游牧文化、草地利用方式变迁与现代生态系统管理 — 以内蒙古锡林河流域为例

锡林郭勒草原位于内蒙古自治区中部，草地面积居我国11片重点牧区之首，是我国温带典型草原的核心分布区和重要的草地畜牧业生产基地。长期以来，锡林郭勒草原作为我国北方地区的一道重要的绿色生态屏障，有效地阻止了草原腹地的土壤侵蚀、沙化以及来自中亚和我国西部的沙尘侵害，对于维持整个华北地区，特别是京、津大都市的生态环境安全起着极其重要的作用。然而，近几十年来，由于人类活动的强度干扰锡林郭勒草原发生了严重退化，生产力显著降低，草原的生态服务功能日益衰减。本文以锡林郭勒草原传统的游牧文化和草地利用方式的变迁作为切入点，以锡林河流域为案例，深入分析了社会驱动力在草地退化过程中的主导作用，目的在于揭示土地利用方式的变化、农牧业人口的剧增和牲畜数量在时间和空间分布的变化趋势与锡林河流域草地退化的关系，进而探求锡林河流域草地畜牧业的可持续发展途径。同时，近年来由于草地退化速度的加剧和草地退化面积的不断扩张，以及世界许多资源保护计划和可持续发展项目的失败，人类原始的土著文化对当地生态环境的保护和维持作用，引起了自然和社会科学界共同的关注，本文应用草地调查和社会调查的方法以及GIS技术对锡林河流域草地退化时空分布规律及其成因进行了研究。 原始游牧是锡林郭勒草原历史悠久的草地利用方式，而草原游牧文化则是蒙古族传统文化的重要组成部分。随着人类社会不断地走向文明和现代化，传统的游牧逐渐地被半定居和定居定牧的方式所取代，蒙古族传统的草原游牧文化也随之走向衰落。本文采用社会调查方法对锡林河流域已经结束了50多年的游牧利用方式进行考察，探讨了不同土地利用方式时空格局，以及土地利用方式变迁对草地退化格局的影响，进而强调了传统的草原游牧文化对于人类的行为规范、价值观念、环境保护和维持生态系统功能的重要意义。 以1984年和2004年开展的大量草地调查数据为基础，结合同期的TM数据，分析了20年来锡林河流域草地退化程度及其空间分布，结果发现锡林河流域草地退化面积达到70％之多，从东南向西北草地退化程度明显加剧。同上世纪80年代中期相比，锡林河流域植被在近20余年来的变化状况表现为：局部恢复，部分地区变化不明显，总体上呈现出不断恶化的发展势头。通过对位于 锡林河流域的锡林浩特市及其邻近地区的社会驱动因子的分析，并应用统计学和GIS空间分析的方法，对锡林河流域土地利用、牧业人口和牲畜数量等因子在近35年来的变化过程进行了系统研究，发现土地利用变化、人口的急剧增加、以及过度放牧是导致锡林河流域草地退化加剧的主要原因。 在上述分析的基础上，以适应性生态系统管理和可持续性科学的基本理论为指导，对锡林河流域的生态环境保护和草地畜牧业的可持续发展提出了一些具体的建议和措施。

Forward-Running Detonation Drivers for High-Enthalpy Shock Tunnels

To improve the quality of driving flows generated with detonation-driven shock tunnels operated in the forward-running mode, various detonation drivers with specially designed sections were examined. Four configurations of the specially designed section, three with different converging angles and one with a cavity ring, were simulated by solving the Euler equations implemented with a pseudo kinetic reaction model. From the first three cases, it is observed that the reflection of detonation fronts at the converging wall results in an upstream-traveling shock wave that can increase the flow pressure that has decreased due to expansion waves, which leads to improvement of the driving flow. The configuration with a cavity ring is found to be more promising because the upstream-traveling shock wave appears stronger and the detonation front is less overdriven. Although pressure fluctuations due to shock wave focusing and shock wave reflection are observable in these detonation-drivers, they attenuate very rapidly to an acceptable level as the detonation wave propagates downstream. Based on the numerical observations, a new detonation-driven shock tunnel with a cavity ring is designed and installed for experimental investigation. Experimental results confirm the conclusion drawn from numerical simulations. The generated driving flow in this shock tunnel could maintain uniformity for as long as 4 ms. Feasibility of the proposed detonation driver for high-enthalpy shock tunnels is well demonstrated.

Drivers of soil net nitrogen mineralization in the temperate grasslands in Inner Mongolia, China

Soil net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) of four grasslands across the elevation and precipitation gradients was studied in situ in the upper 0-10 cm soil layer using the resin-core technique in Xilin River basin, Inner Mongolia, China during the growing season of 2006. The primary objectives were to examine variations of NNM among grassland types and the main influencing factors. These grasslands included Stipa baicalensis (SB), Aneulolepidum Chinense (AC), Stipa grandis (SG), and Stipa krylovii (SK) grassland. The results showed that the seasonal variation patterns of NNM were similar among the four grasslands, the rates of NNM and nitrification were highest from June to August, and lowest in September and October during the growing season. The rates of NNM and nitrification were affected significantly by the incubation time, and they were positively correlated with soil organic carbon content, total soil nitrogen (TN) content, soil temperature, and soil water content, but the rates of NNM and nitrification were negatively correlated with available N, and weakly correlated with soil pH and C:N ratio. The sequences of the daily mean rates of NNM and nitrification in the four grasslands during the growing season were AC > SG > SB > SK, and TN content maybe the main affecting factors which can be attributed to the land use type.