin embargo podemos hallar correspondencias con una estructura muy difundida en Italia: la torre nobiliaria. Esta analogía fue el punto de partida para el estudio de las relaciones artísticas entre ambos países configurándose en nuestra investigación un corpus heterogéneo y complejo de obras de arte que engloban la mencionada torre, la Capilla Real hispalense y las tallas marianas vinculadas a ella, el ajuar funerario de Beatriz de Suabia o las Cantigas de Santa María...

Juan de Mariana. Heredero de la escuela de Salamanca y precursor del liberalismo

Juan de Mariana (1536-1624) fue un autor español de la orden de los jesuitas que destacó por escribir el primer libro moderno de historia de España. Por encargo del rey Felipe II, publicó en latín Historia de rebus Hispaniae en 1592 y su propia traducción al español con el título Historia general de España en 1601. Esta investigación doctoral tiene como objetivo analizar sus principales obras de economía política De Rege et Regis Institutione (1599) y De Monetae Mutatione (1609), junto con su obra histórica, para contestar dos cuestiones importantes: si Juan de Mariana perteneció a la Escuela de Salamanca y, también, si podría considerarse un precursor del liberalismo que influyó en autores de los siglos XVII y XVIII. Con el objetivo de responder a la primera cuestión, la investigación propone dos agrupaciones posibles de los escolásticos tardíos españoles que permiten analizar en su conjunto las instituciones y los principios que defendieron. La primera clasificación agrupa a los autores en función de su vinculación a la Universidad de Salamanca y del uso del derecho de gentes (que es el derecho consuetudinario o “common law” inglés) y se denomina Escuela de Salamanca. Sin embargo, la segunda clasificación agrupa a los autores como un colectivo más amplio que fusiona la Escuela de Salamanca junto con los autores españoles sobre los que influyó y que, rápidamente, se extendió a todas las universidades españolas (Palencia, Valladolid, Alcalá de Henares, Valencia, Sevilla), vinculados por el uso genérico del derecho natural (como referirse a lo que “existe con independencia de la voluntad humana”); que emplearon en la identificaron de las instituciones y de los principios responsables del funcionamiento del orden de mercado o económico como, entre otros, los derechos de propiedad, los contratos privados, el comercio internacional, el principio de consentimiento, los principios tributarios, el precio del mercado, el origen del dinero y sus funciones, la necesidad de equilibrio en los presupuestos públicos, los impuestos bajos y el mínimo endeudamiento, el principio de la preferencia temporal, la tasa de interés de los préstamos, la importancia de las letras de crédito… Se han comparado las instituciones que defendió el padre Mariana con aquellas que argumentaron los autores de la Escuela de Salamanca, llegando a la conclusión de que no pertenece a la Escuela de Salamanca de Economía (ESE) porque no emplea el derecho de gentes y nunca estudió en la Universidad de Salamanca pero que, sin embargo, sí puede considerarse un heredero de la misma y que, de hecho, constituye uno de los máximos exponentes de un conjunto más amplio, denominado Escuela Española de Economía (EEE)...

El confesor real en la Castilla de los Trastamara: 1366-1504

The knowledge about the figure of royal confessor has been, until recent times, very limited for the period of medieval Castile. A lot of studies have been done for Modern Age, when the institution of the kinǵs confessor played an important role in the Court of the Hispanic Crown. It is evident that this figure didńt appear ex nihilo in the Sixteenth Century and there existed some origins. Many historians mentioned some medieval confessors in their studies about any other subjects. Actually, it was not clear if those clerics could be properly considered as confessors. Our first aim has been to find all the references which exist in the sources and bibliography about kinǵs confessors in the Middle Ages and verify their nature as confessors. We fixed the beginning of the period of study with the reign of Enrique II, and its end with the death of Isabel I in 1504. The main reason is the fact that both sovereigns are the first and last monarchs of Trastamara dinasty, a very significant period in the origin of Modern State in Castile. The Church was an essential element in this process, on account of the service which many clerics enlisted to the Crown in different tasks (diplomacy, bureaucracy, Counsel and Counselling, etc.) and their ideological support to this endeavour. In this context, the royal confessor could perform an important work as personal advisor and a loyal subject to the person of the king in so many activities. This is well-known for Modern Age and also fort the reign of transition between this period and the precedent: the period of Catholic Kings. But it isńt for the times backwards...

Regulation of Sticholysin II-Induced Pore Formation by Lipid Bilayer Composition, Phase State, and Interfacial Properties

Sticholysin II (StnII) is a pore-forming toxin that uses sphingomyelin (SM) as the recognition molecule in targeting membranes.After StnII monomers bind to SM, several toxin monomers act in concert to oligomerize into a functional pore. The regulation of StnII binding to SM, and the subsequent pore-formation process, is not fully understood. In this study, we examined how the biophysical properties of bilayers, originating from variations in the SM structure, from the presence of sterol species, or from the presence of increasingly polyunsaturated glycerophospholipids,affected StnII-induced pore formation. StnII-induced pore formation, as determined from calcein permeabilization, was fastest in the pure unsaturated SM bilayers. In 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)/saturated SM bilayers (4:1 molar ratio), pore formation became slower as the chain length of the saturated SMs increased from 14 up to 24 carbons. In the POPC/palmitoyl-SM (16:0-SM) 4:1 bilayers, SM could not support pore formation by StnII if dimyristoyl-PC was included at 1:1 stoichiometry with 16:0-SM, suggesting that free clusters of SM were required for toxin binding and/or pore formation. Cholesterol and other sterols facilitated StnII-induced pore formation markedly, but the efficiency did not appear to correlate with the sterol structure. Benzyl alcohol was more efficient than sterols in enhancing the pore-formation process, suggesting that the effect on pore formation originated from alcohol-induced alteration of the hydrogen-bonding network in the SM-containing bilayers. Finally, we observed that pore formation by StnII was enhanced in the PC/16:0-SM 4:1 bilayers, in which the PC was increasingly unsaturated. We conclude that the physical state of bilayer lipids greatly affected pore formation by StnII. Phase boundaries were not required for pore formation, although SM in a gel state attenuated pore formation.