125 resultados para soil dissolved C pool

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大气CO2 浓度和降水量增加有可能大幅提高中国北方部分草地生态系统净初级生产力,进而导致向土壤中输送的有机物相应增加。本研究以位于内蒙古自治区东乌珠穆沁旗内的半干旱草地生态系统为研究对象,通过向10−20 cm 土层添加不同质量和数量的植物凋枯物碎屑模拟有机物输入增加和喷灌模拟降水量提升,同时测定土壤微生物群落动态和植物生长指标,探讨在增加有机物输入和土壤水分的情况下土壤生物过程的变化及其对土壤碳排放和贮存的反馈作用。 研究结果表明,有机物添加可促进植物地上部分及根系的生长,并显著提高土壤中可溶性有机碳(能量)和氮(养分)的含量。土壤能量和养分水平的提高促进了土壤微生物的生长:在底物可利用性水平较高时,r−对策微生物(指具有生长迅速、C/N 值较低的微生物群组)在群落中占优势地位;随着底物水平的降低,土壤中K-对策微生物(指具有生长缓慢、C/N 值较高的微生物群组)在群落中逐渐占据优势地位。土壤微生物群落组成的改变进一步导致了微生物功能群代谢活性和特征的变化,具体表现为提高了有机物添加处理中土壤细菌群落的代谢潜能,并使细菌在群落水平上的生理剖面特征明显区别于未添加有机物的处理。 研究样地内土壤微生物主要受到底物中的能量(碳)限制,土壤活性有机质库作为可利用性较高的能量和养分的重要来源,对土壤微生物活性和土壤碳周转起着比水分因子更加重要的作用。土壤水分主要影响植物生长和根系活性,并增加了土壤微生物对底物响应的复杂性,但它对地下生物过程的作用程度以底物中能量和养分水平为前提。 利用稳定性13C 同位素示踪技术测量后发现,添加C4-植物凋枯物会加速C3 底物中碳的分解速度。结合有机物添加后土壤有机质库的变化,可以推测植物凋枯物(即能量物质)输入增加会导致土壤原生有机碳的正向激发效应。在此过程中,土壤微生物群落组成及功能群代谢活性的变化起着至关重要的作用。 不同光合途径(C3 和C4)的植物和同一植物不同器官组织(地上部分和根系)的凋枯物添加对地下生物过程,特别是土壤微生物群落代谢功能的影响是不同的。在添加C3-草本凋枯物的处理中,土壤细菌群落主要利用的碳源为氨基酸类化合物;而在添加C4-植物凋枯物的处理中,土壤细菌群落主要利用的碳源为羧酸类化合物。 本研究在野外自然条件下证明了在能量缺乏的中国北方草地生态系统中,土壤有机物输入增加不但不会提高土壤有机碳库的大小,而且可能导致土壤原生有机碳的激发效应。在利用土壤呼吸与环境因子(如温度)的关系进行模拟预测土壤碳排放时,需要考虑不同生态系统底物中的能量和养分水平,以及土壤微生物和植物根系等地下生物过程对底物水平的适应性。

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土壤可溶性有机物质(Dissolved organic matter,DOM)作为土壤有机质的活性组分,在陆地生态系统物质循环中扮演非常重要的角色。土壤DOM的主要成分可溶性有机碳(Dissolved organic carbon,DOC)和氮(Dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)参与C、N循环过程。为深入揭示全球C、N循环过程机制,在未开展DOC和DON的地区进行相关研究是有必要的。森林土壤(包括枯枝落叶层)DOC、DON动态及调控机理的研究是目前国际上森林生态系统C、N循环研究热点之一。本研究立足于暖温带岷江上游茂县地区人工林植被,对土壤DOC和DON的库容量,季节动态及其与其它养分之间的关系进行了系统研究,旨在了解DOC和DON在该区生态系统中的重要作用,并探讨作为DOM主要来源的叶凋落物对DOC和DON的动态影响,研究有助于更加详细地了解该区生态系统C和N循环过程。本论文主要研究结论如下: 1研究了岷江上游地区两大主要土壤类型(棕壤和褐土)不同植物群落下土壤的DOC和DON含量及特征,结果表明:DOC和DON在两种土壤类型中均有库容量存在,DOC在0-10cm和10-20cm土层的含量幅度分别111.96~159.95 mg kg-1和69.02~100.84 mg kg-1。DON在0-10cm和10-20cm土层的含量幅度分别11.88~23.08 mg kg-1和4.70~10.77 mg kg-1。游离氨基酸在0-10cm和10-20cm土层的含量幅度分别0.84~1.66 mg kg-1和0.39~0.73 mg kg-1。DOC、DON与土壤中的一些养分因子表现出了显著的相关关系,共同反映了土壤的状况和质量,在该区开展DOC和DON的系统研究是有必要的。 2 对油松与连香树林地土壤DOC、DON以及其它化学指标的季节动态进行了研究,结果表明:油松与连香树林地土壤DOC和DON的季节动态变化表现了类似的规律,DOC和DON的含量均以秋季最高。DOC和DON的季节动态变化主要受凋落物生物因素的影响,但其微生物活力的生物因素以及降雨、温度等非生物因素也是控制土壤DOC和DON含量的重要因素。土壤DON在土壤中的行为不同于矿质氮,其季节动态不同于NO3--N和NH4+-N的季节动态,在研究N循环过程中,应考虑DON的变化情况。 3 对油松与连香树林地分解层和表层土壤(0-10cm)氨基酸周转动态进行了研究,结果表明:油松林地和连香树林地均以分解层的氨基酸含量高于矿质表层土壤的含量。每个取样时期,油松林地内各层次的氨基酸含量高于连香树林地内相应层次的含量。两林地各层次无机氮含量均超过了氨基酸的含量,并且室内培养30天后无机N的含量仍然高于氨基酸的含量,所以可以认为该区立地条件下无论是在有机分解层还是矿质土层植物吸收利用的氮素仍是以无机N为主。 4 松林下松针凋落物易于累积,这与松针凋落物分解缓慢有关,从而导致松林内养分周转缓慢。通过用不同性质凋落物和灌丛地土壤构建微生态系统,比较油松、辐射松、连香树、灌丛虎榛子凋落物分解对C、N循环过程的影响,结果显示油松和辐射松针叶凋落物比连香树、虎榛子凋落物分解更慢,减缓了养分循环过程。然而将针叶凋落物与阔叶凋落物混合后,油松和辐射松针叶凋落物的分解加快,C、N元素的循环过程也加速。此结果表明在松林内维持具有高质量凋落物的灌丛植被或在松林内栽植一些阔叶树种如连香树对维持和增进松树人工林的土壤肥力有重大的作用。室内培养的结果还显示添加凋落物后土壤DOC和DON的含量显著增加,表明凋落物是土壤DOM的直接来源。