二穗短柄草的遗传转化及VER2等基因在水稻中的功能初探

作为模式植物，水稻和拟南芥对于禾本科植物的研究都有其不足，二穗短柄草（Brachypodiumdistachyon）有望成为它们良好的补充。它具有作为一种模式植物所应该具有的各项优点，并且它与温带禾本科植物的亲缘关系比水稻更近。建立其良好转化体系是其成功应用的一环。本论文第一章以建立其农杆菌转化体系为目的，成功的诱导了其胚性愈伤组织，获得了潮霉素抗性愈伤，发现乙酰丁香酮浓度与转化效率的关系，并证明Silwet L-77对提高其转化效率有明显的作用，为进一步完善其转化体系打下了基础。 VER2是由本实验室发现的小麦春化相关基因，并己证明它可能参与春化过程中O-CJlcNAc介导的信号传导。本论文第二章研究了将VER2在水稻中过表达所引起的表型，发现VER2与光有类似的抑制根生长的作用，并且能够互相影响对方的表型，说明二者在水稻内调控根生长的信号途径既有共同的作用，但是又相互制约。进一步的研究有可能会找到水稻根内IAA响应的重要因子。 在第三章中，根据芯片数据克隆了水稻的十个可能与赤霉素、茉莉酸和减数分裂相关的上下调基因，并对其中四个利用过表达和RNAi技术进行了水稻转化，以研究它们在水稻中的功能。其中一个基因过表达的表型与赤霉素缺陷造成矮化和叶色深绿两个特征一致，而RNAi导致植株高度增加、叶色黄绿。而该基因受赤霉素诱导上调的程度在三个芯片杂交结果中最大(log2=2.3275)这一点也为其功能提供了很好的提示，即可能参与了赤霉素信号途径。

OsRMC基因调控水稻根生长发育的机理研究

实验室前期工作证明OsRAA1在玉米泛素启动子驱动下组成型表达，可以抑制水稻初生根的生长，促进不定根的形成，形成不同程度螺旋状的初生根，根的向地性反应减缓，这些表型和野生型水稻用生长素处理的表型类似，而且OsRAA1基因的转录受生长素诱导，这些结果表明OsRAA1可能参与了生长素的信号转导途径。但这些表型产生的机理还不是很清楚。在水稻中，茉莉酸在根发育过程中的作用多为生理实验的报道;拟南芥中的研究表明生长素信号转导和茉莉酸信号转导可能都受26S蛋白酶体的调控。由此我们推测茉莉酸在根的发育过程中可能也起着同样的促进作用。本论文在超表达OsRAA1水稻基础上旨在克隆新基因，并对新基因功能进行研究，以探讨茉莉酸在水稻根发育过程中的分子机理，并对生长素和茉莉酸信号转导的关系进行探讨。 　　首先运用双向电泳技术结合质谱分析技术，在超表达OsRAA1水稻背景下发现了受体激酶家族DUF26的一个成员明显下调，我们命名为OsRMC（Oryza sativa Root Meander and Curling，AAL87185），Western杂交进一步证明了这个结果。 　　OsRMC位于4号染色体，信息学分析表明只有一个拷贝，没有内含子，ORF阅读框为777bp，编码的蛋白分子量为27.9 kDa，等电点（pI）为5.01。对该蛋白进行同源性比较发现，其含有2个C-X8-C-X2-C基序（Cys-rich repeat, CRR）即半胱氨酸富集区，其中第四个半胱氨酸残基不保守，该基序会形成二硫键，编码两个未知功能的DUF26（Domain Unknown Function 26）结构域。OsRMC由一个信号肽和两个CRR区组成，但没有跨膜区和激酶区。RT-PCR显示OsRMC可能是组成型表达的基因;亚细胞实验表明OsRMC是膜定位的蛋白。Western blot显示OsRMC受茉莉酸诱导表达，受生长素的抑制。 　　RNAiOsRMC转基因水稻在暗处培养时，抑制了初生根的生长，使侧根数目减少，但促进了不定根的生长和数目的增加;第二叶鞘变短，这些表型和前人报道的外源茉莉酸处理野生型的表型一致。转基因对生长素信号转导和合成没有影响，但初生根和第二叶鞘对外源茉莉酸更加敏感，说明RNAiOsRMC转基因水稻可能增强了茉莉酸信号转导途径。分析转基因水稻的茉莉酸信号转导途径部分相关基因的表达变化，根中受茉莉酸信号转导特异诱导的病原相关基因RSOsPR10的表达明显增多，而JAmyb和OsNDPK1的表达没有变化，证实转基因增强了茉莉酸信号转导其中的一个路径;进一步分析茉莉酸合成途径12-OXO-PDA（12-氧代-顺，顺-10，15-植物二烯酸）还原酶基因OsOPR的表达发现与野生型没有明显差别，说明转基因可能没有影响体内的茉莉酸合成途径。RNAiOsRMC转基因水稻的初生根比野生型的更容易发生弯曲，实验表明培养过程中茉莉酸和背触反应（negative thigmotropism）共同作用使转基因的初生根更容易发生卷曲，而光信号会增强卷曲程度。但RNAiOsRMC转基因水稻并没有影响根的向地性，暗示RNAiOsRMC转基因可能增强了根的回旋运动或（和）背触反应，从而促进了根的弯曲和卷曲。这些结果证明OsRMC参与的茉莉酸信号转导过程在水稻根的发育、弯曲和卷曲过程中起着重要的促进作用。通过对超表达OsRAA1和RNAiOsRMC转基因水稻的分析，说明水稻中存在着生长素信号转导促进茉莉酸信号转导的途径。 　　综合以上实验结果认为，OsRAA1调控了受体激酶家族DUF26的一个成员OsRMC，使其表达量降低，该过程增强了茉莉酸信号转导途径;确认了受体激酶家族DUF26的基因具有重要的生物学功能，证实了OsRMC调控的茉莉酸信号转导在水稻根系发育、根弯曲和卷曲过程中具有重要的促进作用;证明水稻中存在着生长素信号转导促进茉莉酸信号转导的途径，为完善各种植物激素调控水稻根系发育的网络提供了新的实验证据。 　　 　　

