GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THE CHINESE PANGOLIN (MANIS-PENTADACTYLA) INFERRED FROM PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS

We examined protein polymorphism of Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla) from Yunnan Province of China, including two forms of three brown and nine dusky Chinese pangolins. Sixty-two genetic loci were screened; 12 loci were found to be polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) is 0.194, the mean individual heterozygosity (H) is 0.078, and the mean number of alleles (A) is 1.258. Furthermore, we calculated the genetic distance (D) between the two forms and found a low level of genetic divergence (D = 0.0206) between them, which indicates an almost-indistinguishable divergence at the level of proteins.

Genetic diversity of Yunnan local pig breeds inferred from blood protein electrophoresis

Protein electrophoresis was used to examine the blood protein polymorphism in Yunnan local pig breeds, i.e., the Saba pig, Dahe pig, and Diannan small-ear pig breeds, Of 38 genetic loci surveyed 9 were found to be polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) varies from 0.1875 to 0.2121, and the mean individual heterozygosity (H) varies front 0.0712 to 0.1027 in three pig breeds. The results indicate that blood protein polymorphism in Yunnan pig breeds is high. Yunnan local pig breeds have a wealth of genetic diversity at the level of blood proteins.

Genetic diversity and divergence in Chinese yak (Bos grunniens) populations inferred from blood protein electrophoresis

In 6 Chinese yak (Bos. grunniens) populations including 177 yaks, 34 blood protein loci were studied by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis, four of these loci (AKP: ALB, LDH-1, TF) were found to be polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic loci(P) is 0.118, the mean individual heterozygosity(H) is 0.015, which means a low level of genetic diversity in the whole Chinese yak population. The coefficient of gene differentiation (G(ST)) is 0.0625, which indicated an almost-indistinguishable divergence among different populations at the level of blood protein electrophoresis.

Genetic diversity of cattle in South China as revealed by blood protein electrophoresis

Genetic variation of 31 blood protein loci in 236 cattle from eight South China populations (including mithan, Bos frontalis) and a Holstein population was investigated by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Thirteen loci (ALB, CAR, Hb-b, Np, PGM, Amy-I, PEP-B, AKP, 6PGD, Cp, Pa, EsD, and TF) were found to be polymorphic. The comparison of average heterozygosities (H) shows that all the native cattle embrace a rich genetic diversity Our results on protein polymorphism suggest that cattle in China originated mainly from Bos indicus and Bos taurus; Xuwen, Hainan, Wenshan, and Dehong cattle and the Dehong zebu are close to zebu-type cattle, and Diqing and Zhaotong cattle are close to the taurine. The mithan was very different from other native cattle, and we suggest that its origin was complicated and may be influenced by other cattle species.

Genetic diversity of Chinese native pigs inferred from protein electrophoresis

We examined protein polymorphism of 20 native pig breeds in China and 3 introduced pig breeds. Thirty loci have been investigated, among which six loci were found to be polymorphic. Especially, the polymorphism of malate dehydrogenase (MDH), adenylate kinase (AK), and two new alleles of adenosine deaminase (ADA) had not been reported in domestic pigs and wild pigs. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P), the mean heterozygosity (H), and the mean number of alleles (A) are 0.200, 0.065, and 1.300, respectively. The degree of genetic variability of Chinese pigs as a whole was higher than that of goats, lower than that of cattle and horses, and similar to that of sheep. Using the gene frequencies of the 30 loci, Nei's genetic distance among the 20 native breeds in China and 3 introduced pig breeds was calculated by the formula of Nei. The program NEIGHBOR in PHYLIP 3.5c was chosen to construct an UPGMA tree and a NJ tree. Our results show that, of the total genetic variation found in the native pig breeds in China, 31% (0.31) is ascribable to genetic differences among breeds. About 69% of the total genetic variation is found within breeds. Most breeds are in linkage disequilibrium. The patterns of genetic similarities between the Chinese native pig breeds were not in agreement with the proposed pig type classification.

Protein polymorphism and genetic divergence in slow loris (Genus nycticebus)

In this study, protein electrophoresis was assayed to detect genetic variation in Genus Nycticebus. A total of 29 samples (2 N. coucang and 27 N. pygmaeus) were analyzed for 42 genetic loci. In the 27 samples of N. pygmaeus, 4 loci were observed to be polymorphic. Therefore, the estimated P value (proportion of polymorphic loci) is 0.095, the A value (average number of alleles each locus) is 1.045, and the H value (mean individual heterozygosity) is 0.040. After comparing the H of N. pygmaeus with those of other primates reported, we found that the protein variation in N. pygmaeus is slightly lower than the average level. Additionally, we also observed obvious allele difference between N. pygmaeus and N. coucang. There are no shared alleles between these two species in eight loci. The NEI's genetic distance between them was calculated as 0.2541, which falls in the spectrum of genetic difference between species in primates.

