森林生态系统的养分循环-一个温带落叶阔叶林生态系统的研究

l、有机质和全N在草甸土壤的不同层次之间呈现明显的差异，表现力随着土壤深度的增加，含量逐渐降低。无机N包括NH4+-N和No3--N在土层之闻的差异并没有象全N和有机质那么显著。NH4+-在表面30Cm的土壤中明显高于NO3--N的。全P在各层土壤中的含量差异并不显著，但有效p在三层土壤中表现出明显的差异，表现为随土壤深度的增加而降低。 K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe和AI等6种金属元素的可交换成分在革甸土壤中的含量除K表现出明显的土层间的差异外，在表层30cm的土壤中并没有明显的随土壤深度变化的趋势。 有机质和全N在东灵山地区主要森林土壤中的含量以0~lOcm土层中的显著高于10~20cm的土层中的。20cm的土层中无机N中也以NH4+-为主，这与草甸土壤中的一致。全p和有效P在两个土层之间的差异并不十分显著，而以0^lOcm土层略高于10～20Cm土层的。 K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe和AI等6种金属元素的可交换成分在不同土层间的差异以K和Ca较为明显，K和Ca在O—1Ocm的土层中要高于lO-20cm的。 森林土壤中的有机质、全N（包括NH4+-N）、全p（包括有效P)都表现为低于亚高山草甸土壤中的，主要原因是亚高山革甸分布于海拔1800cm至2300m，而主要森林类型则基本分布在海拔120m至1500m，亚高山草甸较为恶劣的气候条件明显不利于有机质的矿化，因而分解速率较低，积聚了较多的有机质．而森林土壤中较低的NH4+-N和有效P则可能是由于森林中旺盛的生命活动，尤其是微生物的活动，而大量被植物和微生物固持，因而，即使在森林土壤中有较高的矿化速率，但仍具有较低的NH4+-N和有效p的含量． 不同类型的森林土壤之间各化学成分并没有发现有明显的变化趋势，即使森林类型差异较大的落叶阔叶林和针叶林之间也并没有发现十分显著的差异，这说明各森林类型土壤之间养分特征的一致性。两种针叶林均为人工林，林龄不超过30，而在这之前推测也是以落叶阔叶林为主，森林土壤在这30年间并没有发生十分明显的变化。 在l100m至I500m之间的各种森林类型的土壤也没有表现出十分明显的与海拔高度的相关性。同一森林土壤在不同时间的采样之间，各化学成分也没有表现出明显的差异。 2、降水引起的树干茎流水分中全N的含量在降水季节的初期的含量略高于大量降水期间的。而在降水季节后期，随着每次降雨量的减少，降水间隔时间的增加，树干茎流中N的含量明显地有很大幅度的升高。NO3-N在树干茎流中的含量也同样受到了降水量的影响，表现在后期也发生显著的升高，但升高的幅度没有全N的大。受到降水量影响的元素还有S。 全p在树干茎流水分中含量随降水时间的变化，在各个树种之间有很大的差异。 其它几种元素的可交换态在茎流水分中的含量以K的含量为最高;其次是S、ca、Mg，AI在所有分析的元素中含量最低。不过，AI在降水初期(6月22日)的取样中，含量在几个树种的茎流水分样品中普遍较高，Ca和Mg也被发现有类似的情形。 穿透雨中全N的含量在降水初期略高于降水中期的，而至降水末期时又略有升高，这种格局与树干茎流水分中的具有一致性。全P、K、Ca、Mg、S．ＡＩ等包括全N及其无视成分与树干茎流中的含量的差异并不显著． 地表径流中的全N含量在去除枯枝落叶层的径流场的变化格局与树干茎流和穿透雨中的较为一致．表明这三者之间存在一定的相关性．但与未去除枯枝落叶层的径流场的径流水分中全N和NO３－Ｎ的含量并不十分一致，全N和NO３－N的含量有时较高． 取自马牙石沟流水堰口的集水区水样中全N和NO３-N的含量均变化在l～3ｍｇ／L之间;而取自南沟流水堰口的集水区水样中的全N和N03-N的含量均在l～2mg／L之间，但在这两者之间并没有十分显著的差异，说明取自两个集水区溪流水分中的全N和N03-N的含量基本一致。 