El discurso político en el contexto multicultural de las instituciones de la Unión Europea. El discurso político en español y en polaco

The comparative analysis of Polish and Spanish political discourse in the multilingual context of European institutions is challenging not only due to linguistic, cultural, geopolitical and social differences, but also because of a relatively short history of such contacts in the EU framework. Intercultural communication, as a dynamic social practice is a fascinating object of investigation. Bidirectional comparative analysis of Polish and Spanish oral texts allows define the barriers of such communication. It encompasses the discursive act together with its objectives, strategies and consequences, and also its raison d’être. It explains why different strategies reflected through discursive categories were used. Consequently it describes both, conditions and outcomes of identity negotiation. The latter is a political competence perceived and evaluated by the direct interlocutors, the participants of the political debate, and indirectly, by a public opinion of the European Union. That proves it is two-level communication. The negotiation of political identity through discourse, according to the Ting-Toomey theory, can lead to maintaining, loosing, recovering or reinforcing it282. The Identity Negotiation Theory includes the construction and development of personal, relational, role and desired identity and is one of the methodological axes of this investigation. Political identity consists of exhibiting necessary competences to efficiently participate in the legislation process, for example, in order to present amendments, promote a given ideology, participate in controversial discussions and manage conflicts, and, finally, gain the support of public opinion. The analysis of creation, negotiation, maintenance, recovery and promotion of the political identity is performed through the identification and description of discursive categories proposed by Van Dijk283 and adapted to the needs of this study. This is the second methodological axe of the investigation. The following questions arise: which discursive strategies, used by Polish and Spanish politicians, will be communication facilitators and which will be barriers hampering communication? Which strategies show political competencies of the speaker, his or her influence in the legal EU reality through discourse?...

Una aproximación a la cosmovisión y a la historia de occidente en la obra ensayística de Czeslaw Milosz

This thesis aims to identify the world-view of Czesław Miłosz as it underlies his work; a world-view which comprises historical, philosophical and theological perspectives. With this aim an analysis has been made of the books of essays and the collections of articles of the Polish writer. These form a major part of his literary production: twenty seven of the thirty eight volumes. The work The Land of Urlo (1977) has a special relevance to this endeavour. Two principal hypotheses have been formulated: 1. The world-view of Czesław Miłosz grew out of the assimilation of a series of intellectual influences. The catholic education in his childhood. The encounter in his youth with the gnostic Christian Oskar Miłosz and with Marxism. His contact during the period of the Second Word War and at the beginning of its sequel with the hegelian philosopher Tadeusz Kroński. This world-view had crystalized during his exile. From then he completed his reading of Simone Weil, Emanuel Swedenborg, and William Blake. 2. The world-view of Czesław Miłosz is directly related to his understanding of the History of the West from the beginnings of Christianity to contemporary times. The difficulty in understanding the Weltanschauung of Czesław Miłosz is not of a technical nature (expression in an excessively complex language, dispersion of his work in multifarious archives, collections of letters, etc.). It arises – and only to a lesser degree in his political and philosophical-religeous and biographical essays – out of the author's use of a cryptic language with the intention of hiding a part of his message from view...