内蒙古典型草原群落SPAC系统水运动的观测与仿真

草原不仅是陆地生态系统重要的一种类型，而且是人类赖以生存的畜牧业基地。由于草原多处于半干旱区，所以研究草原生态系统的水循环、水利用非常重要。本文对我国内蒙古草原区一个典型的群落－羊草群落的水分运动特征进行了定位观测，并在对这些观测结果进行分析的基础上，对土壤－植物－大气连续体（Soil-Plant-Atomosphere Continuum, SPAC）内的水流运动过程进行了仿真。 气孔是草原生态系统SPAC水流运动中最大的阻力项，是制约SPAC内水流通量的“瓶颈”，因此要想对该系统进行仿真首先必须建立精确的气孔导度（阻力）模型。根据1998～1999观测，羊草气孔导度主要受0～40cm土壤含水量的影响，在日的时间尺度上，用普通的线性回归模型对日均气孔导度就可以实现精确的预测，R~2可以达到96％，但是在小时的时间尺度上，仅用0～40cm土壤含水量是不够的，必须同时考虑其它环境因子的作用、构建具有一定机理基础的模型才能达到较为理想的模拟精度。现有的具有机理性质的气孔导度模型大致可以分为“Jarvis-类”和“BWB模型”（或“光合－导度”模型）。但是它们都没有充分考虑土壤水分因素对气孔导度的重要作用，所以这不符和草原区的实际情况。本文构建了一个考虑土壤水分因素的气孔导度模型，并分析了环境因素之间的互作对气孔导度的影响程度，最后这个模型被应用到了SPAC系统能量平衡和蒸散过程的模拟中去。 在降水量正常的情况下，例如1999年（年降水量344mm），羊草群落的显热通量明显高于潜热通量;在特别干旱的情况下，例如 1997年（年降水量仅280mm左右），白天甚至可能出现潜热的逆向传递;但是在湿润的年份，例如1998年（年降水量507mm），潜热通量却与显热通量相当。 在模拟植物蒸腾和群落的蒸散时需要分析叶片和冠层能量平衡，此时，往往需要简化处理，为了使这种简化更符合实际情况，所以根据羊草叶片红外辐射温度的实测结果，对羊草叶片上的能量平衡进行了分析。结果表明，太阳短波辐射对叶片能量总收入的贡献率小于30％，而来自地表和天空的长波辐射却古总收入的约74％。叶片的热辐射为双向，占叶片能量总支出的约90％。显热与潜热交换的总和才占叶片能量总支出的10％，而且在所测的时间点上两者的平均值相近，各占5％左右。在能量平衡的各分量中，长波辐射部分表现为净支出，因而可以假设短波辐射为叶片的唯一能量来源。此时，热辐射消耗其中的59％，显热潜热消耗40.1％。 将冠层分成上中下三层，分别模拟了这三层叶片以及土壤表面的能量平衡动态。与实测的各层红外辐射温度进行了对比，发现模型预测的冠层温度值与实测值的相关性良好，但是对中下层叶片温度的预测偏低。对土壤表面温度的模拟效果不好。 由于1998年降水量很大，根据蒸渗仪的观测，2m土体出现了渗漏。渗漏的出现，使得生长季末0～2m土壤贮水量与生长季初相比不但没有增加，反而减少。由于渗漏使得80～120cm土层内的粗细交界面得以贯通，该层对其上层土壤水头的蓄持能力下降，所以在1999年即使降雨强度不大也会造成渗漏的再次发生，这使得1999年生长季各月份水分平衡表现为较大的净支出。因此，实现SPAC水流成功模拟应该考虑土壤质地的成层性，以及渗漏的问题。 根据1998年波文比、涡度相关和蒸发渗漏仪联合实验的结果，对三种方法监测内蒙古草原群落蒸散的适用性进行了分析。三种仪器逐时、逐日蒸散回归关系极显著（P＝0.000），但是涡度相关的测量值往往低于其它两者。分析认为蒸发渗漏仪在逐日或者更长的取样时间间隔上能够达到足够的精度，适合于作为长期监测内蒙古草原群落蒸散量的工具，但是，由于受风压等随机因素的影响，不适用于逐时或逐分的测量。波文比在无对流逆温的天气里可以精确地测定逐刻和逐时的潜热通量，适合于作为短期的监测工具，但在更复杂的气象条件下波动幅度较涡度相关大。涡度相关法能在较复杂的天气条件下稳定地反映逐刻、逐时和逐日的潜热通量变化。但是，在内蒙古草原区现实的野外条件下，涡度相关法尚难以作为长期蒸散监测的工具。 除了对上述三,种观测方法进行比对外，还有波文比与Penman-Moteith公式、涡度相关法与Penman-Moteith公式对蒸散的监测进行了对比，发现Penman-Monteith公式在1998和1999年都低估了蒸散。分析认为，对总蒸散的低估可能来自对土表蒸发的低估。 本文最后还对SPAC系统水流各部分的模拟进行了整合，希望得到一个对整个系统的水流循环进行动态仿真的模型。