3、通过对三个森林立地乔木层生物量的两次调查（相隔6年），发现尽管以辽东栎为主要优势树种的暖温带落叶阔叶混交林（91- 03）第一次调查的生物量低于辽东栋林（91 - 02）和桦木林（91 - 04)的，但在生长6年后，该立地的乔木层生物量已明显超过桦木林的，其增长速率在三个样地中为最高。 根据两次调查的结果，三个样地中出现的11种乔木树种胸径的增加可以分成两组，第一组包括北京花楸、糠椴、白桦和辽东栎，另一组则由山杨、五角枫、棘皮桦、大叶白蜡、蒙椴、黄花柳和沙涞组成。6年中，第一组树种的胸径增加量在1.O～l.4em之间，而第二组的增量在0.2~O.9cm之间，两者之间具有显著的差异。 常用的生物量预测模型包括两个因子，即胸径(D)和树高(H)。D通常可以实测得到，但H大部分只能估计得到。本研究通过比较6年前后两次树高的实际估测结果，证明用D和H共同建立的模型预测结果可能会产生较大的人为误差，建议改用D的单因子预测模型。 无论是实测结果还是树木年轮分析结果，都表明处于目前径级水平的暖温带地区分布的这几个树种还处在不断生长的过程中，随着年龄的增加，表现为胸径还有很大程度的增加，因为这些树种目前的大径级个体的年平均增加速率大于小径级的． 树木年龄与胸径的相互关系的分析结果表明，树木年龄和胸径可以很好地用饱和模型Y=a-be－ｃｘ来拟合． 4、通过近5年对辽东栎枝条( D<0.5cm)和叶片凋落物分解的观察和分析，发现辽东栎枝条的总失重率达到了43%，分解速率常数k为2.713x10－3／周，而叶的总失重率则可以达到70%，分解速率常数k为6.234xl0-3/周. 枝条分解过程中的有机质含量变化可以分为三种类型，一种是单调上升型的，如蛋白质，其含量从3.5%增加到约6%;-种是单调下降型的，如半纤维素，约从15%降低至7%;另一种则是相对变化不大，如粗纤维（包括纤维素和木质素），粗纤维的含量变化在58％±3%，木质素变化在56%±2.5%，纤维素则变化在1%～3%之间。 用Olson指数方程拟合，结果表明粗纤维、木质素和半纤维素三者的分解以半纤维素为最快，分解速率常数为5.693xl0-3／周，其次是木质素和粗纤维，分别为2.461x10-3/周和2.352xl0-3／周．而蛋白质和纤维素的拟合结果较差或根本无法拟合． 用Olsoｎ指数方程拟合的结果表明，有些元素在凋落物分解过程中可以很好地用该方程拟合，如K，Na、Mn和C，p和N，Mg，Zn，而一些元素如Ca和Cu没有取得很好的拟合效果。 几种元素在叶片凋落物分解过程过程的丢失速率也以K为最快，其它元素的顺序为，e，N，p，Na，Mn，Mg和Ca（Ca的拟合效果较差），而Cu、Zn也不能很好地用Olson指数方程拟合。 5、根据对东灵山地区6年(199l~1997)的气象观测结果，可得到该地区的年平均降水量和总降水量，用1994年分析的降水中养分含量的数据可以近似计算得东灵山地区每年通过降水进入该暖温带落叶阔叶林生态系统的几种养分输入量。同理可以计算降水输入养分在树干茎流和穿透雨中的分配，还可以计算养分从地表径流中的输出。通过对这几个水分循环的主要环节中养分输入或输出量的计算，发现每年通过降水而进入系统的养分，大部分将积累在系统中，而输出份额只占很小的一部分。 K和Mg两种养分元素在降水通过林冠和树干表面时，将产生大量的淋溶，而Ca的淋溶较小．N、P和AI则产生少量的吸附或吸收。对于S来说，淋溶和吸收或吸附作用相当，或两者都很小。 通过生物量的年平均增量和生物量中的养分含量可以计算得到每年积累在生物量中的养分量即存留量，同理可以计算年凋落物中的养分量、归还量及生物系统从土壤中吸收的养分量，每年养分的存留率．通过以上计算，发现该落叶阔叶林对养分的存留率较低，这可能是由于该落叶阔叶林森林生态系统每年具有较高的养分归还量，对于一些元素来说，还具有较高的淋溶量，尤其是K和Mg．

