火炬松体细胞无性系建立及其形态发生调控的研究

火炬松（Pinus taeda L.）原产美国东南部，是世界南方松中最重要的绿化和造林用速生针叶树种，现广泛分布于全球亚热带和部分热带地区，在我国的栽植面积居世界第2位，仅次于美国。目前，火炬松离体快速繁殖、遗传转化和品种改良研究中最大的障碍是没有获得良好的植株再生体系。本研究以火炬松的成熟种子为试材，建立了可调控的体细胞胚胎发生和器官发生植株再生系统，并对再生过程中的形态学变化进行了细胞学观察和扫描电镜观察;建立了胚性细胞悬浮系，测定了其重要生长参数的变化动态，优化了悬浮条件下体细胞胚胎发生的培养条件及悬浮细胞原生质体直接体细胞胚胎发生的培养条件。 进行了HA、HB、HC、MA、MB、MC、LA和LB等8种不同基因型的成熟合子胚在BMS、DCR、GD、LM、LP、MNCI、MS、SH及自行设计的TE等9种不同基本培养基上的愈伤组织诱导试验，筛选获得了愈伤组织发生频率较高的基因型HB、MA和MC，及基本培养基DCR和TE。激素组合试验表明，2,4-D和BA最有利于愈伤组织发生。两因子5水平等重复的愈伤组织诱导试验及方差分析结果证实，8 mg•L~(-1)2,4-D和4 mg•L~(-1)BA是愈伤组织诱导的最佳激素组合。诱导产生的愈伤组织经2次继代后，可明显分为4种类型，它们是1）白色、半透明、有光泽的粘性愈伤组织（WTGM）;2）淡黄色、疏松、有光泽的颗粒状愈伤组织（YLGG）;3）淡绿色、疏松的颗粒状愈伤组织（GLG）;和4）浅白色、水浸状的粘性愈伤组织（WMM）。其中白色、半透明、有光泽的粘性愈伤组织有较强的体细胞胚胎发生能力，淡黄色、疏松、有光泽的颗粒状愈伤组织有较强的不定芽发生能力。这两种愈伤组织的最高诱导频率分别是28.1%和35.7%。 在附加2,4-D、IBA和BA的DCR体细胞胚诱导培养基上，白色、半透明、有光泽的粘性愈伤组织中的胚性细胞形成胚性胚柄细胞团和早期原胚。提高培养基中的渗透压后，早期原胚发育成后期原胚。在附加ABA、PEG和活性炭的DCR体细胞胚成熟培养基上，后期原胚发育成子叶胚。在无激素DCR培养基上，子叶胚萌发形成再生完整植株。体细胞胚转换成小植株的最高频率是18.4%。在直接体细胞胚诱导增养基和直接体细胞胚发育培养基的作用下，成熟合子胚的子叶和胚轴上直接形成体细胞胚。直接体细胞胚胎发生的最高频率是18%。 在附加NAA、IBA和BA的TE不定芽原基诱导培养基上，淡黄色、疏松、有光泽的颗粒状愈伤组织中的胚性细胞形成不定芽原基。在附加IBA和BA的TE不定芽分化培养基上，不定芽原基分化产生不定芽。用基因型HB、MA和MC的淡黄色、疏松、有光泽的颗粒状愈伤组织进行的试验表明，不定芽分化的最佳低温（4 ℃）处理时间是5～6周，最佳蔗糖浓度是25～30 g•L~(-1)。分化产生的不定芽在附加IBA、GA_3和活性炭的TE培养基上，幼茎伸长。附加IBA、BA和GA_3的TE培养基上，伸长的不定芽生根形成完整植株。伸长不定芽的最高生根频率是46%。成熟合子胚在直接不定芽原基诱导培养基及直接不定芽分化培养基的作用下，从子叶和胚轴的不同部位产生直接不定芽。直接不定芽发生的最高频率是58.2%。 由成熟合子胚诱导愈伤组织形成过程中的形态学观察表明：在附加2,4-D和BA的DCR愈伤组织诱导培养基上，HB、MA和MC3种基因型中，MA主要在下胚轴形成愈伤组织，MC主要在子叶和胚根形成愈伤组织，HB主要在胚根形成体积较小的愈伤组织。在附加NAA和BA的TE愈伤组织诱导培养基上，HB、MA和MC3种基因型中，MA在单个子叶的顶端形成生长较快的愈伤组织，MC的所有子叶都形成愈伤组织，HB在所有子叶的顶端形成愈伤组织。 石蜡切片观察表明：4类愈伤组织的细胞组成不同．第1类愈伤组织主要由核大、质浓、体积小的园形胚性细胞及核呈柱状或新月形的体积较大的非胚性细胞组成;第2类愈伤组织主要由核大、质浓、体积小的园形胚性细胞组成，第3类愈伤组织主要由体积较大的棒状、葫芦形、新月形、盾片状细胞组成、第4类愈伤组织主要由体积较大的薄壁细胞和细胞壁加厚、细胞间连结紧密、无细胞核的分化细胞组成，第1类愈伤组织上形成的早期原胚的特点是：胚性头部由排列紧密、体积小的园形细胞组成，轮廓十分清晰、呈半圆形，胚柄由排列疏松的长形细胞组成，细胞体积大、细胞中有大的液泡，早期原胚在发育过程中和母体组织保持一定的隔离状态。第2类愈伤组织上形成的不定芽的特点是t结构上为单极性，其维管束和母体组织保持密切联系。扫描电镜观察表明;直接体细胞胚基部和母体组织保持较少的联系，其子叶是直立生长的．直接不定芽基部和母体组织保持较多的联系，其幼叶是向心卷曲生长的。 在培养周期内，基因型HB、MA和MC胚性细胞悬浮培养物的几个生长参数的变化动态相似。鲜重增长高峰在12—15 d，干重增长高峰在15～18 d，细胞体积增长高峰和胚数增长高峰在18—21 d。在培养的18—21 d，培养液中的pH值、电导率和蔗糖浓度接近或降到最低点。在悬浮培养条件下，体细胞胚形成的最佳起始细胞密度是5～6×103个／ml。继代培养时间延长，体细胞胚胎发生能力下降。热激处理促进基因型HB和MA体细胞胚的形成，抑制基因型MC体细胞胚的形成。在悬浮培养物中，观察到了裂生多胚。 对数生长期的火炬松胚性悬浮细胞，在以甘露醇作为渗透压稳定剂的酶混合液Cel-lulase“Onozuka”RS l%+Cellulase“Onozuka”R-10 2.5%+Pectolyase Y-23 0.2%的作用下，原生质体的产量和活力均最高。原生质体在DCR和KM8P两种培养基上形成了体细胞胚（包括胚性胚柄细胞团、早期原胚和后期原胚）．体细胞胚形成的最佳起始原生质体密度是7×l04个/ml，最佳ABA浓度是4 mg．L-I．