然而不同物种凋落物处理下土壤DOC和DON的含量有所不同,并随时间发生改变。混合凋落物处理下土壤DOC和DON的含量均高于松针凋落物单独处理下土壤DOC和DON的含量。DON是一个主要的水溶性N库,随时间的变化趋势与无机N的变化趋势不同,在土壤N循环过程中起到了中间N库的作用。 As a labile fraction of soil organic matter, dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a very important role in material cycling of terrestrial ecosystem. The turnover of DOM is now being considered as main components in nutrient cycling. DOM mainly includes dissolved organic carbon (DOC), -nitrogen (DON), -phosphorous (DOP) and –sulfur (DOS). Among these constituents, DOC and DON directly participate in C and N cycling. It is essential to study DOC and DON dynamics and their controlling factors in the areas where no related study has ever been carried out. Study about them can provide data supports on understanding the mechanism of the global C and N cycling. DOC and DON dynamics and their controlling factors have been focused on in the research of C and N cycling of forest ecosystems. Based on forest plantations of Maoxian, Minjiang River in warm temperate zone, soil DOC and DON pool size, their seasonal dynamics, and the correlation between DOC, DON and other nutrients were studied in order to understand the importance of DOC and DON in the study area. Soil DOC and DON dynamics induced by leaf litter decomposition were also studied. The study contributed to comprehensively understanding C and N cycling processes and providing baseline data for including DOC and DON into the indices system of evaluating nutrient conditions. The results were as follows: 1 Several different plant communities under brown soil and Cinnamon soil were chosen as sampling plots. The contents and features of soil DOC and DON were evaluated. The results showed that DOC and DON were present under the two soil types. DOC contents in the top soil (0-10 cm) and the subsoil (10-20 cm) respectively varied from 111.96 mg kg-1to 159.95 mg kg-1, and 69.02 mg kg-1 to 100.84 mg kg-1. DON contents in the top soil (0-10 cm) and the subsoil (10-20 cm) respectively varied from 11.88 mg kg-1to 23.08 mg kg-1, and 4.70 mg kg-1 to 10.77 mg kg-1. Free amino acid contents in the top soil (0-10 cm) and the subsoil (10-20 cm) respectively varied from 0.84 mg kg-1to 1.66 mg kg-1, and 0.39 mg kg-1 to 0.73 mg kg-1. Significant correlations were found between DOC, DON and some nutrient indices, which together reflected soil condition and quality. It was hence essential to study DOC and DON in the study area. 2 Seasonal dynamics of DOC, DON, inorganic N, microbial biomass C and N were studied under Pinus tabulaeformis and Cercidiphyllum japonicum plantation. The results indicated that seasonal dynamics of soil DOC and DON under the two plantations performed similar change pattern, with the highest values in autumn. The seasonal dynamics of soil DOC