23 resultados para repairing weld

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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海洋石油平台在服役期内,由于受到各种环境载荷的交变作用,其受力的焊接构件不可避免地会出现疲劳裂纹。对出现的疲劳裂纹进行补焊修复,可以延长平台的使用期,带来巨大的经济和社会效益。本文通过实验研究,考察了多次补焊对海洋平台用高强度钢焊接接头疲劳性能的影响,以及是否可以通过TIG熔修工艺的采用提高补焊构件的疲劳寿命,达到延长补焊后平台的使用寿命,减少补焊次数的目的。本文涉及的主要研究内容如下:1、考察了多次补焊对焊接接头疲劳寿命的影响。通过对平台用高强度钢焊接接头初焊试样,以及重复三次补焊试样的疲劳实验,得到了各次补焊试样在对数正态分布和威布尔分布下的寿命估算式和考虑了存活率的R-S-N曲线。对实验结果进行了比较和分析,从而考察了多次补焊对焊接接头疲劳性能的影响。2、在每次补焊后,由于焊趾外移造成了焊趾角的变化,使得焊趾处的应力集中系数发生了变化。本文采用有限元方法计算了试样的应力场分布,得到了焊趾处的应力集中系数与焊趾角的关系。考虑到应力集中系数的变化后,对多次补焊试样疲劳实验的实验数据进行了重新处理。3、考察了多次补焊熔修对焊接接头疲劳寿命的影响。本文通过对平台用高强度钢焊接接头补焊及补焊熔修试样的疲劳实验,得到了多次补焊和补焊熔修试样对数正态分布和威布尔分布下的寿命估算式和考虑了存活率的R-S-N曲线。对实验结果进行了比较和分析,从而考察了补焊后采用TIG熔修工艺对焊接接头疲劳性能的影响。4、一次补焊后进行熔修处理可以极大的改善试样的疲劳性能,提高试样的疲劳寿命。但这一结果是在平焊位条件下得出了。为了将这一结果用于实际,还要考察实际操作中大量采用的立焊位条件下熔修的效果。本文完成了立焊位条件下补焊及补焊熔修试样的疲劳实验,得到了相应的S-N曲线。5、疲劳实验数据的处理中,大量采用威布尔分布作为数据统计的分布类型。但由于威布尔分布具有三个参数,给求解带来一定的困难。本文提出一种以在威布尔坐标纸上,数据分布的线形相关系数作为判据的求解威布尔参数的方法,并通过程序加以实现。为了对疲劳实验数据的处理更加方便和直观,编制了“疲劳实验数据处理程序“,将对疲劳实验数据的编辑、分布参数的求解、不同存活率下的疲劳寿命估算和各种分布类型图以及R-S-N曲线的绘制工作包括在该程序中。

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Short fatigue crack behaviour in a weld metal has been further investigated. The Schmid factor and the fractal dimension of short cracks on iso-stress specimens subjected to reversed bending have been determined and then applied to account for the distribution and orientation characteristics of short fatigue cracks. The result indicates that the orientation preference of short cracks is attributed to the large values of Schmid factor at relevant grains. The Schmid factors of most slip systems, which produced short cracks, are less than or equal to 0.4. Crack length measurements reveal that short crack path, compared to that of long crack, possesses a more stable and relatively larger value of fractal dimension. This is regarded as one of the typical features of short cracks.

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Fatigue tests were performed using a purpose designed triangular shaped specimen to investigate the initiation and propagation of short fatigue cracks in a weld metal. It was observed that short fatigue cracks evolved from slip bands and were predominantly within ferrite grains. As the test progressed, the short crack density increased with minor changes in crack length. The growth of short cracks, in the early stage resulted mainly from coalescence with other existing cracks. The mechanism of short crack behaviour is discussed.

