20 resultados para spettrometria quadstar dde desorbimento termico jarvis prototipo
em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal
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草原不仅是陆地生态系统重要的一种类型,而且是人类赖以生存的畜牧业基地。由于草原多处于半干旱区,所以研究草原生态系统的水循环、水利用非常重要。本文对我国内蒙古草原区一个典型的群落-羊草群落的水分运动特征进行了定位观测,并在对这些观测结果进行分析的基础上,对土壤-植物-大气连续体(Soil-Plant-Atomosphere Continuum, SPAC)内的水流运动过程进行了仿真。 气孔是草原生态系统SPAC水流运动中最大的阻力项,是制约SPAC内水流通量的“瓶颈”,因此要想对该系统进行仿真首先必须建立精确的气孔导度(阻力)模型。根据1998~1999观测,羊草气孔导度主要受0~40cm土壤含水量的影响,在日的时间尺度上,用普通的线性回归模型对日均气孔导度就可以实现精确的预测,R~2可以达到96%,但是在小时的时间尺度上,仅用0~40cm土壤含水量是不够的,必须同时考虑其它环境因子的作用、构建具有一定机理基础的模型才能达到较为理想的模拟精度。现有的具有机理性质的气孔导度模型大致可以分为“Jarvis-类”和“BWB模型”(或“光合-导度”模型)。但是它们都没有充分考虑土壤水分因素对气孔导度的重要作用,所以这不符和草原区的实际情况。本文构建了一个考虑土壤水分因素的气孔导度模型,并分析了环境因素之间的互作对气孔导度的影响程度,最后这个模型被应用到了SPAC系统能量平衡和蒸散过程的模拟中去。 在降水量正常的情况下,例如1999年(年降水量344mm),羊草群落的显热通量明显高于潜热通量;在特别干旱的情况下,例如 1997年(年降水量仅280mm左右),白天甚至可能出现潜热的逆向传递;但是在湿润的年份,例如1998年(年降水量507mm),潜热通量却与显热通量相当。 在模拟植物蒸腾和群落的蒸散时需要分析叶片和冠层能量平衡,此时,往往需要简化处理,为了使这种简化更符合实际情况,所以根据羊草叶片红外辐射温度的实测结果,对羊草叶片上的能量平衡进行了分析。结果表明,太阳短波辐射对叶片能量总收入的贡献率小于30%,而来自地表和天空的长波辐射却古总收入的约74%。叶片的热辐射为双向,占叶片能量总支出的约90%。显热与潜热交换的总和才占叶片能量总支出的10%,而且在所测的时间点上两者的平均值相近,各占5%左右。在能量平衡的各分量中,长波辐射部分表现为净支出,因而可以假设短波辐射为叶片的唯一能量来源。此时,热辐射消耗其中的59%,显热潜热消耗40.1%。 将冠层分成上中下三层,分别模拟了这三层叶片以及土壤表面的能量平衡动态。与实测的各层红外辐射温度进行了对比,发现模型预测的冠层温度值与实测值的相关性良好,但是对中下层叶片温度的预测偏低。对土壤表面温度的模拟效果不好。 由于1998年降水量很大,根据蒸渗仪的观测,2m土体出现了渗漏。渗漏的出现,使得生长季末0~2m土壤贮水量与生长季初相比不但没有增加,反而减少。由于渗漏使得80~120cm土层内的粗细交界面得以贯通,该层对其上层土壤水头的蓄持能力下降,所以在1999年即使降雨强度不大也会造成渗漏的再次发生,这使得1999年生长季各月份水分平衡表现为较大的净支出。因此,实现SPAC水流成功模拟应该考虑土壤质地的成层性,以及渗漏的问题。 根据1998年波文比、涡度相关和蒸发渗漏仪联合实验的结果,对三种方法监测内蒙古草原群落蒸散的适用性进行了分析。三种仪器逐时、逐日蒸散回归关系极显著(P=0.000),但是涡度相关的测量值往往低于其它两者。分析认为蒸发渗漏仪在逐日或者更长的取样时间间隔上能够达到足够的精度,适合于作为长期监测内蒙古草原群落蒸散量的工具,但是,由于受风压等随机因素的影响,不适用于逐时或逐分的测量。波文比在无对流逆温的天气里可以精确地测定逐刻和逐时的潜热通量,适合于作为短期的监测工具,但在更复杂的气象条件下波动幅度较涡度相关大。涡度相关法能在较复杂的天气条件下稳定地反映逐刻、逐时和逐日的潜热通量变化。但是,在内蒙古草原区现实的野外条件下,涡度相关法尚难以作为长期蒸散监测的工具。 除了对上述三,种观测方法进行比对外,还有波文比与Penman-Moteith公式、涡度相关法与Penman-Moteith公式对蒸散的监测进行了对比,发现Penman-Monteith公式在1998和1999年都低估了蒸散。分析认为,对总蒸散的低估可能来自对土表蒸发的低估。 本文最后还对SPAC系统水流各部分的模拟进行了整合,希望得到一个对整个系统的水流循环进行动态仿真的模型。