and DON were mainly influenced by the litterfall. However, biotic factors such as soil microbial activities and abiotic factors such as precipitation and temperature also controlled the dynamics of soil DOC and DON. The seasonal dynamic of DON was different from that of NO3--N and NH4+-N, which showed that the behavioral differences between DON and inorganic nitrogen. And hence, it was proposed to include DON into soil N cycling in the study area. 3 Amino acid dynamics in Oa and topsoil (0-10 cm) under P. tabulaeformis and C. japonicum plantation were studied. The results showed that amino acid content in Oa was significantly higher than that in mineral soil. At each sampling time, significantly higher amino acid contents were found in P. tabulaeformis plantation than in C. japonicum plantation. The content of inorganic nitrogen was much higher than the content of amino acid in each sampling layer at each sampling time. After a 30-days laboratory incubation the content of amino acid was still lower than the content of inorganic nitrogen. The results implicated that the form of N absorbed by plants in these study sites were mainly inorganic nitrogen. 4 Usually needle litter is more resistant to decomposition, which leads to needle litter accumulation in pure coniferous stands and slows down the rate of nutrient circulation. By constructing microcosms with local shrubland soil and containing the four single-species (P. tabulaeformis, P. radiata, C. japonicum, Ostryopsis davidiana) litters, the decomposition rates and related C and N dynamics of needle litters and broadleaved litters during the early stage were compared. The results showed that the decomposition rates of pine needles were lower than those of broadleaved litters, which descended C and N cycling processes. However, the presence of C. japonicum or O. davidiana litter into pine needles increased the decomposition rates of pine needles and also dramatically promoted C and N cycling processes. It should be appropriate for plantation managers to consider C. japonicum as an ameliorative species or remain O. davidiana in pine plantations to improve soil conditions and help maintain soil fertility. The laboratory incubation still showed that DOC and DON contents in all litter-amended treatments were significantly higher than no litter-amended treatment, which proved that litter could be a direct source of DOM in soils. Different species litters induced different soil DOC and DON contents, which correspondingly changed over time. DOC and DON contents in mixed litter treatments were higher than those in pine needle litter treatments. As a major soluble N pool, DON developed a different changing pattern over time compared with inorganic N and played a role of interim N pool in soil N cycling.