田间含碎石土壤水分入渗及再分布试验研究

为探明碎石存在于田间土壤中如何改变土壤水分运移通道、影响土壤水分运动,揭示田间含碎石土壤水分运动的复杂过程,采用便携式针头降雨器在铜川崾岘梁修建的临时小区进行模拟降雨实验,测定含碎石浅层土体的入渗和水分再分布过程,采用土壤水分运动通量法计算浅层土体不同深度各截面面积的水量在雨后不同时间段的变化,分析含碎石土壤再分布特征及碎石含量对浅层土体入渗和水分再分布的影响。结果表明:碎石有利于田间浅层土壤入渗和蓄存;室内较田间测定的含碎石土壤入渗率小一个数量级以上;降雨后较短时段,碎石含量相对高的林地小区的浅层土体水分在降雨停止后呈增加趋势,表现了蓄水过程,碎石含量较低的撂荒地则表现了释水过程;降雨后较长时段,多数小区浅层土体(0-30 cm)水量变化呈现了"排水-存储交换-排水"过程,少数小区仅呈现了"排水"过程;雨后16 h左右的土体各截面面积的水量与碎石含量呈现了以直线y=0.4873为轴对称的递增和递减的指数为1/2的幂函数关系,说明碎石对黄土区典型土石区土体水分运动具有促进和阻滞双面影响。本文的研究结果可为含碎石土壤的水分利用及水分循环提供参考。

山地红枣林地滴灌水分运移规律试验研究

在米脂山地微灌枣树示范基地研究了一定流量范围、不同灌水量条件下,地表滴灌水分在水平和垂直方向上的运移规律及滴灌结束后的水分再分布特征。试验结果表明:在流量稳定条件下,湿润体的水平和垂直扩散距离均与时间有显著的幂函数关系;在4.6~5.0 L/h的流量范围内,湿润体的水平和垂直扩散距离与灌水量也存在显著的幂函数关系;滴灌停止后24 h内的土壤湿润体扩散很大,湿润体平均含水量降低很快,24 h后的扩散较小,平均含水量下降较小,确定滴灌停止后24 h时的湿润体特征值可作为滴灌系统设计的依据。

紫花苜蓿不同根系分布模式的土壤水分模拟和验证

根系分布影响着土壤水分养分吸收,实测根系分布费时费力,经验根系分布函数参数简单,应用方便。该研究在田间采用苜蓿栽培土柱试验,测定根系分布,并将其和不同经验根系分布函数分别应用于Hydrus-1D对土壤水分进行动态模拟,通过土壤水分实测值和模拟值比较,验证分析了经验根系分布函数的适用性以及对土壤水分动态变化的影响。结果表明:拟合的根系分布、Prasad分布、Hoffman和van Genuchten分布3种根系分布函数的根长密度模拟值与36cm以下的根长密度实测值较为吻合,Raats根系分布模拟值与实测值及其他分布函数则差别较大。不同根系分布下土壤水分模拟差别不大,平均相对均方根误差在3.5%以下。非胁迫生长条件下,Prasad根系分布、Hoffman和vanGenuchten根系分布都可描述紫花苜蓿实际根系分布状况。