土壤微生物和酶对大气CO2浓度与温度升高的响应

土壤微生物(Soil microbes)是生态系统的重要组成部分，它参与土壤中复杂有机物质的分解和再合成，也参与C、N、S、P等的循环。土壤酶(Soil enzyme)是土壤中具有生物活性的蛋白质，它与微生物一起推动着土壤的生物化学过程，并在树木营养物质的转化中起着重要的作用。鉴于土壤微生物和土壤酶对环境变化的敏感性，它们在CO2浓度和温度升高时的反应将在很大程度上影响森林生态系统的结构和功能。因此，要全面评价大气CO2浓度和温度升高对整个生态系统的影响，有必要对CO2浓度和温度升高条件下的土壤微生物的反应进行深入的研究与探讨。本文应用自控、封闭、独立的生长室系统，研究了川西亚高山岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）根际、非根际土壤微生物数量，红桦（Betula albosinensis）根际微生物数量以及根际、非根际土壤酶活性对大气CO2浓度(环境CO2浓度+350±25μmol·mol-1，EC)和温度(环境温度+2.0±0.5℃，ET)升高及两者同时升高(ECT)的响应。结果表明： 1) EC和ET显著增加岷江冷杉根际微生物数量，但不同微生物种类对EC和ET的反应有所差异。6、8和10月，岷江冷杉根际微生物数量与对照(CK)相比，EC处理的根际细菌数量分别增加了35%、164%和312%，ET处理增加了30%、115%和209%；EC和ET处理对根际放线菌和根际真菌数量影响不显著。ECT处理的根际放线菌数量分别增加了49%、50%和96%，根际真菌数量增加了151%、57%和48%；而ECT对根际细菌数量影响不显著。EC、ET和ECT处理对岷江冷杉土壤微生物总数的根际效应明显，其R/S值分别为1.93、1.37和1.46(CK的R/S值为0.81)。 2) 红桦根际微生物数量对EC、ET和ECT的响应不同。生长季节(5~10月)，高密度的红桦根际细菌数量与CK 相比，EC的根际细菌数量分别增加28%、33%、423%、65%、43%和79%，而低密度的红桦根际细菌数量增加不显著。ET能显著增加根际细菌数量(7~10月)，其中高密度的根际细菌数量分别增加了377%、107%、35%、22%，而低密度的根际细菌数量分别增加了27%、27%、64%、48%；ECT对两个密度水平下根际细菌数量均未产生有显著的影响。高、低密度的红桦根际放线菌和根际真菌数量与 CK 相比，EC显著增加了低密度的红桦根际放线菌数量，而对高密度的根际放线菌数量无显著影响；ET和ECT对高低密度的红桦根际放线菌数量均未产生显著影响。EC和ET对高低密度的根际真菌数量也无显著影响，而ECT却显著增加了高低密度的根际真菌数量。 3) EC、ET和ECT处理的低密度红桦根际微生物(细菌、放线菌和真菌)数量没有显著高于或低于高密度根际微生物数量，表明短期内密度对红桦根际微生物数量不产生影响。 4) 不同种类的氧化还原酶对EC、ET和ECT的响应不同。5~10月，EC的红桦根际过氧化氢酶活性是CK 的1.44、1.06、1.11、1.10、1.12和1.24倍，差异显著(6月除外)；ET和ECT处理根际过氧化氢酶活性无显著增加。EC的红桦根际多酚氧化酶活性比CK显著增加；ET的根际多酚氧化酶活性显著高于CK(8月除外)。ECT的根际多酚氧化酶活性高于CK，差异不显著。EC的根际脱氢酶活性分别增加了46%、40%、133%、48%、17%和26%，差异显著。5~7月，ET和ECT的根际脱氢酶活性高于CK的脱氢酶活性，而8~9月则相反，差异性均不显著。 5) EC、ET和ECT对不同种类的水解酶的影响不同。EC能显著增加红桦根际脲酶活性，5~10月分别增加了29%、42%，、70%、67%、59%和57%。ET和ECT 对根际脲酶活性未产生显著影响。EC显著提高根际转化酶活性，5、6和9月EC的根际转化酶活性分别比CK高51%、42%和40%。5和10月，ET的根际转化酶活性低于CK，而其余月份却高于CK，但均具有显著性差异。ECT的根际转化酶活性与CK的根际转化酶活性有显著性差异(9月除外)，5、6和7月的根际转化酶活性分别提高了94%、198%和67%。 6) 与CK相比，EC、ET和ECT的非根际土壤微生物数量以及非根际土壤酶活性均无显著提高。EC、ET和ECT的过氧化氢酶、脲酶的根际效应明显，而多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶根际效应不明显。EC和ECT的转化酶根际效应明显，而ET的转化酶根际效应不明显。 It is well known that atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature are increasing as a consequence of human activities. In past decades, considerable efforts had been put into investigating the effects of climate change on processes of forest ecological system. In general, studies had been mainly focused on the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on plant physiology and development, litter quality, and soil microorganisms. Studies showed that there was variation in the responses of root development and below-ground processes to climate between different plant communities. Since the concentration of CO2 in soil was much higher (10~50 times) than in the atmosphere, increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 may not directly in fluence below ground processes. Betula albosinensis and Abies faxoniana, as the dominated tree species of subalpine dark coniferous forest in the western Sichuan province, which play an important role in the structure and function of this kind of forest ecosystem. In our study, effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (350±25μmol·mol-1), increased temperature (2.0±0.5℃) and both of the two on the number of rhizospheric microbe and rhizospheric enzyme activity were studied by the independent and enclosed-top chamber’ system under high-frigid conditions. Responses of rhizospheric bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi number of Betula albosinensis and Abies faxoniana under different densities(high density with 84 stems·m-2, low density with 28 stems·m-2 ), and rhizospheric enzyme activity of Betula albo-sinensis to elevated CO2 concentration and increased temperature were analyzed and discussed. The results are as the following, 1) In comparion with the control, the numbers of rhizospheric bacteria of Abies faxoniana were increased by 35%, 164% and 312% significantly in June, August and October respectively of EC, and were increased by 30%, 115% and 209% respectively of ET.However the effect of EC and ET on rhizospheric actinomycetes and fungi was not significant. The number of rhizospheric actinomycetes of ECT were increased significantly by 49%, 50% and 96% respectively, and the increment of rhizospheric fungi were 151%, 57% and 48% respectively .The effect of ECT on rhizospheric bacteria was not significant. Rhizospheric effect of soil microbe for all treatments was significant, with the R/S of 1.93, 1.27 and 1.46 for EC, ET and ECT, respectively. 