Importance of Ecological Factors and Colony Handling for Optimizing Health Status of Apiaries in Mediterranean Ecosystems

We analyzed six apiaries in several natural environments with a Mediterranean ecosystem in Madrid, central Spain, in order to understand how landscape and management characteristics may influence apiary health and bee production in the long term. We focused on five criteria (habitat quality, landscape heterogeneity, climate, management and health), as well as 30 subcriteria, and we used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to rank them according to relevance. Habitat quality proved to have the highest relevance, followed by beehive management. Within habitat quality, the following subcriteria proved to be most relevant: orographic diversity, elevation range and important plant species located 1.5 km from the apiary. The most important subcriteria under beehive management were honey production, movement of the apiary to a location with a higher altitude and wax renewal. Temperature was the most important subcriterion under climate, while pathogen and Varroa loads were the most significant under health. Two of the six apiaries showed the best values in the AHP analysis and showed annual honey production of 70 and 28 kg/colony. This high productivity was due primarily to high elevation range and high orographic diversity, which favored high habitat quality. In addition, one of these apiaries showed the best value for beehive management, while the other showed the best value for health, reflected in the low pathogen load and low average number of viruses. These results highlight the importance of environmental factors and good sanitary practices to maximize apiary health and honey productivity.

On the nullstellens��tze for stein spaces and C-analytic sets.

In this work we prove the real Nullstellensatz for the ring O(X) of analytic functions on a C-analytic set X ��� Rn in terms of the saturation of ��ojasiewicz���s radical in O(X): The ideal I(��(a)) of the zero-set ��(a) of an ideal a of O(X) coincides with the saturation (Formula presented) of ��ojasiewicz���s radical (Formula presented). If ��(a) has ���good properties��� concerning Hilbert���s 17th Problem, then I(��(a)) = (Formula presented) where (Formula presented) stands for the real radical of a. The same holds if we replace (Formula presented) with the real-analytic radical (Formula presented) of a, which is a natural generalization of the real radical ideal in the C-analytic setting. We revisit the classical results concerning (Hilbert���s) Nullstellensatz in the framework of (complex) Stein spaces. Let a be a saturated ideal of O(Rn) and YRn the germ of the support of the coherent sheaf that extends aORn to a suitable complex open neighborhood of Rn. We study the relationship between a normal primary decomposition of a and the decomposition of YRn as the union of its irreducible components. If a:= p is prime, then I(��(p)) = p if and only if the (complex) dimension of YRn coincides with the (real) dimension of ��(p).

An��lisis de susceptibilidad a los movimientos de ladera en los municipios de Tipuani, Guanay y Teoponte, (Bolivia).

Los deslizamientos de ladera son un problema importante en la regi��n de los valles interandinos de Bolivia. Este estudio analiza la susceptibilidad o predisposici��n al movimiento de ladera de los municipios de Guanay, Teoponte y Tipuani, situados en el departamento de La Paz, Bolivia. La metodolog��a aplicada es la Analityc Hierarchy/Network Process, o m��todo AHP. Tras su aplicaci��n en un Sistema de Informaci��n Geogr��fica, este m��todo, devuelve valores de susceptibilidad bastante fiables. Las conclusiones que se extraen de este an��lisis ponen de relieve la necesidad de realizar estudios de detalle en algunas zonas de los tres municipios al haber lugares con una Muy Alta y Alta susceptibilidad al movimiento de ladera, que, adem��s, interfieren con zonas pobladas y con caminos y carreteras principales que son importantes para la articulaci��n social de la regi��n.