La cultura política del sandinismo: nacimiento, desarrollo y realineamiento de una anomalía política centroamericana

Sandinista ideology and its political culture are born in 1927, with the refusal of the Pacto del Espino Negro by Augusto César Sandino, while its disappearance can be placed in 1999, date of the signature of the Liberal-Sandinista pact with which –effectively- the two main protagonist of nicaraguan politics at that time, Daniel Ortega and Arnoldo Alemán, halt the democratization process of Nicaragua, so putting on ice also its political development. Meanwhile, in the lapse of time between these two pacts, the most intense, feverish, dramatic and participated period of political history of the Central American country develops: an anti-imperialist guerrilla warfare ended in a bloodbath; a dynastic dictatorship of predatory authoritarianism for more than 40 years; a popular revolution that throws down the dictatorship; a decade of revolutionary government attacked by a counter-revolutionary war; an electoral defeat that will lead to a season of “pactismo” that will end the Sandinista anomaly and that will give an opening to something that we could consider –not with a certain difficulty- its pretence. The aim of this essay consists in analyzing how it has been possible that a political experience like the Sandinista Front , created not only for gaining power and for revolutionizing politically, socially and economically Nicaragua, but also for changing radically cultural, ethic and moral perspective of the country and its people, arrived being the contrary of what had been posed as the horizon to aspire...

Historia del Instituo Lorente, (1894-1997)

Introduction. This thesis is the result of study of the Llorente Institute since its origins, contemporaries of the Pasteur Institute in France and in Sclavo Institute in Italy, until its disappearance in 1997 as a pharmaceutical laboratory. Synthesis. The first objective was to demonstrate the development of research activity of Llorente Institute. It was also intended to clarify what were the real causes of its decline, which can be attributed not only to internal factors, but also to general policies that concerned a set of pharmaceutical companies. Dr. Vicente Llorente figure is not the essential part of this thesis, although it have made new contributions about on their way through politics as a member of the Restoration Parliament during the legislatures between 1899 and 1905. Research carried out in the General Archive of the State Administration and in the Mercantile Register are the main sources of this research, together with the testimony and unpublished documents provided by his last owners. Also, it has been important to the development of products that constituted the vademecum of Llorente Institute...

Diffraction by random Ronchi gratings

In this work, we obtain analytical expressions for the near-and far-field diffraction of random Ronchi diffraction gratings where the slits of the grating are randomly displaced around their periodical positions. We theoretically show that the effect of randomness in the position of the slits of the grating produces a decrease of the contrast and even disappearance of the self-images for high randomness level at the near field. On the other hand, it cancels high-order harmonics in far field, resulting in only a few central diffraction orders. Numerical simulations by means of the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld diffraction formula are performed in order to corroborate the analytical results. These results are of interest for industrial and technological applications where manufacture errors need to be considered.