湍流等离子体尾迹雷达散射截面的计算及其影响因素分析

针对一阶畸变波Born近似模型,深入分析了湍流内外尺度和电子数密度脉动值对雷达散射截面的影响,并且给出了关于湍流外尺度的一个经验的,能被工程上较好使用的公式.在以上分析的基础上,计算了几种高程条件下再入小钝头锥体等离子尾迹的雷达散射截面,与已有实验结果进行了对比分析.分析和计算结果表明,湍流的外尺度和局部电子数密度值对雷达散射截面值影响较大;湍流内尺度变化的影响不大.

再入尾迹湍流对雷达散射截面影响分析

通过探讨高超声速再入湍流尾迹等离子体场中电磁波的散射机制，推导出在工程上描述湍流亚密等离子体雷达散射的一阶畸变波Born近似模型，分析了该模型在充分发展湍流尾迹等离子体场中的适用性，完成了适用于三维尾迹等离子体场的程序设计。以已有的湍流尾迹等离子体流场数据为基础，分析了再入尾迹湍流等离子体流动对雷达散射截面的影响。选取考察的几个有代表性的因素为：湍流模型、转捩过程、湍流尺度、电子组分脉动初始条件等。由结果可以看到，湍流转捩过程和湍流尺度对雷达散射截面值影响不大；电子组份脉动强度初始值影响较明显；湍流模型在特定条件下影响亦不大。

再入尾迹电磁特性的湍流效应研究

本文旨意在于通过探讨高超声速再入尾迹中的湍流等离子体与电磁波相互作用的机理，以及建立能反映此机理的应用性理论模型，从而提供一套可进行目标特性分析的方法，以便为工程部门的突防技术服务。本题目在再入气动物理现象研究中具有重要意义。综合分析指出，地面雷达观测到的非相干散射信号主要来源于再入尾迹的亚密湍流区产生的体积散射。因此，电磁散射特性分析主要针对尾迹亚密湍流等离子体。并且，这里所有的分析都是根据在工程应用中最成熟的一阶畸变波Born近似理论模型。再入尾迹电磁特性的湍流效应研究，着眼点就在于湍流等离子体场的研究。对湍流等离子体场理论模型，本文试图通过模式理论来表达，即求解平均化的全Navier-Stokes方程及其封闭方程k-ε-g模型，从而准确获得流动平均场和脉动场信息。这种表达方式较以前有了较大改进。注意到高超声速流动具有强烈可压缩性的特点，故使用的N-S平均方程由质量加权平均过程产生，湍流模型方程也经过可压缩性修正。方程的离散求解方法，都是运用带矢通量分裂的二阶TVD格式的有限体积法。再入尾迹湍流场的初始条件由近尾迹（底部）流动经N-S方程求解给定，初始值更加准确可靠。尾迹从层流到湍流的转捩过程采用相对成熟的半经验公式确定。飞行器的高超声速再入过程必然导致它周围的空气温度升高，使得流动表现出真实气体效应。对重点考察的湍流流动而言，真实气体效应主要表现为气体处于热化学平衡状态。就工程部门面临的实际问题，把一阶畸变波Born近似的解算方法做些改进，使其能够处理的范围从轴对称尾迹扩展到三维湍流等离子体场是必要的。这为深入的理论分析提供了有力的保障。在能够准确模拟湍流流动的刻划雷达散射截面的基础上，考察亚密湍流等离子体对电磁散射的影响。通过选择的几个有代表性的因素进行讨论，初步结果表明：湍流转捩方式、湍流尺度对尾迹雷达散射截面值计算影响不大，而电子组份脉动能初始值影响较明显，且在特定条件下湍流模型的影响亦不大。但由于湍流模型涉及脉动初始值，其影响需进一步确定。同时，一些今后开展继续此项研究工作的有益建议也提了出来。

Generation of large-scale vortex dislocations in a three-dimensional wake-type flow

Numerical study of three-dimensional evolution of wake-type flow and vortex dislocations is performed by using a compact finite diffenence-Fourier spectral method to solve 3-D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. A local spanwise nonuniformity in momentum defect is imposed on the incoming wake-type flow. The present numerical results have shown that the flow instability leads to three-dimensional vortex streets, whose frequency, phase as well as the strength vary with the span caused by the local nonuniformity. The vortex dislocations are generated in the nonuniform region and the large-scale chain-like vortex linkage structures in the dislocations are shown. The generation and the characteristics of the vortex dislocations are described in detail.

Experimental investigation on the chaotic phenomena in the wake of a natural thermal convection flow

Chaotic phenomena in the wake of thermal convection flow fields above a heating flat plate were investigated experimentally. A newly developed electron beam fluorescence technique (EBF) was used to simultaneously measure density fluctuation at 7 points in a cross section above the plate. Correlation dimensions, intermittence coefficients, Fourier spectrum have been obtained for different Grashof numbers. Spatial distribution of correlation dimensions are presented. The experimental result shows that there is a certain relationship between the density fluctuation and the Gr number. And time-spacial characteristic of chaos evolution is also given.

Structure of Vortex Dislocations in a Wake-type Flow

Structure and dynamical processes of vortex dislocations in a kind of wake-type flow are described clearly by vortex lines, which are directly constructed from data of three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of the flow evolution.

