Los intelectuales y la política en España. Francisco Javier Conde (1908-1974). La legitimación de la dictadura

El principal objetivo de esta tesis es el análisis del estrecho vínculo que se establece entre los intelectuales y la política a lo largo de buena parte del siglo XX español a través de estudio de caso que supone la biografía intelectual de Javier Conde, uno de los más destacados ideólogos del franquismo. En el primer bloque, titulado Sobre el concepto de intelectual, hemos expuesto cómo la definición de intelectual ha supuesto un esfuerzo de elaboración e interpretación continuo en las ciencias sociales. Se verá que no hay uniformidad ni linealidad en dicha construcción teórica, puesto que la idea del intelectual se concibe desde un principio como compleja e irreducible a una visión univoca. Según los distintos autores que han intentado definirla, pasamos de una concepción del intelectual puro a otra más flexible, integradora de figuras como la del artista, el pensador, el sabio, el escritor o el filósofo. Las distintas disciplinas sociales se han interesado por el papel político del intelectual, su función cultural y su carácter catalizador en los cambios sociales, en los procesos de legitimación o deslegitimación de los regímenes políticos. Situado en estos términos, Laura Baca Olamendi realiza una tipología normativa del intelectual y destaca, además, la idea de que el intelectual ha de ser analizado como una figura marcadamente política en cuanto que es la expresión inevitable de un sistema de valores. Este principio de expresión en el intelectual queda recogido en los planteamientos de Norberto Bobbio que sintetiza la naturaleza del intelectual formulada en las primeras páginas de este estudio. Mediante el diálogo, la comunicación de su pensamiento, la trasmisión de sus ideas, el hombre de cultura muestra a otros intelectuales y a sus coetáneos la posición adoptada frente a los problemas de su tiempo. Y es a través de ese debate desde donde el intelectual traslada sus planteamientos a la sociedad para influirla. El intelectual debe entenderse como una materialización histórica que interviene en la ideología y en los procesos de legitimidad y deslegitimación de las sociedades contemporáneas...

Auctioning versus grandfathering in cap-and-trade systems with market power and incomplete information

We compare auctioning and grandfathering as allocation mechanisms of emission permits when there is a secondary market with market power and firms have private information on their own abatement technologies. Based on real-life cases such as the EU ETS, we consider a multi-unit, multi-bid uniform auction. At the auction, each firm anticipates its role in the secondary market, either as a leader or a follower. This role affects each firms’ valuation of the permits (which are not common across firms) as well as their bidding strategies and it precludes the auction from generating a cost-effective allocation of permits, as it occurs in simpler auction models. Auctioning tends to be more cost-effective than grandfathering when the firms’ abatement cost functions are sufficiently different from one another, especially if the follower has lower abatement costs than the leader and the dispersion of the marginal costs is large enough.

Intertemporal and spatial location of disposal facilities

The optimal capacities and locations of a sequence of landfills are studied, and the interactions between these characteristics are considered. Deciding the capacity of a landfill has some spatial implications since it affects the feasible region for the remaining landfills, and some temporal implications because the capacity determines the lifetime of the landfill and hence the moment of time when the next landfills should be constructed. Some general mathematical properties of the solution are provided and interpreted from an economic point of view. The resulting problem turns out to be non-convex and, therefore, it cannot be solved by conventional optimization techniques. Some global optimization methods are used to solve the problem in a particular case in order to illustrate how the solution depends on the parameter values.

Incentive based policies on climate change: taxes and tradable emssions permits

The reduction of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) plays a central role in the environmental policies considered by countries for implementation not only at its own level but also at supranational levels. This thesis is dedicated to investigate some aspects of two of the most relevant climate change policies. The first part is dedicated to emission permit markets and the second part to optimal carbon taxes. On emission permit markets we explore the strategic behavior of oligopolistic firms operating in polluting industrial sectors that are regulated by cap and trade systems. Our aim is to identify how market power influences the main results obtained under perfect competition assumptions and to understand how actions taken in one market affects the outcome of the other related market. A partial equilibrium model is developed for this purpose with specific abatement cost functions. In Chapter 2 we use the model to explain some of the most relevant literature results. In Chapter 3 the model is used to analyze different oligopolistic structures in the product market under the assumption of competitive permits market. There are two significant findings. Firstly, under the assumption of a Stackelberg oligopoly, firms have no incentives for lobbying in order to manipulate permit prices up, as they have under Cournot competition...

Stellar populations in bulges of spiral galaxies

We present a few results of a work in progress tackling the radial spectroscopic properties of bulges of spiral galaxies.