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本文采用野外观测和室内测定相结合的方法,研究了内蒙古草原两种主要的土地利用方式(开垦和放牧)对土壤碳库和温室气体通量的影响,结果如下: 1.内蒙古草甸草原开垦后30年后,与天然草原相比,在休闲年份0~20 cm土壤有机碳和土壤微生物量碳含量均没有显著下降,但开垦导致土壤易分解碳下降了24%。土壤易氧化碳受季节性水热因子的驱动,表现出明显的季节变化动态。因此,土壤易分解碳的较土壤碳库的其他组分对开垦更敏感,是表征土壤管理措施引起有机质变化的一个重要指标。 草原开垦后,土壤-植物系统氧化大气甲烷的能力明显提高,农田和天然草原CH4平均吸收通量分别是48.9 和 29.0 μg C m-2 h-1,开垦后增加了1.7倍。开垦没有改变CH4吸收通量 “夏季高秋季低” 的季节变化规律(由降水决定);开垦使N2O的平均释放通量增加了47%,农田和天然草原N2O平均吸收通量分别是56.6 和 38.6 ugN m-2 h-1;开垦同时也增大了通量的变异幅度;但没有改变N2O季节变化规律,只是出现高峰的时间较天然草原推后约10天左右。 2.开垦后的农田土壤在模拟添加厩肥后,刺激了土壤微生物的呼吸代谢,使CO2的释放量增加了5-7倍。试验期间总体排放的CO2中,约60%来源于羊粪,40% 来源于土壤。两种土壤即羊草顶级草原土壤(高碳高氮)和冷蒿-小禾草退化草原土壤(低碳低氮),在CO2的释放总量和释放比例上都没有显著性差异。添加厩肥均造成两种土壤碳库的净碳损失,并且退化草原土壤(7.0%)的土壤净碳损失要大于羊草草原(2.6%)。说明与开垦后的高C土壤相比,在已经退化草原的低C土壤上施厩肥将趋向于土壤更大的净碳损失。 3.自由放牧22年后,羊草草原0~10 cm土壤有机碳、微生物量碳和易分解碳分别下降了14.1%、27.9%和22.0%;大针茅草原0~5 cm土壤有机碳和微生物量碳分别下降了27.6%和38.2%。两类草原土壤碳组分的季节变化受水热因子的驱动,大针茅草原季节波动出现高峰的时间较羊草草原迟。土壤微生物量碳在表征羊草草原和大针茅草原土壤碳素的动态变化时,要敏感于土壤总有机碳。放牧对冷蒿-小禾草草原土壤各碳素组分影响不明显。在表征放牧对冷蒿-小禾草草原土壤的影响指示上,MB-C/ Org-C和Lab-C/ Org-C要比MB-C和Lab-C更加敏感。这说明在研究放牧对草原土壤碳库影响时,不同的草原类型应使用不同的指标来表征其变化。 内蒙古羊草草原是大气CH4的汇,自由放牧增加土壤对CH4的吸收。CH4平均吸收通量增加了27%,但CH4吸收的季节变化形式没有改变;放牧使。自由放牧还增大了N2O的排放通量,将原来N2O源、汇的双重功能改变为单一的源功能;放牧使N2O平均释放通量增加了1倍;放牧显著增加了羊草草原向大气排放CO2的量(p<0.05),并且年度排放量范围也有所增大。 4.草原羊尿斑土壤的pH和NH4+浓度在施后显著升高,但土壤微生物C和N没有明显变化,尿斑N素会发生大量的流失。粪斑和厩肥斑中各有46%和27%的N素分解后转移到植物中。羊草种群斑块上粪尿斑引起CO2和N2O通量的变化,要大于星毛委陵菜种群斑块。与植被类型的影响相比,羊粪尿斑尤其是尿斑对温室气体通量的影响更大。尿斑既降低了土壤对CH4的吸收,又增加了CO2和N2O的释放,使粪尿斑上相当于CO2的净排放量比对照土壤增加了15%。 在内蒙古草原中等放牧条件下,家畜粪尿斑在放牧草地上的覆盖面积约只有2%,与未被家畜排泄物覆盖的草原土壤 相比,粪尿斑对内蒙古草原温室气体总体收支产生的影响可以忽略不计。因此内蒙古草原地区温室气体减排措施的重点,应放在家畜的食性食量对温室气体的影响以及厩肥的科学利用上。但随放牧强度的加大,家畜排泄物覆盖草地的面积将大大增加,加之放牧生态系统中家畜瘤胃代谢产生的的大量温室气体,其对草原温室气体的核算将会产生的影响也是不容忽视的。

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依据黄土旱塬区黑垆土上中国科学院长武站长期定位试验(始于1984年),于2008年3月到6月,测定了冬小麦连作系统中返青期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和收获期土壤呼吸日变化、生育期变化以及土壤可溶性有机碳(Dissolved organic C,DOC)和微生物量碳(Soil microbial biomass C,MBC),研究了施肥措施对土壤呼吸、DOC和MBC的影响以及土壤呼吸与碳组分之间的关系。研究涉及6个处理:休闲地(F)、不施肥(CK)、有机肥(M)、氮肥(N)、氮磷肥(NP)和氮磷有机肥(NPM)。结果表明,冬小麦连作系统中土壤呼吸的日变化格局呈单峰曲线,最高值出现在12:00左右(拔节期)和14:30左右(成熟期),最小值出现在0:00~3:00之间或6:00左右;冬小麦土壤呼吸速率拔节期最高,其次是灌浆后期,抽穗期最低;不同施肥条件下,各生育期土壤呼吸速率大小顺序:NPM>M>NP>N>CK>F。土壤水分亏缺是导致抽穗期和灌浆期土壤呼吸速率降低的重要原因。各施肥处理DOC含量高低顺序为灌浆期>抽穗期>成熟期>返青期>拔节期;除M,NPM处理MBC含量拔节期>灌浆期外,各施肥处理MBC含量高低顺序...

