风和竞争对毛乌素沙地４种植物的影响

自然生境中，风是一种重要的生态/环境因子，已经引起生态学家的广泛兴趣。然而，目前对风和竞争如何共同影响植物行为的理解还很少。本文基于野外控制实验，研究赖草（Leymus secalinus）、黍（Panicum miliaceum）、油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）和雾冰藜（Bassia dasyphylla）四种沙生植物生长和形态特征对风和竞争的综合反应，以及降雨量变化是否修饰风和竞争的生态学效应。 风和竞争显著影响赖草和黍的生长和形态特征。赖草和黍的总生物量和分蘖数受密度效应影响较大，没有竞争的植株生物量和分蘖数都显著高于有竞争的植株。赖草和黍的根冠比和株高则受风因素的显著影响：风速越大，植株越趋向于降低株高并将更多的生物量分配到地下部分。除赖草株高显著外，竞争和风对两种植物生长和形态特征的交互作用不明显。 在风、竞争和水分实验中，风、竞争及其交互作用对油蒿和雾冰藜形态特征均有显著影响。油蒿株高在中风环境中最大，而雾冰藜株高在大风环境中最小;油蒿基径在弱风环境中最小，而雾冰藜则相反。种内竞争情况下的油蒿株高和基径显著高于种间竞争，而雾冰藜则相反。种内竞争情况下的油蒿株高和基径随风速的增大而减小;种间竞争情况下的油蒿株高和基径在弱风环境中最小，中等风区最大。油蒿和雾冰藜的分枝数都受竞争的显著影响，种间竞争情况下的油蒿分枝数显著高于种内竞争，而雾冰藜则相反。风显著影响油蒿的茎重比和雾冰藜的冠重比。油蒿的茎重比随风速的降低而降低。弱风环境中，雾冰藜的冠重比显著高于强风环境下的。风和竞争的交互作用显著影响油蒿生物量。种内竞争情况下，油蒿生物量在大风环境中最大，中风环境中最小;种间竞争情况下，油蒿生物量在中风环境中最大，弱风环境最小。水分显著影响油蒿的茎重比，以及雾冰藜的根冠比和基径，而对这两个种的其他生长和形态特征无显著影响。低水分情况下，油蒿的茎重比显著较高，雾冰藜的基径显著较低，并且分配更多生物量到地上部分。 这些结果初步表明，单优群落中的优势种或呈聚集分布的种群中，植株的生长符合“密度效应”原则，即密度越大，单株植物的生物量越小;并且在大风环境中，趋向于分配更多生物量到地下部分。种内竞争情况下油蒿幼苗的竞争能力强于种间竞争，这可能是自然群落中的油蒿不是聚集分布的一个原因。

Characterization of Air-Water Two-Phase Vertical Flow by Using Electrical Resistance Imaging

The characterization of air-water two-phase vertical flow in a 12 m flow loop with 1.5 m of vertical section is studied by using electrical resistance tomography (ERT). By applying a fast data collection to a dual-plane ERT sensor and an iterative image reconstruction algorithm, relevant information is gathered for implementation of flow characteristics, particularly for flow regime recognition. A cross-correlation method is also used to interpret the velocity distribution of the gas phase on the cross section. The paper demonstrates that ERT can now be deployed routinely for velocity measurements and this capability will increase as faster measurement systems evolve.

Experimental Study on Hydrodynamic Behaviors of High-Speed Gas Jets in Still Water

The present paper describes experimental investigation on the flow pattern and hydrodynamic effect of underwater gas jets from supersonic and sonic nozzles operated in correct- and imperfect expansion conditions. The flow visualizations show that jetting is the flow regime for the submerged gas injection at a high speed in the parameter range under consideration. The obtained results indicate that high-speed gas jets in still water induce large pressure pulsations upstream of the nozzle exit and the presence of shock-cell structure in the over- and under-expanded jets leads to an increase in the intensity of the jet-induced hydrodynamic pressure.

EXPERIMENTS ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM REGIME SHIFT IN ENCLOSURES NEAR LAKE DIANCHI, CHINA

To discover how a lake converts from a turbid state to clean state, and what drives this process, we constructed controlled enclosure ecosystems and used the ecological remediation method to force ecosystems to convert from the turbid state to the clean state. Our results show that the driving forces include temperature., macrophyte, silver carp and mussel, which form a combined force to drive the controlled ecosystem to switch. There is a threshold existing in treated enclosure ecosystem during the conversion from turbid to clean state. When TP <0.09 mg.L-1, Chl-a <0.036 mg.L-1, transparency >62 cm, TN <2.15 mg.L-1, CODMn <13.7 mg.L-1, tubidity <10, and the number of algal cells <10(6) cells.L-1, the treated ecosystem changes sharply from turbid to clean state. The conversion process can be divided into three phases: turbid state, clean-turbid transitional state as well as clean state, and described with the power function Y = a*X-b (where Y is water parameter, X is time, a and b are constants), which indicates that the shift in the enclosure ecosystem from turbid to clean state is discontinuous.

WATER-QUALITY CHANGES AND EFFECTS ON FISH POPULATIONS IN THE HANJIANG RIVER, CHINA, FOLLOWING HYDROELECTRIC DAM CONSTRUCTION

Since its completion in 1973 the Danjiangkou Dam has markedly changed downstream flows, water levels, temperatures, sediment loads and other water quality characteristics in downstream reaches of the Hanjiang River. There have been changes in the growth, spawning behaviour and overwintering condition of local fish populations, in the composition and abundance of food organisms and in the composition of the commercial fish catch. Despite the changed environment and the absence of a fish pass, fish populations are still able to grow and spawn under the new regime. Where conditions are like those of the Hanjiang River, dams may not necessarily have calamitous consequences for fishery production.

Intra-habitat heterogeneity of microbial food web structure under the regime of eutrophication and sediment resuspension in the large subtropical shallow Lake Taihu, China

Planktonic microbial community structure and classical food web were investigated in the large shallow eutrophic Lake Taihu (2338 km(2), mean depth 1.9 m) located in subtropical Southeast China. The water column of the lake was sampled biweekly at two sites located 22 km apart over a period of twelve month. Site 1 is under the regime of heavy eutrophication while Site 2 is governed by wind-driven sediment resuspension. Within-lake comparison indicates that phosphorus enrichment resulted in increased abundance of microbial components. However, the coupling between total phosphorus and abundance of microbial components was different between the two sites. Much stronger coupling was observed at Site 1 than at Site 2. The weak coupling at Site 2 was mainly caused by strong sediment resuspension, which limited growth of phytoplankton and, consequently, growth of bacterioplankton and other microbial components. High percentages of attached bacteria, which were strongly correlated with the biomass of phytoplankton, especially Microcystis spp., were found at Site 1 during summer and early autumn, but no such correlation was observed at Site 2. This potentially leads to differences in carbon flow through microbial food web at different locations. Overall, significant heterogeneity of microbial food web structure between the two sites was observed. Site-specific differences in nutrient enrichment (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus) and sediment resuspension were identified as driving forces of the observed intra-habitat differences in food web structure.