毛茛科铁线莲属长瓣铁线莲组的分类学修订

毛茛科（Ranunculaceae ）铁线莲属(Clematis L.)长瓣铁线莲组(Sect. Atragene) 植物全世界约有14－18 种，我国约有6 种，广泛分布于北温带的高山上。该组植物由于外部形态变异大，种间或种下划分十分困难，目前已发表的种及种下分类群名称多达130 余个，名称使用较为混乱，组内系统关系尚存争议。本文通过文献考证、标本研究、野外观察及形态性状统计分析的综合研究，对长瓣铁线莲组进行了全面的分类学修订，结果如下： 1、性状分析 深入研究了1000 余号该组植物标本的形态性状变异式样、范围及其相关性，发现复叶类型、小叶大小、萼片毛被和质地、萼片脉突出与否、退化雄蕊长度等是较为稳定的分种性状。生长习性、萼片颜色、萼片边缘是否具短绒毛带、退化雄蕊形状等对种下划分具有重要的意义。 2、分类学处理 1）根据该组植物的萼片和退化雄蕊的特征和演化趋势，建立了5 个新系：Ser. 1. Occidentales、Ser. 2. Alpinae、Ser. 3. Koreanae 、Ser.4. Tomentosae 和Ser. 5. Macropetalae 。 2）对长期以来分类上争议很大，且分类十分困难的类群作出以下新的处理：把C. sibirica 和C. ochotensis 作为C. alpina 的亚种；把日本的C. fusijamana 和C. fauriei 降级为半钟铁线莲C. alpina ssp. ochotensis 的变种；把伊犁铁线莲C. iliensis 降级为西伯利亚铁线莲C. alpina ssp. sibirica 的变种；把C. chiisanensis 降级为朝鲜铁线莲C. koreana 的变种；把紫红花长瓣铁线莲C. macropetala var. punicoflora 和石生长瓣铁线莲C. macropetala var. rupestris 处理为长瓣铁线莲C. macropetala 的异名；把C. dianae 归并入白色长瓣铁线莲C. macropetala var. albiflora；支持长白铁线莲C. nobilis 作为一个独立的种。此外，还新指定了5 个名称的后选模式；纠正了前人对中国C. subtriternata 的鉴定错误。 3）确认该组植物有9 种2 亚种和9 变种（包括3 新等级），给出了各个分类群详细的文献引证、描述、生境、地理分布、标本引证和外部形态图，并编写了组下分系和分种检索表。认为亚洲东北部是本组植物分布的多样性中心。 3、形态性状演化趋势和各系的亲缘关系 探讨了该组植物形态性状演化的趋势和新建立的5 个系的亲缘关系，提出：退化雄蕊可能由外部雄蕊演化而来，并沿两条路线演化发展：其一是退化雄蕊伸长，与萼片近等长或长于萼片，顶端渐狭，呈披针形；其二是退化雄蕊不伸长，与雄蕊近等长，上部加宽，顶端由钝形、圆形发展至微凹，呈匙形。萼片演化的趋势可能由质地薄到质地厚，萼片脉由不凸出到3 条脉凸出。由此推测北美洲类群Ser. Occidentales 可能是本组的原始类群；Ser. Macropetalae 可能是退化雄蕊在第一条演化路线上最进化的类群；Ser. Alpinae 和Ser. Koreanae 之间亲缘关系较近；Ser. Tomentosae 的系统位置尚未确定。

中国后生耳蕨组Sect. Metapolystichum 的分类学研究

本文以形态特征为主，并参考其它证据，将中国Sect. Metapolystichum分为2个亚组，8个系，共记载45种2变种，其中新分类群21种1变种，新分布1种，新组合1个，并有11个新异名。对每种载有文献和标本引证及简要特征，新种则记有拉丁描述，并对某些疑难种进行了讨论。本文对叶表皮细胞的解剖研究表明，中国Sect.Metapolystichum植物气孔基本类型有两种，即十字型四细胞型和轴极型。各种植物的叶表皮细胞形态特征都不尽相同，有一定的分类学意义。作者对孢子形态的研究表明，中国Sect. Metapolystichum植物孢子周壁纹饰可分为八类，即波状、皱波状、条纹状、脑纹状、假网状、穴状、网状和复网状；在44种2变种中，孢子周壁纹饰表现出43种不同的形态。这一研究为分类上解决一些疑难问题、组下分类及系统发育研究提供了重要依据。本文中至少23种植物的孢子形态属首次报道。本文还根据中国Sect. Metapolystichum植物形态、解剖和孢子特征，遵循分支系统学的理论，借以确定了本组植物27个性状的极性；应用最大同步法（略有改进），通过简约性分析，构建了中国Sect. Metapolystichum植物有根的Wagnet树。作者对中国Sect. Metapolystichum植物的植物地理学特征也进行了分析，讨论了本组植物地理分布特征、间断分布现象、特有现象、替代现象、植物区系成分等，并就中国Sect. Metapolystichum植物区系进行了初步分区。