长白山森林土壤大孔隙分布及其对水分运动的影响

土壤大孔隙是由植物根系伸展与腐烂，土壤动物活动，干湿交替，冻融循环，水流侵蚀等原因形成，能够导致水分和溶质优先迁移的孔隙。大孔隙的存在，直接影响着土壤水分的运移速率，从而影响土壤水分运动模型的构建及其模拟精度。本文针对长白山北坡阔叶红松林的暗棕色森林土，暗针叶林的棕色针叶林土，岳桦林的山地生草森林土和苔原带的山地苔原土：分别观测和分析了大孔隙数量及其分布规律，并针对前2种土壤类型，通过土壤水分运动模型构建和数值模拟，分析了大孔隙对土壤水分运动的影响，主要结论如下： （1）通过对不同类型土壤大孔隙数量测算得出大孔隙分布规律：暗棕色森林土中大孔隙数量随土层深度的增加逐渐减少；山地生草森林土中大孔隙数量随土层深度的增加变化不大，只是围绕一个中间值上下波动；棕色针叶林土和山地苔原土中大孔隙数量随土层深度的增加逐渐增加。 （2）通过对暗棕色森林土和棕色针叶林土中大孔隙流路径染色示踪分析发现，大孔隙流的存在可以使水分在土壤中的运移速度增加2～3倍。且棕色针叶林土的大孔隙流运移深度较暗棕色森林土深，在24 h内，前者较后者在运移深度上深10～20 cm,且棕色针叶林土中大孔隙流路径多，相同面积上，棕色针叶林土中有6条大孔隙流路径，而暗棕色森林土中只有1条。 （3）回归分析发现棕色针叶林土和暗棕色森林土中饱和导水率与土壤大孔隙之间存在线性关系（R2值分别为0.8123和0.9133）。考虑大孔隙存在条件下的土壤水分运动的数值模拟结果表明，大孔隙参数的代入，使模拟值与实验值之间的拟合效果较好，并且能较好地反映土壤水分运动的基本规律。

日光温室地下滴灌土壤水分运动数值模拟

依据土壤水分动力学理论和地下滴灌土壤水分运动特征，在测定地下滴灌滴头出流特性、土壤水分运动参数、地表蒸发强度的基础上，引入作物根系吸水模型，建立了地下滴灌土壤水分运动数值模型，用有限单元法中的Galerkin法对模型进行数值求解，田间验证结果表明模型具有较高的精度。 研究发现，地下滴灌滴头流速随供水压力的增大而增加，呈幂函数关系；不同埋深对滴头流速基本无影响；而土壤初始含水量只在灌水开始时对滴头流速有一定影响，最终滴头流速趋于相同且稳定；地下滴灌滴头流速主要受供水压力和滴头孔径的影响。 运用matlab数值分析软件对土壤持水曲线的van Genuchten模型进行求参，所求VG模型计算的不同水势下土壤含水量计算值与田间实测值之间偏差较小，曲线回归模型相关指数高达0.95，能很好地表征土壤水分特征曲线。 建立了地下滴灌土壤水分运动数值模型，确定地下滴灌条件下具体模型应用的边界和初始条件，利用HYDRUS-2D软件进行有限元求解。运行结果表明所建立的数学模型和所采用的数值方法能够较好地模拟地下滴灌条件下土壤水分运动过程。 采用量纲分析法推导了日光温室地下滴灌条件下的土壤湿润模式模型，建立了湿润宽度和湿润深度的经验公式，与实际监测结果对比，土壤湿润宽度和湿润深度模型估计值与实测之间偏差较小，能准确的模拟地下滴灌条件下土壤湿润体的宽度和深度。

日光温室渗灌土壤水分运动数值模拟

土壤水动力学参数的推导和土壤水分运动的数值模拟是研究土壤水分运动规律的两个重要部分，是农田节水灌溉自动化控制工程设计的理论依据。本文以曰光温室草甸棕壤的三种质地为研究对象，应用土壤转换函数理论和有限元法，通过RETC软件由土壤机械组成和容重两个基本物理性质指标推导其土壤水动力学参数；运用HYDRUS-2D软件对同一渗灌管埋深〔30cm）、3种管径、10种供水压力、6种初始土壤水势条件下的土壤水分运动进行了数值模拟；并对土壤水动力学参数推导和土壤水分运动数值模拟结果进行了实测验证。结果表明：（1）RETC和HYDRUS-2D是进行土壤水动力学参数推导和土壤水分运动数值模拟的有力工具。（2）土壤水动力学性质对渗灌条件下土壤水分运动速度具有显著的作用，最适宜渗灌的土壤是壤土，偏砂、偏虱质地次之。（3）渗灌的供水压力对三种质地土壤水分运动具有显著的影响。壤砂土、壤土和戮土三种质地土壤的适宜供水压力应分别不小于500cmH2O、700cmH2O、400cmH2O。（4）就内径为10mm、15mm和20mm渗灌管而言，渗灌管管径越大越有利于渗灌水向渗灌管四周土壤入渗，三种质地土壤渗灌均宜采用20mm管径渗管。（5）在壤砂质土和在较干燥的（土壤水势值＜-1000cmH2O）壤质土和赫质土中，土壤初始水势值对渗灌土壤水分运动数值模拟结果的影响较小，而在较湿润的（土壤水势值＞-1000cmH2O）壤质土和载土中，随着土壤初始水势值的降低，渗灌土壤水分运动速度（模拟）加快。