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本文对东北地区松辽平原不同纬度农田土壤碳氮磷剖面分布特征进行比较研究,从北到南依次采集了黑土区的海伦、哈尔滨、德惠、公主岭和棕壤区的昌图、沈阳、大石桥玉米地土壤样品。所得主要结论如下: 各样点土壤有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而下降。海伦、哈尔滨和公主岭样点40~60cm土层土壤有机碳含量及其储量显著低于0~40cm土层;海伦、哈尔滨、德惠、公主岭和昌图样点土壤水溶性有机碳表现出随深度增加先升高后降低,在沈阳和大石桥样点土壤水溶性有机碳表现出随深度而下降的趋势;各样点0~20cm土层土壤微生物量碳含量高于20~40cm土层。典型黑土区海伦点0~100cm的SOC储量为213.4t•hm-2, 棕壤区昌图、沈阳、大石桥样点分别为69.9、87.9和73.4t•hm-2,海伦点SOC储量是棕壤区三样点的3倍左右。 土壤全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮及氮储量随剖面深度增加而下降。德惠点在20~40cm土层、沈阳点在40~60cm土层、昌图点在60~80cm土层的全磷含量最低;其他样点土壤全磷、有机磷含量和磷储量总体上呈现随土层深度增加而下降的趋势。黑土区样点土壤有机磷含量在40cm以下各土层迅速下降,而棕壤区各样点20cm以下各土层差异不显著。除公主岭和大石桥点外, 其他各样点土壤Olsen-P含量在0~20cm 土层显著高于20~40cm土层。 土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、全磷和有机磷含量随纬度增加而增加。营养元素在纬度上的分异主要受成土母质、气候条件等自然因素影响,施肥、耕作等人为活动对表层土壤营养元素分布的影响较大。除土壤水溶性有机碳外,土壤碳、氮和磷之间及其与其他基本理化性质间均存在显著的相关关系。

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To avoid the limitation of the widely used prediction methods of soil organic carbon partition coefficients (K-OC) from hydrophobic parameters, e.g., the n-octanol/water partition coefficients (K-OW) and the reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) retention factors, the soil column liquid chromatographic (SCLC) method was developed for K-OC prediction. The real soils were used as the packing materials of RP-HPLC columns, and the correlations between the retention factors of organic compounds on soil columns (k(soil)) and K-OC measured by batch equilibrium method were studied. Good correlations were achieved between k(soil) and K-OC for three types of soils with different properties. All the square of the correlation coefficients (R-2) of the linear regression between log k(soi) and log K-OC were higher than 0.89 with standard deviations of less than 0.21. In addition, the prediction of K-OC from K-OW and the RP-HPLC retention factors on cyanopropyl (CN) stationary phase (k(CN)) was comparatively evaluated for the three types of soils. The results show that the prediction of K-OC from k(CN) and K-OW is only applicable to some specific types of soils. The results obtained in the present study proved that the SCLC method is appropriate for the K-OC prediction for different types of soils, however the applicability of using hydrophobic parameters to predict K-OC largely depends on the properties of soil concerned. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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以广西西北部喀斯特地区的开垦草地生态系为对象,研究了草地开垦变为不同农田后对土壤有机碳库的效应。结果表明,草地开垦为农田后,土壤可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳及总有机碳的含量显著下降。自然草地开垦后,柑桔地土壤有机碳含量高于农作用地土壤。玉米与甘蔗轮作土壤有机碳含量高于甘蔗连作。13C示踪结果表明,柑桔地土壤有机碳中来源于草地的含量高于农田土壤;农田土壤有机碳中来源于草地的随种植年限的增加而降低。在玉米与甘蔗轮作的农田中,土壤有机碳中来源于玉米的高于甘蔗连作土壤有机碳中来源于甘蔗的。

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Afforestation in China's subtropics plays an important role in sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere and in storage of soil carbon (C). Compared with natural forests, plantation forests have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) content and great potential to store more C. To better evaluate the effects of afforestation on soil C turnover, we investigated SOC and its stable C isotope (delta C-13) composition in three planted forests at Qianyanzhou Ecological Experimental Station in southern China. Litter and soil samples were collected and analyzed for total organic C, delta C-13 and total nitrogen. Similarly to the vertical distribution of SOC in natural forests, SOC concentrations decrease exponentially with depth. The land cover type (grassland) before plantation had a significant influence on the vertical distribution of SOC. The SOC delta C-13 composition of the upper soil layer of two plantation forests has been mainly affected by the grass biomass C-13 composition. Soil profiles with a change in photosynthetic pathway had a more complex C-13 isotope composition distribution. During the 20 years after plantation establishment, the soil organic matter sources influenced both the delta C-13 distribution with depth, and C replacement. The upper soil layer SOC turnover in masson pine (a mean 34% of replacement in the 10 cm after 20 years) was more than twice as fast as that of slash pine (16% of replacement) under subtropical conditions. The results demonstrate that masson pine and slash pine plantations cannot rapidly sequester SOC into long-term storage pools in subtropical China.