Effects of the Spanwise Characteristic Length on the Transition Feature in the Wake of a Cylinder

The transition features of the wake behind a uniform circular cylinder at Re = 200, which is just beyond the critical Reynolds number of 3-D transition, are investigated in detail by direct numerical simulations of 3-D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The spanwise characteris-tic length determines the transition features and global properties of the wake.

Low-Dimensional Dynamical Systems for a Wake-Type Shear Flow with Vortex Dislocations

Low-dimensional systems are constructed to investigate dynamics of vortex dislocations in a wake-type shear flow. High-resolution direct numerical simulations are employed to obtain flow snapshots from which the most energetic modes are extracted using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The first 10 modes are classified into two groups. One represents the general characteristics of two-dimensional wake-type shear flow, and the other is related to the three-dimensional properties or non-uniform characteristics along the span. Vortex dislocations are generated by these two kinds of coherent structures. The results from the first 20 three-dimensional POD modes show that the low- dimensional systems have captured the basic properties of the wake-type shear flow with vortex dislocation, such as two incommensurable frequencies and their beat frequency.

High Aspect Ratio (L/D) Riser Viv Prediction Using Wake Oscillator Model

A two-dimensional (2-D) vortex-induced vibration (VIV) prediction model for high aspect ratio (LID) riser subjected to uniform and sheared flow is studied in this paper. The nonlinear structure equations are considered. The near wake dynamics describing the fluctuating nature of vortex shedding is modeled using classical van der Pol equation. A new approach was applied to calibrate the empirical parameters in the wake oscillator model. Compared the predicted results with the experimental data and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) results. Good agreements are observed. It can be concluded that the present model can be used as simple computational tool in predicting some aspects of VIV of long flexible structures. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

VISUALIZATION RESULTS OF AXISYMMETRICAL WAKE FLOW WITH/WITHOUT ACOUSTIC EXCITATION

Visualization results demonstrate the evolution of Kelvin-Helmholtz unstable waves into vortex pairing in a separated shear layer of a blunf circular. The results with acoustic excitation are quite different from that without acoustic excitation, and the phenomenon with excitation in a separated shear layer follows the rule of Devil s staircase, which always occurs in a non-linear dynamical system of two coupling vibrators.

Features of the supercritical transition in the wake of a circular cylinder

The features of the wake behind a uniform circular cylinder at Re = 200, which is just beyond the critical Reynolds number of 3-D transition, are investigated in detail by direct numerical simulations by solving 3-D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using mixed spectral-spectral-element method. The high-order splitting algorithm based on the mixed stiffly stable scheme is employed in the time discretization. Due to the nonlinear evolution of the secondary instability of the wake, the spanwise modes with different wavelengths emerge. The spanwise characteristic length determines the transition features and global properties of the wake. The existence of the spanwise phase difference of the primary vortices shedding is confirmed by Fourier analysis of the time series of the spanwise vorticity and attributed. to the dominant spanwise mode. The spatial energy distributions of various modes and the velocity profiles in the near wake are obtained. The numerical results indicate that the near wake is in 3-D quasi-periodic laminar state with transitional behaviors at this supercritical Reynolds number.

Numerical exploration of new features on three-dimensional transition of a cylinder wake

The three-dimensional transition of the wake flow behind a circular cylinder is studied in detail by direct numerical simulations using 3D incompressible N-S equations for Reynolds number ranging from 200 to 300. New features and vortex dynamics of the 3D transition of the wake are found and investigated. At Re = 200, the flow pattern is characterized by mode A instability. However, the spanwise characteristic length of the cylinder determines the transition features. Particularly for the specific spanwise characteristic length linear stable mode may dominate the wake in place of mode A and determine the spanwise phase difference of the primary vortices shedding. At Re = 250 and 300 it is found that the streamwise vortices evolve into a new type of mode - "dual vortex pair mode" downstream. The streamwise vortex structures switch among mode A, mode B and dual vortex pair mode from near wake to downstream wake. At Re = 250, an independent low frequency f(m) in addition to the vortex shedding frequency f(s) is identified. Frequency coupling between f(m) and f(s) occurs. These result in the irregularity of the temporal signals and become a key feature in the transition of the wake. Based on the formation analysis of the streamwise vorticity in the vicinity of cylinder, it is suggested that mode A is caused by the emergence of the spanwise velocity due to three dimensionality of the incoming flow past the cylinder. Energy distribution on various wave numbers and the frequency variation in the wake are also described.

Transition waves and nonlinear interactions in the near wake of a circular cylinder

Transition waves and interactions between two kinds of instability-vortex shedding and transition wave in the near wake of a circular cylinder in the Reynolds number range 3 000-10 000 are studied by a domain decomposition hybrid numerical method. Based on high resolution power spectral analyses for velocity new results on the Reynolds-number dependence of the transition wave frequency, i.e. f(t)/f(s) similar to Re-0.87 are obtained. The new predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results of Wei and Smith but different from Braza's prediction and some early experimental results f(t)/f(s) similar to Re-0.5 given by Bloor et nl. The multi-interactions between two kinds of vortex are clearly visualized numerically. The strong nonlinear interactions between the two independent frequencies (f(t), f(s)) leading to spectra broadening to form the coupling mf(s) +/- nf(t) are predicted and analyzed numerically, and the characteristics of the transition are described. Longitudinal variations of the transition wave and its coupling are reported. Detailed mechanism of the flow transition in the near wake before occurrence of the three-dimensional evolution is provided.