滴灌条件下土壤水盐运移特性的研究现状

滴灌条件下的水盐运移特性是寻求开发利用盐碱地和次生盐碱化防治的基础 ,国内外学者对此进行大量研究。在国内外研究成果的基础上 ,综述了滴灌点源入渗影响因素、入渗模型特性、水分分布特征、湿润体浸润形状、湿润锋运移、盐分运移的规律 ,为滴灌点源水盐运移的研究提供依据。

港西地区河流相砂岩油藏剩余油分布研究

The Gangxi oil field has reached a stage of high water production. The reservoir parameters, such as reservoir physical characteristics, pore structure, fluid, have obviously changed. This thesis therefore carries out a study of these parameters that control reservoir characteristics, physical and chemical actions that have taken place within the reservoirs due to fluid injection, subsequent variations of reservoir macroscopic physical features, microscopic pore structures, seepages, and formation fluid properties. This study rebuilds a geologic model for this oil field, establishes a log-interpreting model, proposes a methodology for dealing with large pore channels and remnant oil distribution, and offers a basis for effective excavation of potential oil, recovery planning, and improvement of water-injection techniques. To resolve some concurrent key problems in the process of exploration of the Gangxi area, this thesis carries out a multidisciplinary research into reservoir geology, physical geography, reservoir engineering, and oil-water well testing. Taking sandstone and flow unit as objects, this study establishes a fine geologic model by a quantificational or semi-quantificational approach in order to understand the remnant oil distribution and the reservoir potential, and accordingly proposes a plan for further exploration. By rebuilding a geological model and applying reservoir-engineering methods, such as numerical simulation, this thesis studies the oil-water movement patterns and remnant-oil distribution, and further advances a deployment plan for the necessary adjustments and increase of recoverable reserves. Main achievements of this study are as follows: 1. The Minghazhen Formation in the Gangxi area is featured by medium-sinuosity river deposits, manifesting themselves as a transitional type between typical meandering and braided rivers. The main microfacies are products of main and branch channels, levee, inter-channel overflows and crevasse-splay floodplains. The Guantao Group is dominantly braided river deposit, and microfacies are mainly formed in channel bar, braided channel and overbank. Main lithofacies include conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and shale, with sandstone facies being the principal type of the reservoir. 2. The reservoir flow unit of the Gangxi area can be divided into three types: Type I is a high-quality heterogeneous seepage unit, mainly distributed in main channel; Type II is a moderate-quality semi-heterogeneous seepage unit, mainly distributed in both main and branch channels, and partly seen within inter-channel overflow microfacies; Type III is a low-quality, relatively strong heterogeneous seepage unit, mainly distributed in inter-channel overflow microfacies and channel flanks. 3. Flow units and sedimentary microfacies have exerted relatively strong controls on the flowing of underground oil-water: (1) injection-production is often effective in the float units of Type I and II, whilst in the same group of injection-production wells, impellent velocity depends on flow unit types and injection-production spacing; (2) The injection-production of Type III flow unit between the injection-production wells of Type I and II flow units, however, are little effective; (3) there can form a seepage shield in composite channels between channels, leading to inefficient injection and production. 4. Mainly types of large-scale remnant-oil distribution are as follows: (1) remnant oil reservoir of Type III flow unit; (2) injection-production well group of remnant oil area of Type III flow unit; (3) remnant oil reservoirs that cannot be controlled by well network, including reservoir featured by injection without production, reservoir characterized by production without injection, and oil reservoir at which no well can arrive; (4) remnant oil area where injection-production system is not complete. 5. Utilizing different methods to deal with different sedimentary types, sub-dividing the columns of up to 900 wells into 76 chronostratigraphic units. Four transitional sandstone types are recognized, and contrast modes of different sandstone facies are summarized Analyzing in details the reservoirs of different quality by deciphering densely spaced well patterns, dividing microscopic facies and flow units, analyzing remnant oil distribution and its effect on injection-production pattern, and the heterogeneity. Theory foundation is therefore provided for further excavation of remnant oil. Re-evaluating well-log data. The understanding of water-flood layers and conductive formations in the Gangxi area have been considerably improved, and the original interpretations of 233 wells have changed by means of double checking. Variations of the reservoirs and the fluid and formation pressures after water injection are analyzed and summarized Studies are carried out of close elements of the reservoirs, fine reservoir types, oil-water distribution patterns, as well as factors controlling oil-gas enrichment. A static geological model and a prediction model of important tracts are established. Remaining recoverable reserves are calculated of all the oil wells and oil-sandstones. It is proposed that injection-production patterns of 348 oil-sandstones should be adjusted according to the analysis of adaptability of all kinds of sandstones in the injection-production wells.