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自工业革命以来,大气的C02浓度以前所未有的速度增加,已经由280μmol mol-1升高到了360μmol mol-l。据预测,到下个世纪中/末期,C02浓度将为目前的二倍。C02浓度升高及其引起的全球气候变化必将影响到植物的生长发育,进而对整个生态系统产生巨大影响。因此,有关C02浓度升高对各类生态系统的影响的研究引起了广泛关注,成为近年来的研究热点。早期的研究多数集中于考察C02浓度升高对植物个体水平生长发育的影响。然而,高C02对植物的效应严重依赖于具体物种和具体环境条件,使得基于由短期盆栽实验获得的研究结果不能够有效地预测自然生态系统的行为。因此,长期、原位处理实验越来越受到重视。由于原位研究的难度较大,目前这方面的研究还不是很多。有限研究结果显示,由于生境条件和种间关系方面的巨大差异,自然生态系统对C02浓度升高的反应迥异。 草原生态系统由于C02浓度控制上比较容易实现,而且其物质循环相对较快,因而一直是C02富集实验研究最多的一类植被,生态系统水平的研究更是如此。然而涉及的区域和草原类型并不多,不足以进行可靠预测。目前,关于C02升高效应,研究比较系统的草原生态系统主要集中在:美国Kansas的高草草原、美国California的一年生草原、瑞士西北部的石灰质草原、美国Colorado的矮草草原和一些牧场。我国总土地面积的40%为草地,类型丰富,然而相关研究不多,尤其是对自然生态系统的原位研究几乎为空白。 为揭示C02浓度升高对羊草草原生产力和碳平衡的效应,我们在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的永久羊草样地开展了两年的C02倍增实验(2001,2002)。在羊草样地选择相对均匀地段设置12个开顶式气室(直径1.8m),每个气室内分成4个小样方(0.5m×0.5m),其中6个气室在生长季给予加倍C02处理(约600μmol mol-l),另6个气室不补充C02(约300μmol moI-l)。地上部分用收割法取样,分种记录数量、高度和重量等指标,地下部分取样用环刀法。用Li-cor6400光合系统测定群落光合和呼吸速率。野外实验结束后,统一分析植物和土壤样品中的C、N等元素含量。另外,在内蒙古草原站院内设置了两组桶培实验,一组是取自羊草样地的带苗原状土,一组是取自羊草样地的混匀土,种上冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)的种子。2组桶培实验分别用两个水分梯度和两个C02梯度处理。水分处理分别为:浇水处理——每4天浇lOOOml水,相当于平均降雨量的160%;干旱处理——持续干旱,适时补水以保持植物不萎蔫,共浇水4000ml水。C02处理和取样方法与样地原位实验相同。主要研究结果和结论如下: 1)两年的C02加倍处理没有使羊草草原的生物量、植物种和功能型组成发生显著改变,桶培实验中,浇水处理显著促进了植物生长,原状土植物、种子苗实验的冰草和无芒雀麦对C02加倍处理同样不敏感,而种子苗实验的豆科植物紫花苜蓿在C02加倍处理下生物量显著提高。以上结果显示,由于水分和养分(特别是N)的限制,以及优势植物对C02的相对不敏感,C02浓度升高对羊草草原地上生物量和结构的效应相对不大。 2)羊草草原的根垂直分布在加倍C02条件下发生显著改变,但根生物量对C02加倍处 理相对不敏感。在4次取样中只有一次对C02加倍处理表现出显著变化,根长的变化与根生物量的变化不完全一致,根的比根长在加倍C02条件下增加。根垂直分布的变化趋势与降雨的时间分布相适应,干旱少雨时期C02使下层根量增加,多雨时期C02则使上层根量增加。以上结果显示,根的空间分布比根生物量对C02加倍处理更敏感。水分是根空间分布变化的驱动因子,加倍C02条件下,根空间分布的变化趋势倾向于优化对水分的充分利用。 3)加倍C02处理使羊草草原的群落光合速率显著提高,群落呼吸速率显著降低,因而使群落碳净输入量增加。土壤碳贮量占羊草草原碳总贮量的70%以上,碳总贮量及其组分(包括地上碳贮量、根碳贮量、土壤碳贮量)在两个C02浓度处理之问均没有显著差异。另外,加倍C02处理使羊草草原群落及其优势植物羊草的c:N比增加。以上结果显示,在加倍C02条件下羊草草原的碳净输入量增加,这意味着在未来高 C02条件F,羊草草原将作为碳汇对大气C02起反馈调节作用。其碳贮量对加倍C02 处理的不敏感与许多以前的研究结果相似,一般认为是由于土壤碳贮量本底太大, 掩盖了C02效应,这还有待于更长期原位实验的证实。羊草草原群落c:N比在高C02 浓度下的变化将影响凋落物降解、N素循环和动植物营养关系等,进而对生态系统 功能产生深远影响。