北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种水分生理生态研究

本文研究了北京山区落叶阀叶林优势种一辽东栎、大叶白蜡、北京丁香、核桃楸、山杏和荆条等乔灌木的稳定碳同位素比率，长期水分利用效率、植物蒸腾特性和土壤植物体的水分运动特点，并从植物解剖学的角度研究了这些植物叶片特点和其水分生理生态特性的关系。 对北京山区落叶阔叶林生态系统这几种乔、灌木植物叶片中的碳稳定性同位素比率(δ¹³C值)测定结果显示，这些植物叶片的δ¹³C值受多种因子的影响，具有较大的种间差异及时空异质性。主要表现在不同植物种叶片δ¹³C值不同，其排列顺序为山杏(- 24.75±0.85%。>大叶白蜡(- 25,94±1.52%。)=荆条(- 26.01±1.63%。)=辽东栎(一26.07±1.17%。)=北京丁香(-26.46±0.80c70。)>核桃楸(-28.11±1.52%。);生长初期叶片δ¹³C值较生长末期高，尤以核桃楸和辽东栎表现明显其生长初期和末期的叶片δ¹³C值皆相差达3‰;生境条件，特别是土壤水分含量和土层厚度，对植物叶片的813C值的高低有较大的影响，生长在于旱生境中的植物具有较高的δ¹³C值。另外，即使是同一株植物，叶片δ¹³C值也因其在冠层中所处的位置不同而异，冠层项部叶片的δ¹³C值高于林冠内部的叶片。北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种的长期水分利用效率与种的特点有关，山杏最高(4.950±0．l71mmolC0_2•mol-1H_2O)，核桃楸最低(3.760±0.203mmolC0_2•mol-1H_2O)，大叶白蜡、荆条、辽东栎和北京丁香居中(4.346- 4.530 mmolCO_2•mol-1H_2O)，大部分植物长期水分利用效率在春季（5月）较高，秋季较低，荆条由于物候期的特殊性在其生长季初期较低，而后逐渐增高。核桃楸在不存在水分亏缺情况下，树干液流速率受微气候因子的影响，液流速率的最大值达1600g•hour 左右。树干液流速率的日进程和大气相对湿度、温度的日进程具有相当好的生态学同步性。通过对核桃楸夜晚树干液流的分析可以得出其有根压存在的结论。 植物叶片和枝条中自由水和束缚水含量主要决定于植物种的特性，枝条的年龄、生境特点，特别是土壤水分特点。在落叶阔叶林I(样地2)中植物叶片自由水含量的排列顺序是：北京丁香>核桃楸>大叶白蜡>辽东栎;而杂灌丛（样地1）中植物叶片自由水含量的排列顺序是：核桃楸>大叶白蜡>山杏>荆条>北京丁香>辽东栎，可见群落类型对植物自由水含量影响是很大的，植物束缚水含量与其自由水含量的格局完全相反，荆条、山杏等植物含量高，核桃揪含量低。枝条水分含量有与叶片水分含量相类似的特点。 北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种的水分生理生态学特性和其叶片的特点有很大的关系，首先是植物叶片的特点总是和其种的特性相联系，主要表现在叶的类型、叶片上毛、气孔密度、着生方式等，如荆条叶片上下表面都密被披针形毛，气孔小，核桃楸气孔较大且凸出，大叶白蜡叶片上的气孔凹陷，辽东栎的气孔呈椭圆状，保卫细胞上有许多白色蜡质结晶。有一些种有环状的气孔外缘。生境的变化对叶片的形态特征有影响，在全光照条件下叶片小而犀，而在庇荫条件下叶片大而薄，在扫描电镜下可见全光照条件下北京丁香叶片基本无毛，庇荫条件下则有短微毛，全光条件下荆条叶片上毛有小乳头状凸起，庇荫条件下没有。本文所研究的植物种气孔都着生在叶片的下表面，气孔密度的大小排列顺序是：辽东栎>山杏>北京丁香>核桃楸>大叶白蜡。经方差分析显示种闷气孔密度存在极显著性差异。对所研究植物的气孔导度和环境因子、叶片解剖特点进行线性回归分析，得到了总体的和各个种的回归模型，结果表明光照强度、气孔密度等对气孔导度影响显著，但因种的不同相互之间存在差别。 植物的蒸腾速率受多因子的影响，主要有种的特点、微气候因子（光照强度、大气相对湿度、叶面温度、叶室温度等）和土壤水分特点。植物的蒸腾速率日进程和微气候因子日进程有相当好的生态学同步性。对辽东栎的蒸腾速率和光照强度的研究发现二者有很好的线性关系。这些植物蒸腾速率都表现出一定规律的日进程和季节进程，大多数植物蒸腾速率在一天中有数次波动，最高峰一般出现在中午12时之前;在整个生长季中，6月底至8月初的蒸腾速率高于其他月份。