2) Treatment EC improved the number of rhizospheric bacteria of Betula albosinensis under high density significantly in comparison with the control, over the growing season, the greatest increment of rhizospheric bacteria was from July. However, EC had no effect on the number of rhizospheric bacteria under low density. Except May and June, treatment ET improved the number of rhizospheric signifcantly. The effect of treatment ECT on the number of rhizospheric bacteria under different densities was not significant. Of treatment EC, the number of rhizospheric actinomycetes of Betula albosinensis under low density were increased significantly, however, treatment EC did not stimulate the number of rhizospheric actinomycetes under high density. Simultaneously, treatment ET and ECT did not stimulate the number of rhizospheric actinomycetes. Finally, in treatment ECT, the number of rhizospheric fungi under high density were increased significantly, however treatment EC and ET did not stimulate the number of rhizospheric fungi under different densities. 3) Of treatment EC, ET and ECT, the number of rhizospheric microbe of Betula albosinensis under low density were not more or fewer than that of microbe under hign density along the growing season, which showed that plant density had no effect on the nmber of microbe. 4) From May to October, 2004，rhizospheric catalase activity of Betula albosinensis of treatment EC was 1.44, 1.06, 1.11, 1.10, 1.12 and 1.24 times as treatment CK respectively, and the difference was statistically significant(except June). Treatment ET and ECT did not increase rhizospheric catalase activity significantly. In treatment EC, the rhizospheric pohyphenol oxidase activity was higher than treatment CK significantly. The rhizospheric pohyphenol oxidase activity of treatment ET was higher than CK significantly (except August). The rhizospheric pohyphenol oxidase activity of treatment ECT was higher than CK, but the difference was not statistically significant. Over the growing period, the rhizospheric dehydrogenase activity were increased 46%, 40%, 133%, 48%, 17% and 26% respectively by treatment EC, and the difference was statistically significant. From May to July, the rhizospheric dehydrogenase activity in treatment ET and ECT was higher than CK, but from August to October, the rhizospheric dehydrogenase activity was lower than CK, the difference was not significant. 5) Treatment EC increased rhizospheric urease activity significantly, from May to October, rhizospheric urease activity were increased 29%, 42%, 70%, 67%, 59% and 57% respectively by EC. Treatment ET and ECT had no effect on rhizospheric urease activity. Treatment EC improved rhizospheric invertase activity significantly, in May, June and September, the rhizospheric invertase activity of treatment EC were increased 51%, 42% and 40% in comparison with the control. Except May and October, the rhizospheric invertase activity of treatment ET was markly higher than CK. The rhizospheric invertase activity of treatment ECT was significantly different from CK (except September), in May, June and July treatment ECT increased rhizospheric invertase activity by 94%, 198% and 67% respectively. 6) In comparison with the control, treatment EC, ET, and ECT had no effect on the number of non-rhizospheric microbe and non-rhizospheric enzyme activity. Rhizospheric effect of catalase and urease for all treatments was significant, but rhizospheric effect of pohyphenol oxidase and dehydrogenase was not significant. Rhizospheric effect of invertase of EC and ECT was significant, but rhizospheric effect of invertase of ET was not significant.