Adaptación psicométrica de los cuestionarios "Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children" (TSCC) y "Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children" (TSCYC) en una muestra española de víctimas de abuso sexual infantil

El maltrato infantil y el abuso sexual, como tipo de maltrato en la infancia, supone un problema social que ha estado presente a lo largo de la historia, en todos los países, culturas, estratos sociales. El abuso sexual infantil ha presentado dificultades para su definición al no existir un acuerdo único y darse diferencias sobre los criterios definitorios. Las definiciones propuestas han sido múltiples, algunas son más restrictivas, mientras que otras tienen una perspectiva más amplia. Una de las definiciones más ampliamente usada y aceptada internacionalmente ha sido la propuesta por la OMS (2001), al incorporar los criterios de que el menor se encuentra inmerso en actividades o comportamientos para los que no se encuentra preparado ni física ni psicológicamente, sin disponer de la capacidad de consentimiento, transgrediendo la legislación vigente en cada país (Stoltenborgh, Van Ijendoorn, Euser y Bakermans-Kranenbirg, 2011, en Amado, Arce y Herraiz, 2015). En el campo de la investigación social, la mayoría de profesionales hacen uso de los criterios propuestos por Finkelhor y Hotaling (1984), ratificados en España por López (1994). Dichos conceptos han sido el de coerción y la asimetría de edad o diferencias a nivel madurativo, lo que conlleva a una incapacidad a una libre decisión. Dado que el abuso sexual se suele dar en la más estricta intimidad, resulta realmente complicado cuantificar y estimar su prevalencia e incidencia, dada la denominada “cifra negra” de este tipo de situaciones, puesto que parte de los casos no se han denunciado o ni siquiera se han notificado. A pesar de ello, algunos estudios, como el meta-analítico realizado por Pereda, Guilera, Forns y Gómez-Benito (2009), han notificado una prevalencia de entre 7,4% en el caso de los niños y del 19,2% en las niñas...

Kinetic modeling of molecular motors: pause model and parameter determination from single-molecule experiments

Single-molecule manipulation experiments of molecular motors provide essential information about the rate and conformational changes of the steps of the reaction located along the manipulation coordinate. This information is not always sufficient to define a particular kinetic cycle. Recent single-molecule experiments with optical tweezers showed that the DNA unwinding activity of a Phi29 DNA polymerase mutant presents a complex pause behavior, which includes short and long pauses. Here we show that different kinetic models, considering different connections between the active and the pause states, can explain the experimental pause behavior. Both the two independent pause model and the two connected pause model are able to describe the pause behavior of a mutated Phi29 DNA polymerase observed in an optical tweezers single-molecule experiment. For the two independent pause model all parameters are fixed by the observed data, while for the more general two connected pause model there is a range of values of the parameters compatible with the observed data (which can be expressed in terms of two of the rates and their force dependencies). This general model includes models with indirect entry and exit to the long-pause state, and also models with cycling in both directions. Additionally, assuming that detailed balance is verified, which forbids cycling, this reduces the ranges of the values of the parameters (which can then be expressed in terms of one rate and its force dependency). The resulting model interpolates between the independent pause model and the indirect entry and exit to the long-pause state model

Using a CGE Model to Identify the Policy Trade-Off between Unemployment and Inflation: The Efficient Phillips Curve

This paper provides a new reading of a classical economic relation: the short-run Phillips curve. Our point is that, when dealing with inflation and unemployment, policy-making can be understood as a multicriteria decisionmaking problem. Hence, we use so-called multiobjective programming in connection with a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to determine the combinations of policy instruments that provide efficient combinations of inflation and unemployment. This approach results in an alternative version of the Phillips curve labelled as efficient Phillips curve. Our aim is to present an application of CGE models to a new area of research that can be especially useful when addressing policy exercises with real data. We apply our methodological proposal within a particular regional economy, Andalusia, in the south of Spain. This tool can give some keys for policy advice and policy implementation in the fight against unemployment and inflation.

Fueling growth when oil peaks: directed technological change and the limits to efficiency

While fossil energy dependency has declined and energy supply has grown in the postwar world economy, future resource scarcity could cast its shadow on world economic growth soon if energy markets are forward looking. We develop an endogenous growth model that reconciles the current aggregate trends in energy use and productivity growth with the intertemporal dynamics of forward looking resource markets. Combining scarcity-rent driven energy supply (in the spirit of Hotelling) with profit-driven Directed Technical Change (in the spirit of Romer/Acemoglu), we generate transitional dynamics that can be qualitatively calibrated to current trends. The long-run properties of the model are studied to examine whether current trends are sustainable. We highlight the role of extraction costs in mining.

Optimal sequence of landfills in solid waste management

Given that landfills are depletable and replaceable resources, the right approach, when dealing with landfill management, is that of designing an optimal sequence of landfills rather than designing every single landfill separately. In this paper we use Optimal Control models, with mixed elements of both continuous and discrete time problems, to determine an optimal sequence of landfills, as regarding their capacity and lifetime. The resulting optimization problems involve splitting a time horizon of planning into several subintervals, the length of which has to be decided. In each of the subintervals some costs, the amount of which depends on the value of the decision variables, have to be borne. The obtained results may be applied to other economic problems such as private and public investments, consumption decisions on durable goods, etc.