中国蔷薇属芹叶组（Rosa Sect. Pimpinellifoliae DC. ex Ser.）的分类学研究

本研究通过我国CDBI、 KUN、PE、SZ等主要标本馆约3, 500份馆藏标本的研究和野外考察相结合，对我国蔷薇属（Rosa L.）芹叶组(Sect. pimpinellifoliae DC. ex Ser.）植物以及相关组的一些种进行了性状特征、形态和微形态的研究，对该组的一些种的形态特征描述进行了补充，同时给出详细的地理和海拔范围分布图。综合花粉以及种子（瘦果）形态的研究结果重新制订了分种检索表，同时，对该组一些形态相近容易混淆的种进行了对比研究，特别对一直存在争议的绢毛复合体（绢毛蔷薇R. sericea Lindl.和峨眉蔷薇R. omeiensis Rolfe）进行了大量宏观形态特征的研究，并用光学显微镜（LM）和扫描电镜(SEM)对二者的花粉及种子形态、微形态进行对比研究和分析，主要研究内容包括： 1. 芹叶组孢粉研究 对芹叶组的10个种及相关的4个组共17个种（18个样品）的植物花粉进行了光镜和扫描电镜观察和比较研究。研究结果表明：蔷薇属植物花粉粒大小为中等偏小，极轴长23.98[21.82(R. graciliflora Rehd. et Wils.)～29.18(R. tsinglingensis Pax. et Hoffm.)] μm，赤道轴长28.65[24.15（R. graciliflora）～34.70(R. davidii Crép.)] μm；花粉属辐射对称等极单花粉，花粉形态赤道面观呈球形到超长球形；极面观为三裂圆形或近圆形,三孔沟，孔缘加厚,具中部突起的桥状盖。花粉外壁纹饰为条纹状，光镜下形态特征相差不大；在电镜下外壁条纹和脊沟内穿孔的形状、大小和频度等特征，常具组至种水平上的可见变异，可作为组至种水平划分的依据。 根据花粉外壁条纹特征及穿孔形状和数目等特征，本研究将这些植物的花粉归为5个类型，并编制了分组检索表。同时，根据条纹状的清晰度，排列方式、条纹形状、穿孔大小及其频度等方面的差异，各有特点，对该组的10个种编制了分种检索表。 2. 芹叶组种子形态研究 应用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对我国蔷薇属芹叶组14个种及相关组5个组共36种植物的种子宏观形态及种皮微形态特征进行了观察研究。结果显示，蔷薇属种子形态多样,形状分别为肾形、卵形或锥形等；种子颜色以淡棕色、褐色以及土黄色为主；种子大小种间相差悬殊，相对体积为（长×宽×厚）36.66（4.79～114.47) mm3。光镜下，种子宏观形态特征具组内一致性，在扫描电镜下种子表面结构特征因种而异，其纹饰以网纹为主，可分为3种类型，即近平滑型、负网纹型和网纹型。研究结果表明，蔷薇属种子表面纹饰与地理分布关系不大,具有组及种内稳定性。其种子形态、大小、表而纹饰类型等特征可作为蔷薇属组及种水平上的分类依据。 结合蔷薇属花粉形态研究结果，得出蔷薇属种皮微形态特征与花粉外壁纹饰特征相吻合，在代表组及种的特征上具相关性的结论。同时根据种子形态、微形态结构特征的组间区别和种间差异编制了分组及芹叶组14个种的分种检索表。 3. 绢毛蔷薇复合体的研究 通过对大量标本的研究、野外观察以及扫描电镜对绢毛蔷薇复合体的花粉形态和种皮表面结构进行研究，通过对小叶、花粉及种子的形态定量分析结果支持Rowley (1959)的观点，将峨眉蔷薇处理为绢毛蔷薇的一个变种。 综上研究结果得出，蔷薇属植物的小叶片数目、花被基数以及花粉及种子形态等性状是较为稳定的，这些特征可很好的作为分类学依据。 The morphology, pollen exine sculpture and seed coat structure of the species of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae and related sections were studied.About 3,500 herbarium specimens at CDBI, KUN, PE, and SZ were examined. Field work in Sichuan and Yunnan were conducted. Revisions of some species were carried out and a new key to species of sect. Pimpinellifoliae was proposed based on morphology, pollen exine sculpture and seed coat structure, Detailed morphological descriptions, geographical distributions and the altitudinal ranges of some taxa are given. The systematics of the species complex, the Rosa sericea complex (R. sericea Lindl. & R. omeiensis Rolfe), was emphasized. This thesis focused on the following three aspects: 1. Pollen morphology of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae The pollen morphology of 18 samples representing 10 species of the Eurasian Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae and 7 additional species of related sections was investigated under LM and SEM. The pollen grains are monadic, actinomorphic, equipolar, medium-sized, spheroidal to perprolate in equatorial view, 3-lobed circular or semi-circular in polar view, crassimarginate, pontoperculate, and with striate exine sculpture. The striate sculpture varies among sections