牛耳草Bose hygrometrica 离体叶脱水-复水过程的光合作用及基因表达

本文以复苏植物牛耳草Boea hygrometrica成熟植株的离体叶片为试材，对比非复苏植物烟叶唇苣苔Chirita heterotricha, 以光合作用在脱水－复水过程中的变化为切入点，从生理水平上探讨其脱水保护位点：应用mRNA差异显示技术，从分子水平上探讨其脱水保护机制。 光合放氧速率、快速荧光诱导动力学、慢速荧光诱导动力学、荧光发射光谱、荧光激发谱的结果表明，相对于烟叶唇柱苣苔，脱水对牛耳草净光合速率、PS II和PS I光化学活性、电子传递、光合磷酸化及CO_2固定的影响有一个共同的特点，即脱水时迅速降低，复水后恢复能力强。通过非变性绿胶的研究牛耳草叶片类囊体膜叶绿素－蛋白复合体在脱水－复水过程中保持高度稳定。色素含量分析表明牛耳草的叶绿素含量在脱水－复水过程中也相对稳定。这些特征可能是牛耳草叶片光合作用脱水保护机制的一部分。 SDS－PAGE和IEF电泳结果表明，牛耳草脱水复苏过程中蛋白质表达有差异，或增或减，并分别发现了一条（SDS－PAGE）和两条（IEF）在脱水过程中特异出现的蛋白质。 本文以银染法代替放射自显影用于mRNA差异显示，不但简化了实验步骤，缩短了实验周期，而且在不降低灵敏度的前提下避免了放射性危害，降低了实验成本。本文证明了mRNA差异银染显示法用于复苏植物牛耳草脱水－复水过程中基因表达变化的研究是可行的。 mRNA差异银染显示法揭示牛耳草耐脱水复苏机制涉及到基因表达的调控。脱水－复水过程中差异表达的基因有6种，其中脱水特异诱导表达的13个cDNA所相应的基因、脱水上调节的15个cDNA所相应的基因可能参与牛耳草叶片脱水保护机制，复水特异诱导的8个cDNA的所相应基因可能参与牛耳草复水后的修复机制。2个脱水特异诱导表达的cDNA片段进行了克隆和测序。

滇南小耳猪遗传多样性的血液蛋白电泳研究

文采用蛋白电泳技术研究滇南小耳猪血液蛋白多态性。共分析了滇南小耳猪32个遗传位 点，其中AKP、CAT、ES、PA、6PGD和TF等6个位点检测到多态性，多态位点百分比P=0．1875，平均 杂合度H=0．0712。结果表明滇南小耳猪的血液蛋白多态程度较高，反映在蛋白质水平上的遗传多样 性较为丰富。

Microsatellite polymorphisms of Sichuan golden monkeys

Previous study using protein electrophoresis shows no polymorphism in 44 nuclear loci of Sichuan golden monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana), which limits our understandings of its population genetic patterns in the nuclear genome. In order to obtain sufficient information, we scanned 14 microsatellite loci in a sample of 32 individuals from its three major habitats (Minshan, Qinling and Shennongiia). A considerable amount of polymorphisms were detected. The average heterozygosities in the local populations were all above 0.5. The differentiations among local populations were significant. There was evidence of geneflow among subpopullations, but geneflow between Qinling and Shennongjia local populations was the weakest. Minshan and Qinling populations might have gone through recent bottlenecks. The estimation of the ratio of the effective population sizes among local populations was close to that from census sizes. Comparisons to available mitochondria data suggested that R. roxellana's social structures played an important role in shaping its population genetic patterns. Our study showed that the polymorphism level of R. roxellana was no higher than other endangered species; therefore, measures should be taken to preserve genetic diversity of this species.

Sensitive, Label-Free Protein Assay Using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate Supported Microchip Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection

Based on the dimer-monomer equilibrium movement of the fluorescent dye Pyronin Y (PY), a rapid, simple, highly sensitive, label-free method for protein detection was developed by microchip electrophoresis with LIF detection. PY formed a nonfluorescent dimer induced by the premicellar aggregation of an anionic surfactant, SDS, however, the fluorescence intensity of the system increased dramatically when proteins such as BSA, bovine hemoglobin, cytochrome c, and trypsin were added to the solution due to the transition of dimer to fluorescent monomer. Furthermore, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMImBF(4)) instead of PBS was applied as running buffers in microchip electrophoresis.