岷江源头区植被景观与流域土壤侵蚀的动态相关性

作为复杂的生态过程之一，土壤侵蚀常常被空间景观异质性影响。深入地研究土壤侵蚀与植被景观的相关性对以减少水土流失为目的的河流中上游生态恢复工作来说十分重要。本文利用遥感和GIS 技术，对岷江源头区的植被景观和土壤侵蚀动态（1974年～2002 年）进行分析，并从景观生态学的角度，系统地研究了整体植被景观和不同的植被景观类型的景观特征与土壤侵蚀量、侵蚀模数以及土壤侵蚀强度的相关性，得出的结论主要有以下几个方面：1. 从植被景观特征与土壤侵蚀量和土壤侵蚀模数的相关性的角度出发，森林能最大限度地控制土壤侵蚀，草地对土壤侵蚀的控制能力不及森林，而且能在一定程度上增加土壤侵蚀。灌丛与土壤侵蚀量和土壤侵蚀模数的关系则比较复杂，还需要进一步地研究。农用地与森林、灌丛、草地等植被类型不同，它的增加将会明显地增加产沙量。随着各景观类型（灌丛除外）分布的镶嵌性的增强，土壤侵蚀量和侵蚀模数会减少。2. 从植被景观特征与土壤侵蚀强度的相关性的角度出发，在景观水平上，植被景观的景观多样性指数、景观破碎度指数、景观形状指数和景观聚集度指数均与土壤侵蚀强度有明显的相关性。在较轻侵蚀强度的区域中的植被景观具有更丰富的多样性和更低的破碎程度，景观的组分和结构都更加复杂，景观斑块的形状也比较复杂。同时，植被景观的空间异质性也较强。3. 从不同景观类型对土壤侵蚀强度的控制能力大小看：针叶林> 落叶阔叶林>针阔混交林> 灌丛> 草地> 农用地。同时，对于除农用地以外的其他植被景观类型来说，增加其平均斑块面积和形状的复杂性会在一定程度上减少土壤侵蚀强度。而对于农用地来说，斑块形状的简单化以及分布形式的均匀镶嵌化则是减少土壤侵蚀强度的有效手段。 As a complex ecological process, soil erosion is affected by the spatial landscape heterogeneity.The relation between soil erosion and landscape characteristic weights a lot in ecosystemrestoration that aim to control the soil erosion in watershed. By means of RS and GIStechniques, this study analyzed dynamic variations in landscape characteristic and soil erosionin the Minjiang headwater region over a period of 28 years to elucidate the interrelationshipsbetween landscape characteristics and soil erosion. The results are as follows:1. In terms of relation between landscape characteristics and soil erosion module, forest canmitigate the soil erosion much better than grass. The relation between shrub and soil erosionmodule is rather complicated that requests further more study to confirm how those two factorscorrelated with each other. Cultivated land differs from other landscape classes in creatingconditions most favorable for soil erosion. Moreover, the dispersion of all landscape classes,except for shrub, correlates with soil module negatively.II2. In terms of relation between landscape characteristics and soil erosion strength, the diversityindex, fragment index, shape index and contagion index of the vegetation in Minjiangheadwater region at landscape-level correlated with soil erosion clearly. Vegetation landscapein No and Slight erosion region is more diverse, fragmental and constructed in more complexway. The shape of those vegetation patches is also more complicated. The spatial heterogeneityof the vegetation landscape is much more evident than that located in moderate and strong erosion region too.3. At class-level, different landscape classes affected soil erosion strength in different ways.Taking the mitigating effect on erosion strength into consideration, landscape classes can bearranged in this turn: coniferous forest > Deciduous forest > Mixed forest > Shrub > Grassland > Cultivated land. At the same time, for most landscape classes, except for cultivated land,increase the mean patch size and complicate the shape of patch will help to relieve the erosionstrength. However, for cultivated land, simplifying the shape of patch and scattering thepatches have the same effect.

黄土高原生物气候分区与该区生态系统的恢复

根据不同的生物气候状况 ,可将黄土高原分成五个生物气候区 :暖温带湿润半湿润森林区、暖温带半湿润半干旱森林草原区、中温带半干旱典型草原区、中温带干旱半干旱荒漠草原区以及中温带干旱草原化荒漠区。紧密结合上述生物气候区域特征 ,将生态学的有关原理引入到该区的治理与生态恢复中 ,提出了治理黄土高原的新模式 :正确实施生物措施 ,人工模拟天然生态系统。该区的生态恢复应从系统的角度考虑 ,并严格遵守生态学的有关规律在不同的生物气候区构建与该区大环境一致的不同的生态系统 ,改变过去那种在黄土高原全面造林而又成效不佳的做法

子午岭60年辽东栎林种子质量与森林更新

辽东栎是我国暖温带落叶阔叶林地带的优势乔木树种之一。通过26年的定位监测,对子午岭辽东栎林种子质量消减、种子萌发与环境条件、实生苗时空分布动态以及对其森林更新的影响等方面进行了初步探讨。结果表明:辽东栎林在子午岭半阳坡、半阴坡和阴坡3种类型中,平均完好种子占种子总数的26.65%;霉变种子占18.72%;动物取食虫蛀种子在阴坡远高于半阴坡和半阳坡,占到种子总数的26.32%;已发芽的种子占其总数的28.31%,且半阴坡>半阳坡>阴坡。每年均有大量种子生产,但在生境与动物的共同作用下,种子数量和质量受到很大影响,多达73.35%的种子失去生命力,直接影响实生苗的形成;地表覆盖物虽能促进种子的快速发芽,但对成苗却是一个物理障碍,影响是负作用的,主要影响因子是地表覆盖物的厚度和含水量;在辽东栎林下虽有一定的实生幼苗分布,但数量极少,平均密度仅为140~120株/hm2,且不同立地条件差异显著,严重影响森林的天然更新。