and species. The equatorial axis ranges from 17.97 μm (R. sikangensis) to 29.18 μm (R. tsinglingensis) with an average of 23.98 μm in length, while polar axis varies from 24.15 μm (R. gracilifolra) to 34.70 μm (R. davidii) with an average of 28.65 μm in length. The pollens can be divided into five types based on striate sculpture and a key to the sections sampled was proposed accordingly. The pollen morphology of species of sect. Pimpinellifoliae is more homogeneous and different from other sections sampled and did not support the two-series subdivisions in sect. Pimpinellifoliae. A key is also provided based on characers of pollen morphology among species in sect. Pimpinellifoliae. 2. Seed coat structure of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae The seed coat structure of 39 samples representing 14 species of Rosa sect. Pimpinellifoliae and 12 additional species of related sections was investigated under LE and SEM. The seed relative volume (Length × width × thickness) ranges from 4.79 to 114.47 mm3 with an average of 36.66. mm3. The seeds are reniform, ovate or oblong in shape, with orange-brown, light brown or deep brown color. Seed coat sculpture was reticulate or striate-like reticulate. There was no difference in sculpture character of various speices under LM, while three types of seed coat sculpture were identified under SEM and a key to species based on the seed coat sculpture was provided. The three types of seed coat sculpture were nearly smooth, areolate and reticulate. The study of the seed coat sculpture of same species sampled from different populations showed that characters on the seed coat are stable, and thus the size, shape and seed coat sculpture can be used in species level identification. Interestingly, characters in the seed coat sculpture and the pollen morphology in sect. Pimpinellifoliae are consistent at in specific or sectional levels. A key to the 14 species sampled was given based on seed coat sculpture. 3. The study on Rosa sericea complex The Rosa sericea complex contains R. omeiensis and R. sericea. They are morphologically similar to one another and the systematic status of R. omeiensis has been controversial. In this study we examined large numbers of herbarium specimens of R. omeiensis and R. sericea and conducted field observations in the Hengduan Mts.. We also performed SEM study of pollen morphology and seed coat structure of R. omeiensis and R. sericea. We further carried out intensive morphometric study on the leaflet, pollen, and seed morphology. Our results showed that R. omeiensis should be sunk to be a variety of R. sericea, just as Rowley’s treatment in 1959. In conclusion, the features in the number of leaflet and petal, and the morphological character on pollen and seed are relatively stable. Therefore these characters are very useful in taxon delimition.