On-line observation of interlaminar damage by ultrasonic inspection

This paper explores an on-line experimental method to highlight the process of internal damage development in composites by taking advantage of ultrasonic inspection. A loading device, which can work together with an ultrasonic inspection system, was designed, and the interlaminar shear damage of a double-sided grooved specimen of composite was examined on-line with the system. A full view of the progressive internal interlaminar damage, seen only with difficulty by common inspection methods, was successfully achieved.

Asymptotic analysis based on K-S constitutive law for a rubber wedge compressed by a line load at its tip

In the present paper, a rubber wedge compressed by a line load at its tip is asymptotically analyzed using a special constitutive law proposed by Knowles and Sternberg (K-S elastic law) [J. Elasticity 3 (1973) 67]. The method of dividing sectors proposed by Gao [Theoret. Appl. Fract, Mech. 14 (1990) 219] is used. Domain near the wedge tip can be divided into one expanding sector and two narrowing sectors. Asymptotic equations of the strain-stress field near the wedge tip are derived and solved numerically. The deformation pattern near a wedge tip is completely revealed. A special case. i.e. a half space compressed by a line load is solved while the wedge angle is pi.

An In-Situ Observation On Initial Aggregation Process Of Colloidal Particles Near Three-Phase Contact Line Of Air, Water And Vertical Substrate

The self-assembling process near the three-phase contact line of air, water and vertical substrate is widely used to produce various kinds of nanostructured materials and devices. We perform an in-situ observation on the self-assembling process in the vicinity of the three phase contact line. Three kinds of aggregations, i.e. particle-particle aggregation, particle-chain aggregation and chain-chain aggregation, in the initial stage of vertical deposition process are revealed by our experiments. It is found that the particle particle aggregation and the particle-chain aggregation can be qualitatively explained by the theory of the capillary immersion force and mirror image force, while the chain-chain aggregation leaves an opening question for the further studies. The present study may provide more deep insight into the self-assembling process of colloidal particles.

Stress-distribution around a rigid line in dissimilar media

The elastic plane problem of a rigid line inclusion between two dissimilar media was considered. By solving the Riemann-Hilbert problem, the closed-form solution was obtained and the stress distribution around the rigid line was investigated. It was found that the modulus of the singular behavior of the stress remains proportional to the inverse square root of the distance from the rigid line end, but the stresses possess a pronounced oscillatory character as in the case of an interfacial crack tip.

Spectral-line profile of turbulent gas

phases should be specified when the particle Reynolds number is higher than

Space-resolved spectral diagnosis of line-shaped laser-produced magnesium plasmas

Space-resolved spectra of line-shaped laser-produced magnesium plasmas in the normal direction of the target have been obtained using a pinhole crystal spectrograph. These spectra are treated by a spectrum analyzing code for obtaining the true spectra and fine structures of overlapped lines. The spatial distributions of electron temperature and density along the normal direction of the target surface have been obtained with different spectral diagnostic techniques. Especially, the electron density plateaus beyond the critical surface in line-shaped magnesium plasmas have been obtained with a fitting technique applied to the Stark-broadened Ly-alpha wings of hydrogenic ions. The difference of plasma parameters between those obtained by different diagnostic techniques is discussed. Other phenomena, such as plasma satellites, population inversion, etc., which are observed in magnesium plasmas, are also presented.

Inter-stage line ratio of He- and Li-like Ti emissions for the electron temperature measurement

Under coronal conditions, the steady state rate-equations are used to calculate the inter-stage line ratios between Li-like Is(2)2p(P-2(3/2))-> 1s(2)2s -> ((2) S-1/2) and He-like 1s2p (P-1(1))-> 1s(2) (S-1(0)) transitions for Ti in the electronic temperature ranges from 0.1 keV to 20 keV. The results show that the. temperature sensitivities are higher at the electronic temperature less than 5000 eV and the temperature sensitivities will decrease with the increase of electronic temperature.

Ultranarrow absorptive spectral line induced by microwave field

This paper investigates the absorptive spectral lines of four-level atomic system driven by a coupling, probe and microwave fields. Due to the perturbation of the microwave field, the original electromagnetically induced transparency is changed to electromagnetically induced absorption and the absorptive spectral line can be very narrow. This ultranarrow spectral line has potential applications to the microwave atomic frequency standard and the measurement of very weak magnetic field.