珠江口盆地流花11-1油田储层非均质性及流体分布规律研究

In order to discover the distribution law of the remaining oil, the paper focuses on the quantitative characterization of the reservoir heterogeneity and the distribution law of the fluid barrier and interbed, based on fine geological study of the reservoir in Liuhuall-1 oil field. The refined quantitative reservoir geological model has been established by means of the study of core analysis, logging evaluation on vertical well and parallel well, and seismic interpretation and prediction. Utilizing a comprehensive technology combining dynamic data with static data, the distribution characteristics, formation condition and controlling factors of remaining oil in Liuhuall-1 oil field have been illustrated. The study plays an important role in the enrichment regions of the remaining oil and gives scientific direction for the next development of the remaining oil. Several achievements have been obtained as follows: l.On the basis of the study of reservoir division and correlation,eight lithohorizons (layer A, B_1, B_2, B_3, C, D, E, and F) from the top to the bottom of the reservoir are discriminated. The reef facies is subdivided into reef-core facies, fore-reef facies and backreef facies. These three subfacies are further subdivided into five microfacies: coral algal limestone, coralgal micrite, coral algal clastic limestone, bioclastic limestone and foraminiferal limestone. In order to illustrate the distribution law of remaining oil in high watercut period, the stratigraphic structure model and sedimentary model are reconstructed. 2.1n order to research intra-layer, inter-layer and plane reservoir heterogeneity, a new method to characterize reservoir heterogeneity by using IRH (Index of Reservoir Heterogeneity) is introduced. The result indicates that reservoir heterogeneity is medium in layer B_1 and B_3, hard in layer A, B_2, C, E, poor in layer D. 3.Based on the study of the distribution law of fluid barrier and interbed, the effect of fluid battier and interbed on fluid seepage is revealed. Fluid barrier and interbed is abundant in layer A, which control the distribution of crude oil in reservoir. Fluid barrier and interbed is abundant relatively in layer B_2,C and E, which control the spill movement of the bottom water. Layer B_1, B_3 and D tend to be waterflooded due to fluid barrier and interbed is poor. 4.Based on the analysis of reservoir heterogeneity, fluid barrier and interbed and the distribution of bottom water, four contributing regions are discovered. The main lies on the north of well LH11-1A. Two minors lie on the east of well LH11-1-3 and between well LH11-1-3 and well LH11-1-5. The last one lies in layer E in which the interbed is discontinuous. 5.The parameters of reservoir and fluid are obtained recurring to core analysis, logging evaluation on vertical well and parallel well, and seismic interpretation and prediction. Theses parameters provide data for the quantitative characterization of the reservoir heterogeneity and the distribution law of the fluid barrier and interbed. 6.1n the paper, an integrated method about the distribution prediction of remaining oil is put forward on basis of refined reservoir geological model and reservoir numerical simulation. The precision in history match and prediction of remaining oil is improved greatly. The integrated study embodies latest trend in this research field. 7.It is shown that the enrichment of the remaining oil with high watercut in Liuhua 11-1 oil field is influenced by reservoir heterogeneity, fluid barrier and interbed, sealing property of fault, driving manner of bottom water and exploitation manner of parallel well. 8.Using microfacies, IRH, reservoir structure, effective thickness, physical property of reservoir, distribution of fluid barrier and interbed, the analysis of oil and water movement and production data, twelve new sidetracked holes are proposed and demonstrated. The result is favorable to instruct oil field development and have gotten a good effect.