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硅微条探测器通过微电子工艺制作,易因沾污导致性能下降甚至失效;裸露的键合引线,也易因机械力形成隐性或显性失效。对上述现象的研究可用于修复、维护探测器并在设计和工艺流程中改进其性能。本文通过光学、电气手段分析其结构和制作工艺流程,根据沾污性质在不同条件下清洗探测器,中测后根据芯片图形、封装方式和电气要求修复探测器,最后采用同位素α能谱测试修复效果。对一块沾污后失效(无法加载偏压)的硅微条清洗后在大气环境,N面接地,P面加载负偏压条件下进行了测试,结果显示:170 V全耗尽,平均漏电流2.94μA,5.486 MeV的α峰能量分辨率约1.28%。失效键合所在条的另一面各条能谱观测到假峰,键合修复后消除。因沾污失效的硅微条探测器经过合适的清洗、修复,部分可以恢复性能,但清洗对表面和结构有损伤,须谨慎。另外,键合失效后,因信号不能引出导致的电荷积累会通过电容效应影响其它灵敏区。文章提示,探测器应存放于洁净,恒温,低湿度,避光,避强电磁干扰的环境,以提高能量和位置分辨率,并增加工作稳定性,延长使用寿命。

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对海洋平台用高强度钢焊接接头多次补焊的疲劳性能进行试验研究,给出采用威布尔分布下的寿命估算式及R-S-N曲线。考虑到多次补焊后焊趾外移造成的焊接角的变化,应用有限元方法计算试样的应力分布,给出焊趾处的应力集中系数,由此进一步分析多次补焊对焊接接头疲劳性能的影响。

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实验研究了连续波Nd:YAG激光焊接速度、侧吹保护气流量和离焦量等参量对激光穿透焊接K418和42CrMo焊缝成形的影响。结果表明,K418与42CrMo激光穿透焊接有X形和T形两种典型的焊缝形貌,且焊缝形貌是不对称的。随着焊接速度的提高,焊接线能量降低,焊缝尺寸变小,且焊缝上部尺寸变化比下部尺寸变化慢,焊缝形貌由X形过渡到T形。当离焦量在瑞利长度范围内时,焊缝正面宽度变化很小;当离焦量超出瑞利长度范围时,在足够高的激光功率密度下,焊缝正面宽度快速增加。在激光功率为3kW,侧吹保护气角度为35°条件下,通过优化焊接速度、侧吹保护气流量和离焦量等参量可以得到最佳焊缝质量。

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Fatigue testing was conducted using a kind of triangular isostress specimen to obtain the short-fatigue-crack behaviour of a weld low-carbon steel. The experimental results show that short cracks continuously initiate at slip bands within ferrite grain domains and the crack number per unit area gradually increases with increasing number of fatigue cycles. The dispersed short cracks possess an orientation preference, which is associated with the crystalline orientation of the relevant slip system. Based on the observed collective characteristics, computer modelling was carried out to simulate the evolution process of initiation, propagation and coalescence of short cracks. The simulation provides progressive displays which imitate the appearance of experimental observations. The results of simulation indicate that the crack path possesses a stable value of fractal dimension whereas the critical value of percolation covers a wide datum band, suggesting that the collective evolution process of short cracks is sensitive to the pattern of crack site distribution.