黄龙世界自然遗产地岷江冷杉原始林群落结构与植物多样性：生境差异性研究

黄龙世界自然遗产地岷江冷杉林(Abies faxoniana)生境类型多样，群落结构复杂，群落植物种类组成多样性丰富。揭示不同生境的生物多样性及其差异是认识生物多样性格局、形成及维持机制的前提和进行多样性保育的基础。本文采用样方法对黄龙钙化滩生境、阴坡非钙化生境及半阳坡非钙化生境的岷江冷杉原始林植物群落结构及植物多样性进行了研究。结果表明： 黄龙岷江冷杉林具有明显的复层异龄结构，垂直结构明显，乔木、灌木、草本、苔藓层次分明。共发现高等植物386 种，其中维管植物46 科103 属163 种，苔藓植38 科83 属物223 种。各层片结构及物种组成如下: (1)钙化滩生境、阴坡非钙化生境、半阳坡非钙化生境分别发现乔木18 种、13种、8 种。乔木层均可分为两个亚层，第一亚层优势种均为岷江冷杉，第二亚层主要为岷江冷杉异龄树或其它大高位芽物种。钙化滩生境第一亚层除优势种岷江冷杉外混生有巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)、粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)以及阔叶树种白桦(Betula platyphylla)等，第二亚层主要为岷江冷杉异龄树；阴坡非钙化生境第一亚层除优势种岷江冷杉外间有巴山冷杉和白桦，第二亚层物种主要为川滇长尾槭(Acer caudatum var. prattii)；半阳坡非钙化生境第一亚层除优势种岷江冷杉外混生有巴山冷杉，第二亚层主要为岷江冷杉异龄树。依乔木层优势种的差异，钙化滩生境及半阳坡非钙化生境为岷江冷杉纯林，阴坡非钙化生境为岷江冷杉－川滇长尾槭混交林。不同生境乔木层郁闭度、乔木密度、树高结构、直径结构均存在差异。 (2)钙化滩生境发现灌木41 种，平均盖度为18.49±1.72(％)，平均高度为52.12±4.45(cm)，优势种为直穗小檗(Berberis dasystachya)；阴坡非钙化生境发现灌木30 种，平均盖度为29.33±2.56 (％)，平均高度为119.55±8.01 (cm)，优势种为箭竹 (Fargesia spathacea) 、唐古特忍冬(Lonicera tangutica) 和袋花忍冬(Lonicera saccata)；半阳坡非钙化生境发现灌木29 种，平均盖度为31.35±1.93 (％)，平均高度为107.55±4.24 (cm)，优势种为箭竹(Fargesia spathacea)。不同生境灌木层结构和物种组成多样性差异显著，钙化滩生境的灌木盖度、高度总体上较非钙化的坡地生境低, 钙化滩生境灌木以小型叶的落叶灌木为主，沟两侧非钙化的坡地生境上则发育了丰富箭竹。 (3)钙化滩生境发现草本46 种，平均盖度为7.18±0.79 (％)，平均高度为5.04±0.26(cm)，以山酢浆草(Oxalis griffithii)为优势种；阴坡非钙化生境发现草本物种71 种，平均盖度达29.04±2.31(％)，平均高度为9.08±0.52(cm)，以钝叶楼梯草(Elatostema obtusum)、山酢浆草为优势种；半阳坡非钙化生境草本物种50 种，平均盖度为以8.79±0.82(％)，平均高度为7.67±0.43 (cm)，以扇叶铁线蕨(Adiantum flabellulatum)、双花堇菜(Viola biflora)、华中蛾眉蕨(Lunathyrium shennongense)、山酢浆草为优势种。阴坡非钙化生境草本层片发育良好，多样性最为丰富，盖度和物种丰富度均显著高于钙化滩生境和半阳坡非钙化生境。 (4)钙化滩生境发现苔藓物种140 种，平均盖度达84.25±1.30 (％)，以仰叶星塔藓(Hylocomiastrum umbratum) 等大型藓类为优势种；阴坡非钙化生境发现苔藓物种115 种，平均盖度为79.29±1.64 (％)，以刺叶提灯藓(Mnium spinosum)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium)、毛尖燕尾藓(Bryhnia trichomitra)等个体较小的物种为优势种；半阳坡非钙化生境发现苔藓物种91 种，平均盖度为60.64±1.93 (％)，也以刺叶提灯藓为优势种。 (5)钙化滩生境、阴坡非钙化生境、半阳坡非钙化生境的物种数分别为234 种、221 种、175 种。乔木层的Shannon-Wiener 指数分别为0.75 ±0.12、1.87±0.12、1.78±0.07（灌木层，0.44±0.08、1.71± 0.15、2.49±0.06；草本层，0.33±0.13、1.31±0.15 、2.15±0.08； 苔藓层1.30±0.11、2.08±0.04、1.73±0.11，）；Pielou 均匀度指数分别为0.45±0.05、0.29±0.06、0.28±0.08（灌木层，0.75±0.03、0.68±0.05、0.52±0.06；草本层，0.68±0.02、0.77±0.02、0.74±0.02；苔藓层，0.40±0.03、0.63±0.02、0.52±0.03）；Simpson's 优势度指数分别为0.63±0.06、0.78±0.04、0.83±0.07（灌木层，0.21±0.03、0.28±0.05、0.45±0.06；草本层，0.25±0.02、0.12±0.01、0.17±0.01；苔藓层，0.45±0.04、0.18±0.01、0.31±0.04）。三种生境间乔木层、草本层的Sorenson 群落相似性系数较低, 灌木层、苔藓层的的Sorenson 群落相似性系数较高。 综上所述，黄龙岷江冷杉林的群落结构、植物多样性在三种生境间存在差异性，这将意味着我们在进行黄龙世界自然遗产地的森林经营管理时要较多地关注岷江冷山林群落在不同生境中的差异性。 There were multiplex habitat types, complicated community structure and abundant species composition in the Huanglong World Natural Heritage Site. Uncovering the differences of biodiversity among different habitats was a precondition to understand the distribution, formation and sustaining mechanism of the biodiversity, and the foundation of biodiversity conservation. In the present study, using plenty of quadrants, we investigated the community structure and the biodiversity of the primitive Abies faxoniana forest in different habitats (travertine bottomland, semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat and shady-slope non-calcified habitat) in the Huanglong World Natural Heritage Site. The main results are as follows: All the primitive Abies faxoniana forests in the three habitats were uneven-aged with obvious vertical structure including tree layer, shrub layer, herb layer and bryophyte layer. A total of 386 higher plants including 163 vascular plant species (103 generic, 46 families) and 223 bryophyte species (83 generic, 38 families) were investigated. The structure and species composition of each layer are as follows: (1) There were 18, 13 and 8 tree species in travertine bottomland, shady-slope non-calcified habitat and semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, respectively. The tree layers in all habitats can be divided into two clear sub-layers. The upper tree layers were dominated by Abies faxoniana, and the lower tree layers were dominated by uneven-aged Abies faxoniana or other phanerophytes species. There were Abies fargesii , Picea asperata and Betula platyphylla besides the dominated species (Abies faxoniana) in the upper tree layer in travertine bottomland, and the lower tree layers were dominated by uneven-aged Abies faxoniana; There were Abies fargesii and Betula platyphylla besides the dominated species (Abies faxoniana) in the upper tree layer in shady-slope non-calcified habitat, and the lower tree layers were dominated by Acer caudatum var. prattii; There