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以中国东北森林 - 草原样带(NECT)上的松嫩平原羊草草甸草原为研究对象,从影响羊草叶片光合作用的机理出发,基于羊草片光合生理生态特性、羊草群落小气候梯度以及羊草群落生物量等的野外动态观测,分析了羊草叶片的光合生理特性动态特征,建立了羊草叶片的光合作用机理模型,通过尺度化,发展了基于叶片生理特性的羊草群落生产力动态模型;并结合著名的草地生态系统模型—CENTURY模型探讨了人类活动和气候变化对羊草草地的影响。主要结果如下: (1) 晴朗天气下羊草叶片气孔导度和净光合速率日变化均呈双峰型曲线。 (2) 影响羊草叶片气孔导度的主要环境因子是光合有效辐射、叶片与空气间的水汽压亏损以及空气温度。 (3) 影响羊草叶片净光合速率的主要因子是胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度、空气CO2浓度及蒸腾速率。 (4) 对当前2类代表性气孔导度模型的验证表明,基于Jarvis模型所改建的气孔导度模型比依据Leuning改进的Ball模型所建立的气孔导度模型具有更好的模拟效果,并据此建立了适于羊草叶片的气孔导度模型: gs = PAR (-2.01Ta2 + 147.74Ta - 2321.11)/((444.62 + PAR) (-538.042 + VPD)) (5) 结合能量平衡方程和光合作用生化模型,建立了能够模拟羊草叶片CO2、水汽和热量交换的羊草叶片光合作用耦合模型。该模型有能力预测复杂的环境变化对羊草叶片净光合作用和气孔导度的影响。 (6) 通过尺度化(采用多层模式模拟冠层导度,大叶模式模拟光合作用),建立了羊草群落光合作用模型,结合植物群落的呼吸模型,估算了羊草群落的净第一性生产力,并与实测值及CENTURY模型模拟值进行了比较,结果表明,基于叶片光合机理的群落生产力模型较CENTURY模型能更好地反映羊草群落的生产力动态。 (7) 基于CENTURY模型对人类活动、气候变化对羊草草原可能影响的模拟表明,人类活动(割草和放牧)和气候变化都会明显影响羊草草原,但人类活动产生的影响更为显著,尤其是重牧将造成羊草草原土壤有机碳和群落生物量显著降低。因此,制定合理的放牧和割草措施对于维持草场的可持续发展具有重要意义。
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The specific plasminogen activator from Trimeresurus stejnegeri venom (TSV-PA) is a serine proteinase presenting 23% sequence identity with the proteinase domain of tissue type plasminogen activator, and 63% with batroxobin, a fibrinogen clotting enzyme from Bothrops atrox venom that does not activate plasminogen. TSV-PA contains six disulfide bonds and has been successfully overexpressed in Escherichia coli (Zhang, Y., Wisner, A., Xiong, Y. L,, and Bon, C, (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 10246-10255), To identify the functional domains of TSV-PA, we focused on three short peptide fragments of TSV-PA showing important sequence differences with batroxobin and other venom serine proteinases. Molecular modeling shows that these sequences are located in surface loop regions, one of which is next to the catalytic site, When these sequences were replaced in TSV-PA by the equivalent batroxobin residues none generated either fibrinogen-clotting or direct fibrinogenolytic activity, Two of the replacements had little effect in general and are not critical to the specificity of TSV-PA for plasminogen. Nevertheless, the third replacement, produced by the conversion of the sequence DDE 96a-98 to NVI, significantly increased the K-m for some tripeptide chromogenic substrates and resulted in undetectable plasminogen activation, indicating the key role that the sequence plays in substrate recognition by the enzyme.