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本论文针对目前用于骨固定和骨修复的聚乳酸/无机纳米粒子复合材料的界面强度低、粒子分散不均匀以及所采用生物活性无机填料粒径较大等缺点,对轻基磷灰石及生物活性玻璃无机纳米粒子的制备、界面改性、粒子的分散、以及复合材料的制备进行了较详细的论述。另外,对材料的力学性能、结晶性能和生物相容性进行了较细统的测试和研究。(1)以磷酸和氢氧化钙为原料在40-80℃的反应条件下制备出了米粒状和棒状的HAP粒子,然后在-50℃的冷冻干燥机中干燥48h,得到白色的HAP粉末。用TEM、SEM、WAXD、FTIR等对所得产物进行了表征。研究结果表明,提高反应温度有利于生成高结晶度的长棒状HAP颗粒。此外,锻烧温度对粒子的形貌和结晶度也有很大的影响,锻烧温度越高,粒子的结晶度就越高,并且,当锻烧温度提高到900℃以上时,HAP粒子的形貌会由长棒形逐渐变成球形。(2)在高纯氢气气氛中,以辛酸亚锡为催化剂的反应条件下使左旋丙交酷开环聚合,直接接枝到HAP的表面,使HAP的粒子表面覆盖一层聚乳酸分子,使HAP的亲油性能得到提高。对表面接枝的轻基磷灰石(g-HAP)用31PMAS-NMR、FTIR、TGA、TEM、SEM和GPC进行了表征。结果表明,用此方法可在HAP表面接枝6%的PLLA。(3)用溶剂法制备了PLLA/g-HAP复合材料,并对其机械性能、结晶性能和生物相容性进行了表征。试验结果表明:与纯HAP相比,g-HAP粒子更容易均匀分散到PLLA基体中,当填料含量达到4%时,PLLAg-HAP复合材料的力学性能达到最好。由Dsc和PoM的实验结果表明,g-HAP粒子在聚合物基体中可以起到异相成核剂的作用。细胞实验结果表明,PLL刀g-HAP复合材料的细胞相容性明显优于纯的PLLA和PLLA/HAP复合材料。(4)以正硅酸乙酷(TEOS)、硝酸钙(Ca(NO3)2)和磷酸氢二按((NH4)ZHPO4)为原料,利用在酸性溶液中水解,碱性溶液中缩聚沉淀,然后将反应液离心分离,冷冻干燥,最后在马弗炉中锻烧的方法,得到白色的5102-coo-PZos三元生物活性玻璃粉末。SEM和TEM分析结果表明,所得到生物活性玻璃是粒径在40nln左右的球形颗粒,且粒径分布非常均匀。(5)以正硅酸乙酷(TEoS)和硝酸钙(Ca(NO3)2)为原料,利用在酸性溶液中水解,碱性溶液中缩聚沉淀,然后将反应液离心分离,冷冻干燥,最后在马弗炉中锻烧的方法,得到粒径为200nm左右的球形SiO2-CaO二元生物活性玻璃粉末。

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42CrMo合金钢C含量高、合金元素含量多、淬硬倾向大,焊接性能差。激光焊接具有功率密度高、焊接变形小等优点,适合焊接传统工艺难焊的同种或异种金属。通过额定功率为3kW的Nd∶YAG固体激光器焊接42CrMo,采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X衍射、硬度仪分析了焊缝区域组织、成分和硬度变化。研究结果表明:焊缝区域组织为马氏体,热影响完全淬火区的组织为马氏体+贝氏体组织,热影响不完全淬火区的组织为贝氏体。从焊缝正面到焊缝背面的硬度分布表明:由于焊缝正面有保护气体的作用提高了焊缝正面熔池的冷却速度,使焊缝背面的硬度低于焊缝正面的硬度。