花岗岩风化土微观结构及其工程地质特性研究

Saprolite is the residual soil resulted from completely weathered or highly weathered granite and with corestones of parent rock. It is widely distributed in Hong Kong. Slope instability usually happens in this layer of residual soil and thus it is very important to study the engineering geological properties of Saprolite. Due to the relic granitic texture, the deformation and strength characteristics of Saprolite are very different from normal residual soils. In order to investigate the effects of the special microstructure on soil deformation and strength, a series of physical, chemical and mechanical tests were conducted on Saprolite at Kowloon, Hong Kong. The tests include chemical analysis, particle size analysis, mineral composition analysis, mercury injection, consolidation test, direct shear test, triaxial shear test, optical analysis, SEM & TEM analysis, and triaxial shear tests under real-time CT monitoring.Based on the testing results, intensity and degree of weathering were classified, factors affecting and controlling the deformation and strength of Saprolite were identified, and the interaction between those factors were analyzed.The major parameters describing soil microstructure were introduced mainly based on optical thin section analysis results. These parameters are of importance and physical meaning to describe particle shape, particle size distribution (PSD), and for numerical modeling of soil microstructure. A few parameters to depict particle geometry were proposed or improved. These parameters can be used to regenerate the particle shape and its distribution. Fractal dimension of particle shape was proposed to describe irregularity of particle shapes and capacity of space filling quantitatively. And the effect of fractal dimension of particle shape on soil strength was analyzed. At the same time, structural coefficient - a combined parameter which can quantify the overall microstructure of rock or soil was introduced to study Saprolite and the results are very positive. The study emphasized on the fractal characteristics of PSD and pore structure by applying fractal theory and method. With the results from thin section analysis and mercury injection, it was shown that at least two fractal dimensions Dfl(DB) and Df2 (Dw), exist for both PSD and pore structure. The reasons and physical meanings behind multi-fractal dimensions were analyzed. The fractal dimensions were used to calculate the formation depth and weathering rate of granite at Kowloon. As practical applications, correlations and mathematical models for fractal dimensions and engineering properties of soil were established. The correlation between fractal dimensions and mechanical properties of soil shows that the internal friction angle is mainly governed by Dfl 9 corresponding to coarse grain components, while the cohesion depends on Df2 , corresponding to fine grain components. The correlations between the fractal dimension, friction angle and cohesion are positive linear.Fractal models of PSD and pore size distribution were derived theoretically. Fragmentation mechanism of grains was also analyzed from the viewpoint of fractal. A simple function was derived to define the theoretical relationship between the water characteristic curve (WCC) and fractal dimension, based on a number of classical WCC models. This relationship provides a new analytical tool and research method for hydraulic properties in porous media and solute transportation. It also endues fractal dimensions with new physical meanings and facilitates applications of fractal dimensions in water retention characteristics, ground water movement, and environmental engineering.Based on the conclusions from the fractal characteristics of Saprolite, size effect on strength was expressed by fractal dimension. This function is in complete agreement with classical Weibull model and a simple function was derived to represent the relationship between them.In this thesis, the phenomenon of multi-fractal dimensions was theoretically analyzed and verified with WCC and saprolite PSD results, it was then concluded that multi-fractal can describe the characteristics of one object more accurately, compared to single fractal dimension. The multi-fractal of saprolite reflects its structural heterogeneity and changeable stress environment during the evolution history.

"Dual-Parallel-Channel" Shape-Gradient Surfaces: Toward Oriented and Reversible Movement of Water Droplets

In this paper, we prepared "dual-parallel-channel" shape-gradient surfaces, on which water droplets can reversibly and orientedly move between two adjacent pools under the guidance of an external voltage. Furthermore, it is found that the motion speed is governed by several parameters, including bath condition, gradient angle, and the working voltage. In this self-transportation process of water droplets, the external voltage works like a traffic light, which can give "moving", "stopping", "turning" and "straight-going" signals to the Water droplets.

THE VARIATION AND MOVEMENT OF A KIND OF EDDIES IN SHELF SLOPE WATER

Considering the characteristics of the time and space scales of the eddies we established a quasi-static and quasi-geostrophic model to describe their variation and movement in shelf slope water. The analytical solution revealed the main properties of the variation: slow expansion and fast stagnation processes and the law of the eddy motion affected under the background field. All theoretical results are proved by satellite image measurements.

Water and salt movements in simultaneous flood-irrigation and well-drainage operations

This paper describes a new technology for solonchak soil reclamation in which surface flood irrigation of fresh water and pumped wells drainage of salty groundwater are combined. The comprehensive investigation of water and salt movement has been conducted through field test, laboratory simulation and numerical calculation. The dependence of desalination on irrigation water quantity, drainage quantity, leaching time and other parameters is obtained based on the field tests. The entire desalination process under the flood-irrigation and well-drainage operations was experimentally simulated in a vertical soil column. The water and salt movement has been numerically analysed for both the field and laboratory conditions. The present work indicates that this new technology can greatly improve the effects of desalination.