La construcción de la mirada artificial a comienzos del tercer milenio. Aproximación crítica a los bancos de imágenes fotográficos

La presente tesis analiza los factores que influyen en la construcción de la mirada contemporánea a través del papel de la fotografía en las redes de Internet ya sea con fines sociales o de explotación de imágenes. Hemos investigado la evolución de la fotografía con la llegada de los procesos digitales y la aparición de los nuevos dispositivos de captura que simplifican la obtención de fotografías. Nuestro objeto de estudio también trata de la convergencia con otras ciencias que estudian el funcionamiento del cerebro y el sistema visual humano en relación con la representación fotográfica digital para mejorar tecnológicamente nuestras capacidades visuales. En los últimos 15 años se ha transformado nuestra manera de pensar el mundo y de representarlo. La influencia de la tecnología en la globalización ha tenido consecuencias a nivel social, cultural o económico. La conectividad humana está siendo clave en estos procesos y permite una visión más cosmopolita del mundo, aunque también se nos impone un punto de vista cada vez más dirigido y controlado. En este contexto surgen las redes sociales, dotadas de potentes herramientas de comunicación, organización y participación, lo que ha supuesto un proceso de empoderamiento y capacidad para transformar el mundo o, al menos, la percepción que tenemos del mismo. En este fenómeno global participan también las imágenes fotográficas que se han visto exponencialmente multiplicadas con la aparición de los nuevos medios. El acceso a terminales conectados a Internet y la aparición de cámaras digitales que más tarde se fusionan en dispositivos móviles, los cada vez más extendidos smartphones, han transformando nuestra forma de relacionarnos con la imagen. En el siglo XXI, el uso de la fotografía está al alcance de cualquier “usuario” del primer mundo, que ya no tiene que aprender conocimientos complicados para hacer sus propias fotografías...

Estudio, edición crítica y traducción del "Memoriale virtvtvm" de Alfonso de Cartagena

Alfonso de Cartagena (1385-1456), possibly the most representative figure of the courtly, political and cultural dimension built around Juan II, was the third son of the famous convert Pablo de Santa Maria, Burgos’ rabbi and, later on, bishop of that same town. He started his career as governor of Cartagena’s cathedral, afterwards he was named dean of Santiago and Segovia, canon of Burgos and, after his father’s death, bishop of Burgos. Alternatively, he played a vital role in Castile’s national and international politics, as an ambassador in Portugal’s court, at Basel’s council and before Poland’s and Germany’s kings. His work, written both in Latin and Romance, either as an historian, treatise writer, theologist or translator, is quite broad; his literary connections were strong either with Italian humanists or with those who were fond of the language arts from Spain. The first part of this Thesis seeks to provide a wide enough perspective of the author, for which we place the emphasis on the most distinctive aspects of his life. Therefore, we divided the introduction in three sections: a biographical overview, his work and, last, a study on the Memoriale uirtutum itself. Thus, regarding the first aspect, we focus on the course of his life (§1.1), where we can highlight his university education, which isn’t restricted to his training as a jurist, but we also observe that his mental vitality takes him to develop certain inquisitiveness for Moral Philosophy or Latin, which leads him to study Grammar and Rhetoric; this would allow the influence of studia humanitatis to emerge, although he never got to learn the Greek language, as we can deduce from the epistolary confrontation between him and Leonardo Bruni. We also focus on the significance of his Jewish past, upon the defence of the converts during the massacre experienced in the XVth century (§1.2), and on his presence at Basel’s council (§1.3). Despite the fact that his work as a diplomat begins during the missions in Portugal as an emissary of king Juan II, he will get recognition owing to his legation in Basel, not only among the European ecclesiastics, but also among the scholars from Italy; the importance of Basel’s council in Cartagena’s life goes beyond his official work there, either as defending the Castilian interests, or as an active member of the purely conciliar functions, since it also had a huge impact in his intellectual growth. During this time period, Cartagena establishes a friendship with Pizzolpaso, Bishop of Milan, writer, humanist, and friend of Leonardo Bruni. As a result of this type of relationship with men of such high cultural standard, he re-awakens the study of the Classical antiquity among his contemporaries, developing a huge interest in the Greco-Roman masterpieces, which will bring him closely to the highly-regarded Spanish humanists of the XVIth century...