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植物生长和生产力受到自然界各种形式的生物和非生物胁迫因子的影响。这些胁迫包括低温、高温、盐碱、干旱、洪水、重金属、虫害、病害和紫外线辐射等等。而人类活动大大加剧了这些胁迫所带来的影响。由于人类污染而导致臭氧层衰减以及由此产生的地球表面紫外辐射增强已经成为全球气候变化的一个主要方面。UV-B胁迫,甚至当前的辐射水平,所带来的影响已经引起科学工作者的广泛关注。 为了生存和繁殖,植物不得不面临环境中各种潜在胁迫所带来的负面影响。然而,植物生活型的不可移动性决定了其逃避胁迫的局限性。因此,绝大多数植物都是通过对胁迫作出反应,通过修复或者更新组织来降低伤害。而植物应对环境变化的能力则是由其生长模式的种属特异性和本身的遗传组成所决定。在自然界,植物常常同时面临多种胁迫,这些胁迫所引发的植物反应可能具有叠加、协同或者拮抗作用。沙棘是一种具刺、具有固氮功能的多年生雌雄异株灌木,广泛分布于亚欧大陆的温带地区和亚洲亚热带的高海拔地区。在中国,沙棘常常被用作植被恢复中的先锋树种而大量栽培。本文采用沙棘作为模式植物,试图探索木本植物对低温,UV-B辐射增强以及其与干旱的复合胁迫的响应以及沙棘对这些胁迫响应是否具有种群差异性。 对来自南北两个种群的沙棘进行短日照和低温处理,检测了其在抗寒锻炼和抗寒性发育过程中存在的性别差异。结果表明,短日照和低温都分别能够诱导抗寒锻炼的发生,而两者同时存在对所有实验植株抗寒性的大小具有叠加效应。然而,短日照和低温所诱导的抗寒性在两个种群中都具有性别差异性,雄性植株比雌雄植株对短日照和低温更为敏感。同时,南北种群间也存在差异性,北方种群的植物比南方种群的植物对短日照和低温敏感,从而在短日照下抗寒锻炼的发生时间更早,低温诱导的抗寒性更大。短日照和低温诱导植物增加抗寒性的同时伴随着脱落酸的变化。脱落酸的变化因处理,种群和性别的不同而不同。这些生理反应表明不同的沙棘种群,不同的植株性别对同一环境胁迫可能存在不同的生存策略。 比较了来自高低两个海拔的沙棘种群对于干旱和UV-B辐射增强以及两者复合胁迫条件下的生理生态反应。干旱使两个种群中植株总的生物量,总叶面积,比叶面积,叶片含碳量,含磷量,木质素含量和碳氮比显著降低,使根冠比,粗根细根比和叶片脱落酸含量显著增加。干旱而非UV-B使得δ13C 值显著增加。但是,比较而言,来自高海拔的种群对干旱反应更为强烈,而来自低海拔的种群对UV-B更敏感。在UV-B辐射增强的处理下,干旱所诱导的脱落酸的积累被显著抑制。而且我们检测到在一些指标上存在显著的干旱×UV-B交互作用,如两个种群中在总生物量上,低海拔种群中在总叶面积,粗根细根比上,高海拔种群中在比叶面积,δ13C值,木质素含量上都存在明显的交互作用。这些结果表明这两个种群对胁迫具有不同的适应性反应,来自高海拔的种群比来自低海拔的种群更能够抵御干旱和UV-B胁迫。 室外实验表明,UV-B 去除/增补对沙棘高低两个海拔种群的影响都不大。对生物量的积累,植株高度以及一些常见的胁迫反应生理指标比如丙二醛、ABA 和游离脯氨酸都没有显著影响。UV-B 的效应比UV-A 大,植物反应在无UV 和仅有UV-A 的处理间没有什么区别。然而,UV-B 去除的两个处理和UV-B 存在的两个处理间存在显著区别。UV-B 使得两个种群都显著降低了比叶面积(SLA),但却使长期用水效率增加。但UV-B对光合色素和光合系统II 的影响不大。总体看来,来自低海拔的种群对UV-B 更为敏感。 Plant is adversely affected by various abiotic and biotic stress factors. These stressors includelow temperature, heat, salt, drought, flooding, heavy metal toxicity, wounding by herbivores,infecting by pathogenic microorganisms, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and so on. Variousanthropogenic activities have accentuated the existing stress factors. One of the mostimportant aspects of global change is that of stratospheric ozone depletion caused by seriousanthropogenic pollution and the resulting increase in UV radiation reaching the surface of theEarth. Scientists have become concerned about the effects that considerable UV-B stress, evenat current levels. In order to survive and reproduce, plants have to be able to cope with lots of potentiallyharmful stress factors that are almost constantly present in their environment. Most plants’responses under stress are to neutralize the stress, repairing the damage or regrowing newtissue rather than to avoid it due to their sessile life style. The plant defense capacity dependson plant-specific modular growth patterns and genetic make-up that allows for flexibleresponses to changing environments. Plants usually encounter several stresses simultaneouslyunder field conditions, and the stresses may cause a variety of plant responses, which can beadditive, synergistic or antagonistic. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), a thorny nitrogen fixing deciduously perennialshrub, which is widely distributed throughout the temperate zones of Asia and Europe and thesubtropical zones of Asia at high altitudes. It has been widely used in forest restoration as thepioneer species in China. In this paper, we used sea buckthorn as a model, tried to get some understand of how plants fight low temperature, enhanced UV-B radiation level and thatcombination of drought. And also, want to know whether does there exist some populationspecific responses to such stressors. Sexual differences in cold acclimation and freezing tolerance development of two contrastingsea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) ecotypes from northern and southern regions inChina were recorded after exposure to short day photoperiod (SD) and low temperature (LT).The results demonstrated that cold acclimation could be triggered by exposing the plants toSD or LT alone, and that a combination of both treatments had an additive effect on freezingtolerance in all plants tested. However, development of freezing tolerance was dependent onthe sex of plants under SD and LT, the males were clearly more responsive to SD and LT thanthe females in both ecotypes studied. On the other hand, development of freezing tolerancewas also ecotype-dependent, the northern ecotype was more responsive to SD and LT than thesouthern ecotype, resulting in earlier cold acclimation under SD and higher freezing toleranceunder LT. Moreover, development of freezing tolerance induced by SD and LT wasaccompanied by changes in ABA levels. These alterations in ABA levels were different indifferent treatments, ecotypes and sexes. Therefore, the differences in SD and LT-inducedphysiological responses showed that the different ecotypes and the different sexes mightemploy different survival strategies under environmental stress. Two contrasting populations from the low and high altitudinal regions were employed toinvestigate the effects of drought, UV-B and their combination on sea buckthorn. Droughtsignificantly decreased total biomass, total leaf area, specific leaf area,leaf carbon (C),phophous (P), lignin content and the ratio of C: N in both populations, and increasedroot/shoot ratio, fine root/coarse root ratio and abscisic acid content (ABA), in bothpopulations. Drought but not UV-B resulted in significantly greater carbon isotopecomposition (δ13C) values in both populations. However, the high altitudinal population wasmore responsive to drought than the low altitudinal population. The drought-inducedenhancement of ABA in the high altitudinal population was significantly suppressed in thecombination of drought and elevated UV-B. Moreover, significant drought × UV-B interactionwas detected on total biomass in both populations, total leaf area and fine root/coarse root inthe low altitudinal population, specific leaf area, δ13C value and leaf lignin content in the high altitudinal population. These results demonstrated that there were different adaptive responsesbetween two contrasting populations, the high altitudinal population exhibited highertolerance to drought and UV-B than the low altitudinal population. A field experiment was conducted to investigate effects of UV-B exclusion/supplementationon two altitudinal populations of sea buckthorn. UV-B exclusion or supplementation had littleeffects on both populations investigated. For instance, the total biomass, plant height andsome physiological index such as Malondialdehyde (MDA), ABA and free proline were notchanged significantly. The UV-B effects are more significant than that of UV-A, nodifferences were found between treatments of excluded UV and excluded UV-B. However,compared with treatments of UV-B exclusion (including absent of UV-B and all UV band),the present of UV-B (including near ambient environment and enhanced UV-B) significantdecreased specific leaf area, and increased long time water use efficiency as evaluated by δ13Cvalue. UV-B had little effects on photosynthetic pigments and Photosystem II (PSII). The lowaltitude population is more sensitive to UV-B than that of the high altitude population.