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利用中国科学院长武农田生态试验站的长期田间试验(1984年2~007年),研究了小麦产量,耕层有机碳变化,评价了土壤管理和气候因素对土壤有机碳(Soil organic C,SOC)变化的影响。研究涉及6个处理:休闲地(F);不施肥(CK);有机肥(M);氮肥(N);氮、磷肥(NP)和氮、磷、有机肥(NPM)处理。结果表明,施肥可以显著提高作物产量和SOC积累,CK、M、N、NP、NPM处理平均产量依次为1.5、2.6、2.0、3.3、4.0 t/hm2,2007年F、CK、M、N、NP、NPM处理0—20 cm土层SOC积累量依次为-1.09、0.76、8.59、1.02、3.42和9.5 t/hm2。作物产量与SOC含量呈显著的正相关关系(r=0.80),有机碳输入量与SOC含量相关性更好(r=0.97),外源有机碳的输入也是提高SOC的重要措施。施肥措施对作物固碳和SOC影响存在显著(P<0.05)差异。土壤固碳速率(Y)与SOC输入量(X)符合线性方程Y=0.231X-0.0813(r=0.98)。施肥可以提高黄土高原半干旱地区土壤生产力和SOC的积累,且无机肥和有机肥配施效果最佳。

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在黄土丘陵区选择从耕地、草地、灌木林到乔木林样地,不同样地内设立1m×1m(乔木10m×10m)的样方,分析样方内凋落物积累量、碳氮含量、土壤有机碳(SOC)和可溶性碳(DOC)含量变化。结果表明:天然草地、灌木林、乔木林凋落物积累量依次为5.3,12.1和32.4t.hm-2;但人工灌木林和乔木林的凋落物积累量分别为6.7和11.4t.hm-2,分别是天然灌木林和乔木林的1/2和1/3。随着植被的恢复,天然植被凋落物的C/N高于人工植被(刺槐林除外)。与耕地SOC(4.67g·kg-1)相比,天然灌木林地SOC提高5.9倍,人工灌木林地提高1.8倍;天然乔木林地提高8.0倍,而人工乔木林地仅提高4.0倍。凋落物积累量与0~20cm土层土壤有机碳存在显著线性相关关系(R2>0.83),但20cm以下线性相关关系不显著。凋落物积累量与0~10cm土壤可溶性碳含量存在显著线性相关关系(R2>0.893),与10~60cm土层线性相关关系不显著,与80~100cm土壤可溶性碳存在显著线性负相关关系。

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管理措施是影响土壤质量演变的重要因素。分析和讨论了5、101、5年苹果园耕层(0—20 cm)和0—200 cm土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效磷和硝态氮含量及其影响因素。结果表明,5年、10年和15年的塬面苹果园表层土壤有机碳依次为7.5、6.7和6.7 g/kg;全氮依次为0.940、.85和0.83 g/kg;但土壤全磷和速效磷含量随着种植年限而增加,与5年苹果园相比,塬面10年苹果园土壤全磷、速效磷含量分别提高了11%、60%,并且磷素的变异性随年限而增加。坡地10年、15年和20年苹果园土壤有机碳依次为6.36、.2和6.5 g/kg,全氮依次为0.76、0.76和0.81 g/kg;与10年苹果园相比,15年苹果园土壤全磷、速效磷含量分别提高了20%、28%。土壤剖面0—80 cm内不同土地利用方式土壤碳、氮、磷含量随土层加深而降低,80 cm以下不同利用条件苹果园土壤碳、磷含量差异不大,氮素含量在100 cm土层下随苹果园种植年限增加而增加。