Phylogenetic analyses of Saussurea sect. Pseudoeriocoryne (Asteraceae : Cardueae) based on chloroplast DNA trnL-F sequences

The genus Saussurea is distributed mainly in the temperate and subarctic regions of Eurasia and consists of about 300 species classified into six subgenera and 20 sections. Sect. Pseudoeriocoryne in the subgenus Eriocoryne comprises four species, and is delimited mainly by acaulescence and an inflorescence with congested capitula surrounded by a rosette of leaves. All of these species are endemic to the and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Sequences from the chloroplast DNA trnL-F region were obtained for the four species in this section and 26 other species from four subgenera of Saussurea to resolve phylogenetic relationships among these species and to determine whether the shared characters that define sect. Pseudoeriocoryne are synapomorphic or were acquired by convergent evolution. The resulting phylogenies indicated that Saussurea sect. Pseudoeriocoryne as traditionally defined does not constitute a monophyletic group and that each of its species belongs to separate clades. Furthermore, none of these species showed a close relationship with the other species of subgenus Eriocoryne. Our results further indicated that none of the investigated subgenera are monophyletic, and that species from different subgenera clustered together. All these conclusions are provisional and their confirmation would require stronger phylogenetic support. Two possible explanations are suggested for low sequence divergence, poor resolution of internal clades and clustering of species with the rather distinct morphology of Saussurea detected in the present study. The first is rapid radiation and diversification triggered by fast habitat fragmentation due to the recent lifting of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Quaternary climate oscillations. This could have led to rapid morphological divergence while sequences diverged very little, and also caused the convergent acquisition of similar characteristics in unrelated lineages due to similar selection pressures. The second possible explanation is that both introgressive hybridization and reticulate evolution might have caused the transferring of cpDNA sequences between morphologically dissimilar species, thus leading to homogenization of sequences between lineages. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

湍流射流理论与计算

板壳断裂力学

本书阐明了板壳断裂理论的基础。论证了Reissner型板壳断裂理论的科学性、经典板壳断裂理论的缺陷及在一定范围内仍具有的实用价值；介绍了作者所创意的研究Reissner型板壳断裂纹尖端场的方法等。

目录

Anomalous scattering factor determined by semicircle fitting near the K-absorption edge of Ge

It is shown that the locus of the f' + if '' plot in the complex plane, f' being determined from measured f '' by using the dispersion relation, looks like a semicircle very near the absorption edge of Ge. The semicircular locus is derived from a quantum theory of X-ray resonant scattering when there is a sharp isolated peak in f '' just above the K-absorption edge. Using the semicircular behavior, an approach is proposed to determine the anomalous scattering factors in a crystal by fitting known calculated values based on an isolated-atom model to a semicircular focus. The determined anomalous scattering factors f' show excellent agreement with the measured values just below the absorption edge. In addition, the phase determination of a crystal structure factor has been considered by using the semicircular behavior.

Precise determination of anomalous scattering factors of Ge by using X-ray resonant scattering

Variations of peak position of the rocking curve in the Bragg case are measured from a Ge thin crystal near the K-absorption edge. The variations are caused by a phase change of the real part of the atomic scattering factor. Based on the measurement, the values of the real part are determined with an accuracy of better than 1%. The values are the most reliable ones among those reported values so far as they are directly determined from the normal atomic scattering factors.

人字果属的研究兼讨论唐松草亚科的分类问题

本文通过对Dichocarpum属各种性状的系统研究及与近缘属比较分析，确认本属为毛茛科唐松草亚科中系统位置相当明确的一个好属。同时也对本属所在的唐松草亚科Thalictroideae的系统，做了部分修改。并提出这一亚科中,花瓣演化的两条可能途径及Dichocarpum属的花瓣类型。从生化、花粉、染色体以及形态特征的研究表明，本属可能与Asteropyrum属关系较为密切。 本文首次报导了Diehocarpum属存在三沟和散沟二种花粉类型。染色体数目的研究和分析表明，本属的染色体基数可能为X=6, 产于东亚大陆的种为古4倍体植物，产于日本列岛的种为古6倍体植物，而2倍体植物己经绝灭了。 作者对Dichocarpum属做了数量分类研究，其结果对本属下的分类提供了参考依据，并证明肖培根等把本属分为2个组的观点是合理的。综合各方面证据，并参考前人工作，作者把本属分为2个组、6个系，共包括15种3变种，有一新种和一新变种，并在本属系统排列中的某些类群下，讨论了分类处理意见。 本文讨论了Dichocarpum属的地理分布，本属的2个组分别分布于东亚大陆Sect.Di chocarpum和日本列岛Sect.Hutchinsonia。作者对本属这种分布格局的形成进行了探讨，认为中国西南山地可能为本属的分布区中心，日本列岛为木属次生的现代分布中心。并认为产于日本列岛上的人字果属植物，可能是由产于东亚大陆的Sect.DichocarBum组Ser.Dichocarpum系中的植物，在第三世纪进入日本的。