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用ACHT处理黑麦萌动种子,对修复前后材料的观察和分析结果表明:1. ACHT操作引起染色体数目变化和染色体断裂损失。在一定 条件和范围内,不同处理引起的这种变化具有显著差异,条件越剧烈,染色体数目变化的范围和频率愈大,断片发生的数量和频率 也愈高,同时修复前后染色体数目的变化范围和频率与断片发生的数量和频率以及它们的修复频率均表现明显的相关性。2. ACHT 操作引起染色体畸变的多样性。经ACHT处理后,胚根细胞染色体有4种断裂方式,包括着丝粒断裂、次溢痕断裂、长臂断裂和短臂 断裂等,其中着丝断裂频率最高;产生6种断片类型,包括有着丝粒和端粒的、有着丝粒而无端粒的、有部分着丝粒和端粒的、有 部分着丝粒而无端粒的、只有端粒的、既无着丝粒也无端粒的断片等。3. ACHT操作引起遗传结构重建的多样性。经ACHT处理后, 对修复24-72小时材料进行核型比较(按Stebbins 和 Levan 标准)和随体分析,处理细胞在染色体数目、大小、形态、位置等方面 均发生显著变化,说明ACHT处理使这些细胞的染色体结构和染色体组型发生了深刻变化。进一步通过Giemsa C— 带分析,观察到 多种重建染色体类型,包括易位型染色体、附加型染色体、无着丝粒染色体、化染色体、增加的m染色体以及某些带型特异的染色 体等。4. RAPD 分析从分子水平上验证了ACHT能有效地引起遗传结构的改变。所用10种引物对处理和对照材料基因组DNA的扩增产 物在条带数目、条带位置及带型特征等方面均有明显差异,其中4种引物出现条带减少,6种引物出现条带增加,后者还包括一个带 位移动。这说明两种材料的基因组DNA具有明显的RAPD反应多态性差异。This paper descripes some results draw on the basis of the observation and analysis on the rye before and after repaired through treating its budding seeds by ACHT in contrast to without ACHT: 1. ACHT manipulation caused the number variation and breakage damage of rye chromosome. Within certain conditions and timits, this phenomenon caused by different treats had signifcant difference: the more the treatment condition is drastie, the more the chageable range and frequence of rye chromosomae number, and so is the produced fragments. Meanwhile, there existed striking relationship among the changeable range and frequence of rye chromosome, the produced number and frequence of fragments and repairing frequence. 2. ACHT manipulafion engendered the diversify of rye chromosomal aberration. Four breakage patterns and six sorts of fragment were observed by watching the chromosome of the rye radicle treated by ACHT, including centric breakage (occuring in the highest frequence), secondary constriction breakage, long arm breakage and short arm breakage to the former, Comprising that with both centromere and telomere, that with centromere and without telomere, that with partial centromere and with telomere, that with partfial ceetromere and without telomere, that only with telomere and that neither with centromere nor with telomere, etc. 3. ACHT manipulation engendered the diversify or rye genetic structs reconstruction. Karureotype analysis(according to Stebbins and Levan) and satellite anaeysis were carried out to rye radicle through 24-72-hour-long recoverage after ACHT manipulation, which showed remarkable change happened on the rye chromosomal number、shape、arm ration and pattern, etc. and also on the satellite number、size、shape and location etc. Those indicated that ACHT manipulation engendered violent changes to rye chromatin structure and chromosome type. Further Giemsa C-banding analysis showed many types of reconstructed chromosome, such as translocation、addition、without centromere、st and other chromosome. 4. RAPD analysis checked the validity of ACHT on changing genetic structure of rye on the level of molecular biology. The treated and recovered rye has different amplifying band pattern by using IO valid arbitary primers selected from 40 comparing with the control.

