辽河流域降雨侵蚀力的时空变化分析

降雨侵蚀力是反映流域降雨侵蚀能力的综合指标之一。根据辽河流域10个气象站的日降雨量资料,利用日降雨侵蚀力模型估算辽河流域的降雨侵蚀力。结果表明:辽河流域降雨侵蚀力的空间变异与降雨量的空间分布趋势基本一致,由东南向西北递减,变化于1 000~3 800 MJ.mm/(hm2.h.a)之间;降雨侵蚀力年内集中度高,6—8月3个月约占全年的80%;降雨侵蚀力年际变化大,年际变率Cv在0.367~0.649之间,采用时序系列的Mann-Kendall检验表明,降雨侵蚀力并无显著变化趋势;特别是在流域水土流失严重的西辽河地区,年降雨侵蚀力较小,但年内集中程度大,年际变化更突出。

基于日雨量的延安地区降雨侵蚀力动态特征分析

延安地区是黄土高原水土流失最为严重的地区之一。利用延安气象站1951-2005年的日降雨量数据,采用日雨量侵蚀力模型估算延安地区降雨侵蚀力,结果表明:该地区降雨侵蚀力主要集中在6-9月,占到了全年的85.6%。年降雨侵蚀力的平均值为1765.73MJ.mm/(hm2.h),55年间,年降雨侵蚀力变异程度适中,从整体上看,趋势保持平稳,其离差系数Cv和变异趋势系数r分别为0.41和-0.071。

Numerical Analysis of Rainfall Infiltration in the Slope with a Fracture

With the finite volume method, a 2D numerical model for seepage in unsaturated soil has been established to study the rainfall infiltration in the fractured slope.The result shows that more rain may infiltrate into the slope due to existing fracture and then the pore pressure rises correspondingly. Very probably, it is one of the crucial factors accounting for slope failure. Furthermore a preliminary study has been conducted to investigate the influence of various fracture and rainfall factors such as the depth, width and location of a crack, surface condition, rainfall intensity and duration. Pore pressure and water volumetric content during the transient seepage are carefully examined to reveal the intrinsic mechanism.

Numerical Study on Rainfall Infiltration in Rock-Soil Blocks

A mathematical model for the rain infiltration in the rock-soil slop has been established and solved by using the finite element method. The unsteady water infiltrating process has been simulated to get water content both in the homogeneous and heterogeneous media. The simulated results show that the rock blocks in the rock-soil slop can cause the wetting front moving fast. If the rain intensity is increased, the saturated region will be formed quickly while other conditions are the same. If the rain intensity keeps a constant, it is possible to accelerate the generation of the saturated region by properly increasing the vertical filtration rate of the rock-soil slop. However, if the vertical filtration rate is so far greater than the rain intensity, it will be difficult to form the saturated region in the rock-soil slop. The numerical method was verified by comparing the calculation results with the field test data.

A Continuation Method of Parameter Inversion for Non-Equilibrium Convection-Dispersion Equation

Based on the homotopy mapping, a globally convergent method of parameter inversion for non-equilibrium convection-dispersion equations (CDEs) is developed. Moreover, in order to further improve the computational efficiency of the algorithm, a properly smooth function, which is derived from the sigmoid function, is employed to update the homotopy parameter during iteration. Numerical results show the feature of global convergence and high performance of this method. In addition, even the measurement quantities are heavily contaminated by noises, and a good solution can be found.

Three-Dimensional Network Model And Its Parameter Calibration

A material model, whose framework is parallel spring-bundles oriented in 3-D space, is proposed. Based on a discussion of the discrete schemes and optimum discretization of the solid angles, a 3-D network cell consisted of one-dimensional components is developed with its geometrical and physical parameters calibrated. It is proved that the 3-D network model is able to exactly simulate materials with arbitrary Poisson ratio from 0 to 1/2, breaking through the limit that the previous models in the literature are only suitable for materials with Poisson ratio from 0 to 1/3. A simplified model is also proposed to realize high computation accuracy within low computation cost. Examples demonstrate that the 3-D network model has particular superiority in the simulation of short-fiber reinforced composites.