Development of arc root attachment in the nozzle of 1 kW N2 and H2-N2 arcjet thrusters

Arc root behavior affects the energy transfer and nozzle erosion in an arcjet thruster. To investigate the development of arc root attachment in 1 kW class N2 and H2-N2 arcjet thrusters from the time of ignition to the stably working condition, a kinetic series of end-on view images of the nozzle obtained by a high-speed video camera was analyzed. The addition of hydrogen leads to higher arc voltage levels and the determining factor for the mode of arc root attachment was found to be the nozzle temperature. At lower nozzle temperatures, constricted type attachment with unstable motions of the arc root was observed, while a fully diffused and stable arc root was observed at elevated nozzle temperatures.

Postnatal development of the retina in root vole Microtus oeconomus

Vision plays an important role in the living habits of animals, especially in feeding. We investigated the postnatal development of retina in root vole Microtus oeconornus. The result shows that the retina of the M. oeconornus is very primitive before postnatal day （PD） 3. The neuroblastic layer does not differentiate and makes up more than half of the retina layer. The outer plexiform layer （OPL） first comes into existence at PDS. At PD6, as the presence of the OPL becomes obvious, the outer nuclear layer （ONL） and inner nuclear layer （INL） are much clearer. At PD18, the retina is similar to an adult retina and each layer becomes distinct. The thickness and cell density of the ganglion cell layer （GCL） and ONL during different postnatal days were also examined. These results show that the thickness and density of ONL increase during ontogeny, while the thickness and density of GCL decrease. Compared with Rattus norvegicus, Apodemus agrarius , Cricetulus triton, Microtus mandarinus , Myospalax cansus , Spermophilus dauricus and Sciurotamias davidianus, the histological structure of the retina of M. oeconornus is between that of nocturnal and diurnal rodents.

Fruit anatomy,seed germination and seedling development in the Japanese seagrass phyllospadix

Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino and phyllospadix japonicus Makino have similar frunt morphology and anatomy.The rhomboid fruit of Japanese phyllospadix is dark brown in colour and is characterized by two arms bearing stiff inflected bristles which can act as an anchoring system. The fruit covering consists of a thin cuticular seed coat and pericarp remains mainly fibrous endocarp. In the groove region of the fruit.the cuticular seed coat and endocarp are replaced by nucellus cells with wall in growths and crushed pigment strands with lignified walls.these tissues appera to control the transfer of nutrients to developing seed.the seed is oval with a small embryo and a large hypocotyl. the embryo is straight and simple,with the plumule containing three leaf primordia and a pair of root primordia surrounded by a cotyledon.the hypocotyl has large vontral lobe containing central provascular tissue and two small dorsal lobes.the hypocotyl contains starch.lipid and protein.and acts as a nutrient store.the seed of P.iwatensis has a dormancy period of 2-6 weeks and germination eventually reaches-65%.but is not synchronized.during germination the leaves emerge first.and then after at least three young leaves have formed and abseised.the roots emerge,usually?6 months after the commencement of germination.Utilizaton of the nutrient reserves is initially from the perihpery of the hypocotyl and then progressively towards its centre.