was Abies fargesii besides the dominated species (Abies faxoniana) in the upper tree layer semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, and the lower tree layers were dominated by uneven-aged Abies faxoniana. According to composition percentage of dominate species in tree layer, both the forest in travertine bottomland and in semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat could be ranked as pure forest, and the forest in shady-slope non-calcified habitat could be ranked as mingled forest. There were significant differences in crown density, plant density, height structure and diameter structure among the three habitats. (2) A total of 41 shrub species (average coverage 18.49±1.72％; average height 52.12±4.45 ㎝)were found in travertine bottomland, and the dominate species was Berberis dasystachya; A total of 30 shrub species (average coverage 29.33±2.56 ％;average height 119.55±8.01 ㎝)were found in shady-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was Fargesia spathacea, Lonicera tangutica and Lonicera saccata. A total of 29 shrub species (average coverage 31.35±1.93％; average height 107.55±4.24 ㎝) were found in semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was Fargesia spathacea. There were significant differences in structure and species diversity of the shrub layers among the three habitats. The coverage and height of shrub had lower value in travertine bottomland than in two non-calcified habitats. Moreover, travertine bottomland was dominated by deciduous shrub species with microphyll and non-calcified habitats developed abundant Fargesia spathacea species. (3) A total of 46 herb species (average coverage 7.18±0.79％;average height 5.04±0.26 ㎝)were found in travertine bottomland, and the dominate species was Oxalis griffithii; A total of 71 herb species (average coverage 29.04±2.31％;average height 9.08±0.52 ㎝)were found in shady-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was Elatostema obtusum and Oxalis griffithii. A total of 50 herb species (average coverage 8.79±0.82％;average height 7.67±0.43 ㎝) were found in semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was Adiantum flabellulatum, Viola biflora, Lunathyrium shennongense and Oxalis griffithii. Herb layers developed well in shady-slope non-calcified habitat and had the higher species richness and coverage than travertine bottomland and semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat. (4) A total of 140 bryophyte species (average coverage 84.25±1.30％)were found in travertine bottomland, and the dominate species was big bryophyte species such as Hylocomiastrum umbratum and so on; A total of 115 bryophyte species (average coverage 79.29±1.64％)were found in shady-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was small bryophyte species such as Mnium spinosum, Thuidium cymbifolium, Bryhnia trichomitra and so on. A total of 91 bryophyte species (average coverage 60.64±1.93％) were found in semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was Mnium spinosum. (5) There were 234, 221 and 175 plant species in travertine bottomland, shady-slope non-calcified habitat and semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, respectively. Shannon-Wiener index of the tree layer was 0.75 ±0.12, 1.87±0.12 and 1.78±0.07 (the shrub layer, 0.44±0.08, 1.71± 0.15 and 2.49±0.06; the herb layer, 0.33±0.13, 1.31±0.15 and 2.15±0.08; the bryophyte layer, 1.30±0.11, 2.08±0.04 and 1.73±0.11.) for the three habitats, respectively; Pielou index of the tree layer was 0.45±0.05, 0.29±0.06 and 0.28±0.08 (the shrub layer, 0.75±0.03, 0.68±0.05 and 0.52±0.06; the herb layer, 0.68±0.02, 0.77±0.02 and 0.74±0.02; the bryophyte layer, 0.40±0.03, 0.63±0.02 and 0.52±0.03.) for the three habitats, respectively. Simpson's index of the tree layer was 0.63±0.06, 0.78±0.04 and 0.83±0.07 (the shrub layer, 0.21±0.03、0.28±0.05、0.45±0.06; the herb layer, 0.25±0.02, 0.12±0.01 and 0.17±0.01; the bryophyte layer, 0.45±0.04, 0.18±0.01 and 0.31±0.04.) for the three habitats, respectively. There were low Sorenson index both in the tree layer and in the herb layer among the three habitats, whereas, high Sorenson index occurred both in the shrub layer and in the bryophyte layer. To sum up, there were differences both in community structure and plant diversity among the three different habitats, which means that we should pay more attention to habitats heterogeneities of the primitive Abies faxoniana forest when we take action to manage the forest in the Huanglong World Natural Heritage Site.

