Análisis hidrológico e hidráulico mediante técnicas SIG de la peligrosidad por inundaciones en el cuenca del Pla de Sant Jordi (Mallorca)

En el presente trabajo fin de máster se pretende plantear una metodología que permita realizar un análisis de riesgo de inundación por avenidas torrenciales en una zona concreta de la Isla de Mallorca (Islas Baleares), el Pla de Sant Jordi, en el cual se vienen dando problemas de inundación de forma reiterada desde los años 70. Se propone afrontar el problema desde el método de análisis hidrológico-hidráulico con el fin de obtener una cartografía de la zona de estudio donde aparezcan indicadas las áreas susceptibles o peligrosas a ser inundadas. Todo esto se llevará a cabo empleando las herramientas que nos ofrecen las TIG, aprovechando el potencial que tienen estas en la correlación espacial de los elementos del territorio. Sus aplicaciones en el campo de los riesgos naturales son indispensables para obtener unos resultados óptimos, y poder basar en ellos, la toma de decisiones fundamentales por parte de los organismos públicos o privados para proteger a la población de cara a los desastres naturales.

Epidemiological investigation of bovine tuberculosis herd breakdowns in Spain 2009/2011

We analyzed the most likely cause of 687 bovine tuberculosis (bTB) breakdowns detected in Spain between 2009 and 2011 (i.e., 22% of the total number of breakdowns detected during this period). Seven possible causes were considered: i) residual infection; ii) introduction of infected cattle from other herds; iii) sharing of pastures with infected herds; iv) contiguous spread from infected neighbor herds; v) presence of infected goats in the farm; vi) interaction with wildlife reservoirs and vii) contact with an infected human. For each possible cause a decision tree was developed and key questions were included in each of them. Answers to these key questions lead to different events within each decision tree. In order to assess the likelihood of occurrence of the different events a qualitative risk assessment approach was used. For this purpose, an expert opinion workshop was organized and ordinal values, ranging from 0 to 9 (i.e., null to very high likelihood of occurrence) were assigned. The analysis identified residual infection as the most frequent cause of bTB breakdowns (22.3%; 95%CI: 19.4-25.6), followed by interaction with wildlife reservoirs (13.1%; 95%CI: 10.8-15.8). The introduction of infected cattle, sharing of pastures and contiguous spread from infected neighbour herds were also identified as relevant causes. In 41.6% (95%CI: 38.0-45.4) of the breakdowns the origin of infection remained unknown. Veterinary officers conducting bTB breakdown investigations have to state their opinion about the possible cause of each breakdown. Comparison between the results of our analysis and the opinion from veterinary officers revealed a slight concordance. This slight agreement might reflect a lack of harmonized criteria to assess the most likely cause of bTB breakdowns as well as different perceptions about the importance of the possible causes. This is especially relevant in the case of the role of wildlife reservoirs.