A modified DEA model to estimate the importance of objectives with an application to agricultural economics

This paper demonstrates a connection between data envelopment analysis (DEA) and a non-interactive elicitation method to estimate the weights of objectives for decision-makers in a multiple attribute approach. This connection gives rise to a modified DEA model that allows us to estimate not only efficiency measures but also preference weights by radially projecting each unit onto a linear combination of the elements of the payoff matrix (which is obtained by standard multicriteria methods). For users of multiple attribute decision analysis the basic contribution of this paper is a new interpretation in terms of efficiency of the non-interactive methodology employed to estimate weights in a multicriteria approach. We also propose a modified procedure to calculate an efficient payoff matrix and a procedure to estimate weights through a radial projection rather than a distance minimization. For DEA users, we provide a modified DEA procedure to calculate preference weights and efficiency measures that does not depend on any observations in the dataset. This methodology has been applied to an agricultural case study in Spain.

Designing Efficient Subsidy Policies in a Regional Economy: A Multicriteria Decision-Making (MCDM)-Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Approach

Since policy-makers usually pursue several conflicting objectives, policy-making can be understood as a multicriteria decision problem. Following the methodological proposal by André and Cardenete (2005) André, F. J. and Cardenete, M. A. 2005. Multicriteria Policy Making. Defining Efficient Policies in a General Equilibrium Model, Seville: Centro de Estudios Andaluces. Working Paper No. E2005/04, multi-objective programming is used in connection with a computable general equilibrium model to represent optimal policy-making and to obtain so-called efficient policies in an application to a regional economy (Andalusia, Spain). This approach is applied to the design of subsidy policies under two different scenarios. In the first scenario, it is assumed that the government is concerned just about two objectives: ensuring the profitability of a key strategic sector and increasing overall output. Finally, the scope of the exercise is enlarged by solving a problem with seven policy objectives, including both general and sectorial objectives. It is concluded that the observed policy could have been Pareto-improved in several directions.

Defining efficient policies in a general equilibrium model: a multi-objective approach

Macroeconomic policy makers are typically concerned with several indicators of economic performance. We thus propose to tackle the design of macroeconomic policy using Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques. More specifically, we employ Multiobjective Programming (MP) to seek so-called efficient policies. The MP approach is combined with a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. We chose use of a CGE model since they have the dual advantage of being consistent with standard economic theory while allowing one to measure the effect(s) of a specific policy with real data. Applying the proposed methodology to Spain (via the 1995 Social Accounting Matrix) we first quantified the trade-offs between two specific policy objectives: growth and inflation, when designing fiscal policy. We then constructed a frontier of efficient policies involving real growth and inflation. In doing so, we found that policy in 1995 Spain displayed some degree of inefficiency with respect to these two policy objectives. We then offer two sets of policy recommendations that, ostensibly, could have helped Spain at the time. The first deals with efficiency independent of the importance given to both growth and inflation by policy makers (we label this set: general policy recommendations). A second set depends on which policy objective is seen as more important by policy makers: increasing growth or controlling inflation (we label this one: objective-specific recommendations).

Standardized environmental management systems as an internal management tool

In a principal-agent model we analyze the firm’s decision to adopt an informal or a standardized Environmental Management System (EMS). Our results are consistent with empirical evidence in several respects. A standardized EMS increases the internal control at the cost of introducing some degree of rigidity that entails an endogenous setup cost. Standardized systems are more prone to be adopted by big and well established firms and under tougher environmental policies. Firms with standardized EMS tend to devote more effort to abatement although this effort results in lower pollution only if public incentives are strong enough, suggesting a complementarity relationship between standardized EMS and public policies. Emission charges have both a marginal effect on abatement and a qualitative effect on the adoption decision that may induce a conflict between private and public interests. As a result of the combination of these two effects it can be optimal for the government to distort the tax in a specific way in order to push the firm to choose the socially optimal EMS. The introduction of standardized systems can result in win-win situations where firms, society and the environment get better off.

Optimal phase distributions for polygonal Fresnel lenses

Polygonal Fresnel zone plates can be configured in a variety of forms depending on the number of sides of the polygon and the number of phase steps used. This contribution deals with some specific polygonal designs that tessellate the plane: triangles, squares, and hexagons. The phase distribution is chosen as a continuous one to form a polygonal kinoform. The selected designs have been simulated and its behaviour compared. Although their performance is worse than the circular Fresnel plate, they may present some other advantages as the tessellation capability, and the possibility to fabricate them as extruded profiles.