Gas-aerosol partitioning of semi volatile carbonyls in polluted atmosphere in Hachioji, Tokyo

Gaseous and particulate semi volatile carbonyls have been measured in urban air using an annular denuder sampling system. Three dicarbonyls, five aliphatic aldehydes and two hydroxy carbonyls were observed. Concentrations of other biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), SO2, CO, NO2 and particle concentration were also measured. Estimated gas-aerosol equilibrium constants for the carbonyls showed an inverse correlation with the concentrations of anthropogenic pollutants such as benzene, isopentane and SO2. This suggests that the increase in the fraction of non-polar anthropogenic particles in the atmosphere could change the average property of the ambient aerosols and drive the gas particle equilibrium of the carbonyls to the gas phase. This trend is uncommon in remote forest air. In this study, we examined the factors controlling the equilibrium in the polluted atmosphere and show that there is a difference in gas-aerosol partition between polluted and clean air.

Depression of net ecosystem CO2 exchange in semi-arid Leymus chinensis steppe and alpine shrub

Uptake and release of carbon in grassland ecosystems is very critical to the global carbon balance and carbon storage. In this study, the dynamics of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (FNEE) of two grassland ecosystems were observed continuously using the eddy covariance technique during the growing season of 2003. One is the alpine shrub on the Tibet Plateau, and the other is the sem-arid Leymus chinensis steppe in Inner Mongolia of China. It was found that the FNEE of both ecosystems was significantly depressed under high solar radiation. Comprehensive analysis indicates that the depression of FNEE in the L. chinensis steppe was the results of decreased plant photosynthesis and increased ecosystem respiration (R-eco) under high temperature. Soil water stress in addition to the high atmospheric demand under the strong radiation was the primary factor limiting the stomatal conductance. In contrast, the depression of FNEE in the alpine shrub was closely related to the effects of temperature on both photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration, coupled with the reduction of plant photosynthesis due to partial stomatal closure under high temperature at mid-day. The R,c of the alpine shrub was sensitive to soil temperature during high turbulence (u* > 0.2 m s(-1)) but its FNEE decreased markedly when the temperature was higher than the optimal value of about 12 degrees C. Such low optimal temperature contrasted the optimal value (about 20 degrees C) for the steppe, and was likely due to the acclimation of most alpine plants to the long-term low temperature on the Tibet Plateau. We inferred that water stress was the primary factor causing depression of the FNEE in the semi-arid steppe ecosystem, while relative high temperature under strong solar radiation was the main reason for the decrease of FNEE in the alpine shrub. This study implies that different grassland ecosystems may respond differently to climate change in the future. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Flame Propagation of H_2-Air in a Semi-Open Obstructed Tube