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通过采集武汉市郊农田表层土壤,用GC-ECD法分析了土壤中HCH(六六六)、DDT(滴滴涕)及其代谢物的残留情况.结果表明:HCH残留低于DDT,∑HCHs介于0.18~18.90 ng.g-1,平均值为1.97 ng.g-1,∑DDTs介于1.82~165.34 ng.g-1,平均值为31.41 ng.g-1;残留水平较高的是p,p′-DDE、p,p′-DDD和p,p′-DDT.部分表层土壤中的∑DDTs超出了中国土壤环境质量标准的自然背景值.初步分析结果表明武汉市郊土壤中HCH及DDT的含量处于低浓度
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运用PFU微型生物群落采样法在武汉东湖取样研究了六六六、滴滴涕、六氯苯等有机氯污染物在水中相间分布。将PFU(Polyurethanefoamunit)取样得到的挤出液 ,经细胞固定、超声、消解及分步萃取等不同的预处理步骤后 ,用GC ECD测定了各部分提取物中α HCH、β HCH、γ HCH、δ HCH、HCB、pp′ DDE等有机氯污染物的浓度。并用四膜虫模拟试验检验了细胞固定化、消解过程对微型生物的作用效果。结果分析表明 ,以上有机物主要以微型生物富集或颗粒物强吸附形式存在于水中 ,颗粒物弱吸附形
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分别在 2 0 0 1年和 2 0 0 2年用国家标准《水质 -微型生物群落监测 -PFU法》在香港米浦自然保护区的基围塘和红树林中监测水质 .在 3个基围塘中共鉴定出 91种原生动物 ,为香港地区的首次记录 .同时在群落级水平上分析了4种生态结构参数和 5种功能参数 .用化学的方法成功地监测出在此 3个基围塘的PFU挤出液中 pp′-DDE和PCB的浓度 ,并且获得两年一致性的结果 .本文化学和生物学结合的研究结果为测定水中超痕量持久性有机污染物 (POPs)的环境暴露与生态毒性提供了一种新的尝试 .图
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从鲤鱼3个亚种(Cyprinus carpio carpio,Cyprinus carpio haematopterus和Cyprinus carpiorubrofuscus)中选出具代表性的品系共10个,运用PCR方法,扩增出2.4 kb的mtDNA ND5/6区段.共用9种限制性内切酶进行酶切分析,结果表明,每个亚种拥有一种单倍型,有4种限制性内切酶(Dde I,Hae III,Taq I和Mbo I)酶切后产生了能将3个亚种区分开来的诊断性限制性酶切位点.可利用其作为鉴定3个亚种的遗传标记和遗传育种
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Prenatal exposures to persistent organic pollutants were assessed using the levels of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) measured in cord blood and meconium samples from Luqiao and two other localities of the Zhejiang province in China. Luqiao is a town with the largest site for disassembly of PCB-containing obsolete transformers and electrical waste in China. The other two localities Pingqiao (100 km NW of Luqiao) and Lin'an (500 km NW of Luqiao) are towns without known electronic or electrical waste sites. A total of 23 PCB congeners (including 12 dioxin-like) and 6 OCPs were measured using the traditional GC-mu ECD technique. Micro-EROD bioassay was additionally used to measure TCDD-based TEQ levels of the 12 dioxin-like PCBs. Significant correlations were found between the TEQs measured by the two methods, supporting the application of micro-EROD as a practical toot for complementing the chemical analysis. The data showed that beta-HCH, p,p'-DDE, and 6 PCB congeners (101, 138 153, 180, 183, and 187) were the predominant pollutants, with PCB 138 being the best indicator (predictor) for total PCB levels. Cord blood and meconium from Luqiao have higher levels of PCBs than those from the other two localities, suggesting that a disassembly site for electronic and electric waste would provide an environment for greater exposure to these chemicals. The cord blood or meconium levels of beta-HCH, though likewise considerably high, were comparable in the three localities. Similar findings were observed for p,p'-DDE. Pollution by these OCPs might have come from past use of agricultural pesticides in the three localities. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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Polyurethane foam unit (PFU) systems were collected from 11 lakes and three rivers in the Yunnan Plateau, China and, the PFU extrusion liquids, were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GCECD). The concentrations of pp'-DDE, HCB and HCHs were undetectable to 1.86 mu g l(-1) (mean 0.27 mu g l(-1)), undetectable to 0.72 mu g l(-1) (mean 0.11 mu g l(-1)), and 0.24-21.95 mu g l(-1) (mean 7.39 mu g l(-1)) respectively in lakes; and those in rivers were undetectable to 0.23 mu g l(-1) (mean 0.08 mu g l(-1)), 0.68-2.93 mu g l(-1) (mean 1.70 mu g l(-1)), and 2.71-37.56 mu g l(-1) (mean 17.01 mu g l(-1)) respectively. Notably, some residue levels of OCPs exceeded the US National Recommended Water Quality Criteria, implying Yunnan has levels of OCPs potentially harmful to human health. Further, the contamination by OCPs showed an obvious spatial distribution pattern. Amongst the lakes, Dianchi, Xingyun, Lugu and Yangzonghai had the highest OCP levels dominated by beta-HCH, whereas among rivers, Nujiang and Lancang Rivers had the highest contents of OCPs dominated by alpha-HCH. This demonstrates that HCHs are the predominant contaminants and some point sources of HCHs may still exist in Yunnan. The pollution levels in Yunnan were compared with other studies, suggesting the PFU method is suitable for long-term on-line monitoring of trace OCPs in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, continuous studies monitoring OCPs in lakes and rivers are needed to further understand the future trend of contamination. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Mitochondrial DNA ND5/6 region was studied by PCR-RFLP analysis among ten representative strains belonging to three subspecies (Cyprinus carpio carpio, Cyprinus carpio haematopterus and Cyprinus carpio rubrofuscus) of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). A total of 2.4 kb fragment was amplified and subjected to restriction endonuclease analysis with nine restriction endonucleases subsequently. The results indicated that each subspecies owned one hyplotype and four restriction enzymes (Dde I, HaeIII, Taq I and Mbo I) produced diagnostic restriction sites which could be used for discriminating the three subspecies and as molecular genetic markers for assistant selective breeding of common carp.
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调查了红枫湖周边水稻土的7种多氯联苯(PCBs)和13种有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量分布.结果显示,DDTs及其代谢产物、HCHs的异构体、异狄氏剂、七氯等有机氯农药及PCB 28和PCB 52在所有样品中均被检出.与国内外污染区相比,PCBs含量较低.研究区土壤中污染物的组成结果类似,PCBs以3~5氯取代的同属物为主,农药以DDTs为主.剖面土壤中∑PCBs含量范围为8.9~55.9 ng/g,主要以3~5氯取代的PCBs为主,平均占PCBs总量的89%.∑DDTs含量为4.7~42.6 ng/g,以p,p′-DDE,p,p′-DDT为主.DDT/(DDD+DDE)的比率表明红枫湖地区水稻田中DDTs的降解速率不同,暗示其环境条件的差异.α-HCH/γ-HCH为0.28~0.90,表明红枫湖地区水稻田中HCHs在环境中残留时间很长,经历了光解和生物作用等变化.PCBs对TEQ的贡献较低,为0.06~0.51 pg/g.
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对柑橘叶片气孔导度的模拟研究结果表明,柑橘叶片气孔导度的环境响应模型中环境变量至少需含有光合有效辐射在内的2个及其以上的环境变量;在温度较适宜的生长季除光合有效辐射外,环境变量对模型精度影响程度依次为饱和水汽压差>叶片温度>空气CO2浓度;在温度和空气CO2浓度变化较大的季节模型精确度则受单一环境变量和变量间交互作用的影响;3月份柑橘叶片气孔导度对环境因子的响应可采用Jarvis模型的G(Qp)g(De)形式,而7月、11月和3~11月份则均可采用G(Qp)g(De)g(Tl)形式描述