Comparison of Various Adhesion Contact Theories and the Influence of Dimensionless Load Parameter

Three models, JKR (Johnson, Kendall and Roberts), DMT (Derjaguin, Muller, and Toporov) andMD (Maugis-Dugdale),are compared with the Hertz model in dealing with nano-contact problems. It has been shown that both the dimensionless load parameter, P D P=.1/4

Modeling on Runoff Concentration Caused by Rainfall on Hillslopes and Application in Maoping Slope

Based on the fact that the concentration flowlines of overland flow depend on the surface landform of hillslope, a kinematic wave model was developed for simulating runoff generation and flow concentration caused by rainfall on hillslopes. The model-simulated results agree well with experimental observations. Applying the model to the practical case of Maoping slope, we obtained the characteristics of runoff generation and infiltration on the slope. Especially, the simulated results adequately reflected the confluent pattern of surface runoff, which offers a scientific foundation for designing the drainage engineering on the Maoping slope.

The vector fields admitting one-parameter spatial symmetry group and their reduction

For a n-dimensional vector fields preserving some n-form, the following conclusion is reached by the method of Lie group. That is, if it admits an one-parameter, n-form preserving symmetry group, a transformation independent of the vector field is constructed explicitly, which can reduce not only dimesion of the vector field by one, but also make the reduced vector field preserve the corresponding ( n - 1)-form. In partic ular, while n = 3, an important result can be directly got which is given by Me,ie and Wiggins in 1994.

Numerical study on rainfall infiltration in rock-soil slop

A mathematical model for the rain infiltration in the rock-soil slop has been established and solved by using the finite element method. The unsteady water infiltrating process has been simulated to get water content both in the homogeneous and heterogeneous media. The simulated results show that the rock blocks in the rock-soil slop can cause the wetting front moving fast. If the rain intensity is increased, the saturated region will be formed quickly while other conditions are the same. If the rain intensity keeps a constant, it is possible to accelerate the generation of the saturated region by properly increasing the vertical filtration rate of the rock-soil slop. However, if the vertical filtration rate is so far greater than the rain intensity, it will be difficult to form the saturated region in the rock-soil slop. The numerical method was verified by comparing the calculation results with the field test data.

Effects of physical parameter range on dimensionless variable sensitivity in water flooding reservoirs

The similarity criterion for water flooding reservoir flows is concerned with in the present paper. When finding out all the dimensionless variables governing this kind of flow, their physical meanings are subsequently elucidated. Then, a numerical approach of sensitivity analysis is adopted to quantify their corresponding dominance degree among the similarity parameters. In this way, we may finally identify major scaling law in different parameter range and demonstrate the respective effects of viscosity, permeability and injection rate.

Effects of physical parameter range on dimensionless variable sensitivity in water flooding reservoirs

The similarity criterion for water flooding reservoir flows is concerned with in the present paper. When finding out all the dimensionless variables governing this kind of flow, their physical meanings are subsequently elucidated. Then, a numerical approach of sensitivity analysis is adopted to quantify their corresponding dominance degree among the similarity parameters. In this way, we may finally identify major scaling law in different parameter range and demonstrate the respective effects of viscosity, permeability and injection rate.

A non-equilibrium sediment transport model for rill erosion

Sediment transport in rill flows exhibits the characteristics of non-equilibrium transport, and the sediment transport rate of rill flow gradually recovers along the flow direction by erosion. By employing the concept of partial equilibrium sediment transport from open channel hydraulics, a dynamic model of rill erosion on hillslopes was developed. In the model, a parameter, called the restoration coefficient of sediment transport capacity, was used to express the recovery process of sediment transport rate, which was analysed by dimensional analysis and determined from laboratory experimental data. The values of soil loss simulated by the model were in agreement with observed values. The model results showed that the length and gradient of the hillslope and rainfall intensity had different influences on rill erosion. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Suppressing chaos and transient in parameter perturbed systems

The systems with some system parameters perturbed are investigated. These systems might exist in nature or be obtained by perturbation or truncation theory. Chaos might be suppressed or induced. Some of these dynamical systems exhibit extraordinary long transients, which makes the temporal structure seem sensitively dependent on initial conditions in finite observation time interval.