针对氢／空气混合物,通过实验研究了其预混火焰在半开口管道中的火焰传播加速现象,结果表明,火焰传播状态随着氢气当量比的变化而发生改变。当氢／空气混合物被点燃后,由于障碍物的扰动,火焰在管道中不断加速传播,并最终到达一准稳态传播。在氢气当量比0.31附近时,火焰速度发生跃变。当氢气当量比足够大时,火焰传播由爆燃态转变为爆轰态。在本实验条件下,爆燃转准爆轰的临界条件是d/Lambda>=2.6（d是圆环形障碍物内径,人是爆轰格胞尺度）。障碍物阻塞比的变化对最大火焰速度和压力提升的影响不明显。

A Semi-Empirical Equation of Penetration Depth on Concrete Target Impacted by Ogive-Nose Projectiles

In this paper, the penetration process of ogive-nose projectiles into the semi-infinite concrete target is investigated by the dimensional analysis method and FEM simulation. With the dimensional analysis, main non-dimensional parameters which control the penetration depth are obtained with some reasonable hypothesis. Then, a new semi-empirical equation is present based on the original work of Forrestal et al., has only two non-dimensional combined variables with definite physical meanings. To verify this equation, prediction results are compared with experiments in a wide variation region of velocity. Then, a commercial FEM code, LS-DYNA, is used to simulate the complex penetration process, that also show the novel semi-empirical equation is reasonable for determining the penetration depth in a concrete target.

Semi-weight function method on computation of stress intensity factors in dissimilar materials

Semi-weight function method is developed to solve the plane problem of two bonded dissimilar materials containing a crack along the bond. From equilibrium equation, stress and strain relationship, conditions of continuity across interface and free crack surface, the stress and displacement fields were obtained. The eigenvalue of these fields is lambda. Semi-weight functions were obtained as virtual displacement and stress fields with eigenvalue-lambda. Integral expression of fracture parameters, K-I and K-II, were obtained from reciprocal work theorem with semi-weight functions and approximate displacement and stress values on any integral path around crack tip. The calculation results of applications show that the semi-weight function method is a simple, convenient and high precision calculation method.

Semi-gas kinetics model for performance modeling of flowing chemical oxygen-iodine lasers (COIL)

A semi-gas kinetics (SGK) model for performance analyses of flowing chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) is presented. In this model, the oxygen-iodine reaction gas flow is treated as a continuous medium, and the effect of thermal motions of particles of different laser energy levels on the performances of the COIL is included and the velocity distribution function equations are solved by using the double-parameter perturbational method. For a premixed flow, effects of different chemical reaction systems, different gain saturation models and temperature, pressure, yield of excited oxygen, iodine concentration and frequency-shift on the performances of the COIL are computed, and the calculated output power agrees well with the experimental data. The results indicate that the power extraction of the SGK model considering 21 reactions is close to those when only the reversible pumping reaction is considered, while different gain saturation models and adjustable parameters greatly affect the output power, the optimal threshold gain range, and the length of power extraction.

Elastodynamic stress intensity factor history for a semi-infinite crack under three-dimensional transient loading

The dynamic stress intensity factor history for a semi-infinite crack in an otherwise unbounded elastic body is analyzed. The crack is subjected to a pair of suddenly-applied point loadings on its faces at a distance L away from the crack tip. The exact expression for the mode I stress intensity factor as a function of time is obtained. The method of solution is based on the direct application of integral transforms, the Wiener-Hopf technique and the Cagniard-de Hoop method. Due to the existence of the characteristic length in loading this problem was long believed a knotty problem. Some features of the solutions are discussed and graphical result for numerical computation is presented.

Compressible laminar boundary-layer flows of a dusty gas over a semi-infinite flat-plate

The compressible laminar boundary-layer flows of a dilute gas-particle mixture over a semi-infinite flat plate are investigated analytically. The governing equations are presented in a general form where more reasonable relations for the two-phase interaction and the gas viscosity are included. The detailed flow structures of the gas and particle phases are given in three distinct regions : the large-slip region near the leading edge, the moderate-slip region and the small-slip region far downstream. The asymptotic solutions for the two limiting regions are obtained by using a seriesexpansion method. The finite-difference solutions along the whole length of the plate are obtained by using implicit four-point and six-point schemes. The results from these two methods are compared and very good agreement is achieved. The characteristic quantities of the boundary layer are calculated and the effects on the flow produced by the particles are discussed. It is found that in the case of laminar boundary-layer flows, the skin friction and wall heat-transfer are higher and the displacement thickness is lower than in the pure-gas case alone. The results indicate that the Stokes-interaction relation is reasonable qualitatively but not correct quantitatively and a relevant non-Stokes relation of the interaction between the two phases should be specified when the particle Reynolds number is higher than unity.