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Novel bioactive glass (13G) nanoparticles/poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) composites were prepared as promising bone-repairing materials. The BG nanoparticles (Si:P:Ca = 29:13:58 weight ratio) of about 40 run diameter were prepared via the sol-gel method. In order to improve the phase compatibility between the polymer and the inorganic phase, PLLA (M-n = 9700 Da) was linked to the surface of the BG particles by diisocyanate. The grafting ratio of PLLA was in the vicinity of 20 wt.%. The grafting modification could improve the tensile strength, tensile modulus and impact energy of the composites by increasing the phase compatibility.

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Nanocomposite of hydroxyapatite (HAP) surface-grafted with poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) (g-HAP) shows a wide application for bone fixation materials due to its improved interface compatibility, mechanical property and biocompatibility in our previous study. In this paper, a 3-D porous scaffold of g-HAP/poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) was fabricated using the solvent casting/particulate leaching method to investigate its applications in bone replacement and tissue engineering. The composite of un-grafted HAP/PLGA and neat PLGA were used as controls. Their in vivo mineralization and osteogenesis were investigated by intramuscular implantation and replacement for repairing radius defects of rabbits. After surface modification, more uniform distribution of g-HAP particles but a lower calcium exposure on the surface of g-HAP/PLGA was observed. Intramuscular implantation study showed that the scaffold of g-HAP/PLGA was more stable than that of PLGA, and exhibited similar mineralization and biodegradability to HAP/PLGA at the 12-20 weeks post-surgery.