Los orígenes de las reivindicaciones autonomistas catalanas y sardas a través de la prensa periódica del siglo XIX (1840-1890)

The purpose of the thesis for obtaining this PhD diploma is a comparative research between the origin of the Catalonian national movement and the Sardinian national one through the analysis of the 19th century periodicals as well as through a bibliography obtained by extracting them from consulted newspapers and magazines. Not only are both realities compared because of the Aragonese-Catalan influence over the Sardinian culture during its conquer but also because both movements had their origin during the 1840s and developed concurrently along that century presenting some differences, though. The political and cultural scene in Sardinia in those years was characterized by the spread of a discomfort feeling among the population after the acceptance of the “ Fusione perfetta” in 1848 and the following rollout of the “Statuto Albertino” in the island, representing this last regulation an attempt to unify the different Italian provinces in an administrative and legislative way, together with the previous “Feliciano” code from 1827. Therefore, this is how it began to be defined the set of political, economic, and cultural theme that forms the central point of the “questione sarda” (this term and its whole connotation were used for the first time in 1867 in an article published in the Cagliaritano weekly-publication La Cronaca). The singularity of this Sardinian nationalistic movement is related to the origin of the first regional demands expressed during those same years in some European regions and, more specifically, in Catalonia. Actually in this region, in those same years, we find the origin of a cultural movement called RenaixenÇa whose initial claim was the linguistic and cultural Catalonian renaissance and which adopted a more political meaning along the 19th century...

Livestock-Associated Methicillin Resistant and Methicillin Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type (CC)1 in European Farmed Animals: High Genetic Relatedness of Isolates from Italian Cattle Herds and Humans

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Sequence Type (ST)1, Clonal Complex(CC)1, SCCmec V is one of the major Livestock-Associated (LA-) lineages in pig farming industry in Italy and is associated with pigs in other European countries. Recently, it has been increasingly detected in Italian dairy cattle herds. The aim of this study was to analyse the differences between ST1 MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) from cattle and pig herds in Italy and Europe and human isolates. Sixty-tree animal isolates from different holdings and 20 human isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa-typing, SCCmec typing, and by micro-array analysis for several virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and strain/host-specific marker genes. Three major PFGE clusters were detected. The bovine isolates shared a high (≥90% to 100%) similarity with human isolates and carried the same SCCmec type IVa. They often showed genetic features typical of human adaptation or present in human-associated CC1: Immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes sak and scn, or sea; sat and aphA3-mediated aminoglycoside resistance. Contrary, typical markers of porcine origin in Italy and Spain, like erm(A) mediated macrolide-lincosamide-streptograminB, and of vga(A)-mediated pleuromutilin resistance were always absent in human and bovine isolates. Most of ST(CC)1 MRSA from dairy cattle were multidrug-resistant and contained virulence and immunomodulatory genes associated with full capability of colonizing humans. As such, these strains may represent a greater human hazard than the porcine strains. The zoonotic capacity of CC1 LA-MRSA from livestock must be taken seriously and measures should be implemented at farm-level to prevent spill-over.