25 resultados para processus de domestication

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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Background: The emergence of agriculture about 10,000 years ago marks a dramatic change in human evolutionary history. The diet shift in agriculture societies might have a great impact on the genetic makeup of Neolithic human populations. The regionally restricted enrichment of the class I alcohol dehydrogenase sequence polymorphism (ADH1BArg47His) in southern China and the adjacent areas suggests Darwinian positive selection on this genetic locus during Neolithic time though the driving force is yet to be disclosed. Results: We studied a total of 38 populations (2,275 individuals) including Han Chinese, Tibetan and other ethnic populations across China. The geographic distribution of the ADH1B*47His allele in these populations indicates a clear east-to-west cline, and it is dominant in south-eastern populations but rare in Tibetan populations. The molecular dating suggests that the emergence of the ADH1B*47His allele occurred about 10,000 similar to 7,000 years ago. Conclusion: We present genetic evidence of selection on the ADH1BArg47His polymorphism caused by the emergence and expansion of rice domestication in East Asia. The geographic distribution of the ADH1B*47His allele in East Asia is consistent with the unearthed culture relic sites of rice domestication in China. The estimated origin time of ADH1B*47His allele in those populations coincides with the time of origin and expansion of Neolithic agriculture in southern China.

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Background: Previously reported evidence indicates that pigs were independently domesticated in multiple places throughout the world. However, a detailed picture of the origin and dispersal of domestic pigs in East Asia has not yet been reported. Results:

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The domestication of livestock represented a crucial step in human history. By using endogenous retroviruses as genetic markers, we found that sheep differentiated on the basis of their "retrotype" and morphological traits dispersed across Eurasia and Afr

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Advances in genome technology have facilitated a new understanding of the historical and genetic processes crucial to rapid phenotypic evolution under domestication(1,2). To understand the process of dog diversification better, we conducted an extensive genome-wide survey of more than 48,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in dogs and their wild progenitor, the grey wolf. Here we show that dog breeds share a higher proportion of multi-locus haplotypes unique to grey wolves from the Middle East, indicating that they are a dominant source of genetic diversity for dogs rather than wolves from east Asia, as suggested by mitochondrial DNA sequence data(3). Furthermore, we find a surprising correspondence between genetic and phenotypic/functional breed groupings but there are exceptions that suggest phenotypic diversification depended in part on the repeated crossing of individuals with novel phenotypes. Our results show that Middle Eastern wolves were a critical source of genome diversity, although interbreeding with local wolf populations clearly occurred elsewhere in the early history of specific lineages. More recently, the evolution of modern dog breeds seems to have been an iterative process that drew on a limited genetic toolkit to create remarkable phenotypic diversity.

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Background: Various evolutionary models have been proposed to interpret the fate of paralogous duplicates, which provides substrates on which evolution selection could act. In particular, domestication, as a special selection, has played important role in crop cultivation with divergence of many genes controlling important agronomic traits. Recent studies have indicated that a pair of duplicate genes was often sub-functionalized from their ancestral functions held by the parental genes. We previously demonstrated that the rice cell-wall invertase (CWI) gene GIF1 that plays an important role in the grain-filling process was most likely subjected to domestication selection in the promoter region. Here, we report that GIF1 and another CWI gene OsCIN1 constitute a pair of duplicate genes with differentiated expression and function through independent selection. Results: Through synteny analysis, we show that GIF1 and another cell-wall invertase gene OsCIN1 were paralogues derived from a segmental duplication originated during genome duplication of grasses. Results based on analyses of population genetics and gene phylogenetic tree of 25 cultivars and 25 wild rice sequences demonstrated that OsCIN1 was also artificially selected during rice domestication with a fixed mutation in the coding region, in contrast to GIF1 that was selected in the promoter region. GIF1 and OsCIN1 have evolved into different expression patterns and probable different kinetics parameters of enzymatic activity with the latter displaying less enzymatic activity. Overexpression of GIF1 and OsCIN1 also resulted in different phenotypes, suggesting that OsCIN1 might regulate other unrecognized biological process. Conclusion: How gene duplication and divergence contribute to genetic novelty and morphological adaptation has been an interesting issue to geneticists and biologists. Our discovery that the duplicated pair of GIF1 and OsCIN1 has experiencedsub-functionalization implies that selection could act independently on each duplicate towards different functional specificity, which provides a vivid example for evolution of genetic novelties in a model crop. Our results also further support the established hypothesis that gene duplication with sub-functionalization could be one solution for genetic adaptive conflict.

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中国古代涉及植物学的文献可谓浩如烟海。由于中国植物种类繁多,加之方言的分化和文字的演变,古籍文献中的植物名称难以计数。距古愈久,失误愈多,渐至名称混乱难以分辨,同物异名、同名异物现象比比皆是。植物考据在这样的背景下产生了。本文确立了中国植物考据研究的范围、内容、证据、方法和目的,并以时间为线索,梳理了中国植物考据研究两千多年的历史,扼要评介了各个历史阶段的代表人物及作品。在此基础上,本文遵循“由近及远,先实后虚”的研究思路,考证了《植物名实图考》的几种百合科植物,同时选定茄子这一栽培植物,以它为点,利用中国古籍文献证据,研究它在中国的起源、驯化和传播,藉此探讨植物考据研究所能解决的植物学问题。 1. 粉条儿菜和肺筋草考 理清了近百年来“粉条儿菜”和“肺筋草”这两个植物中文名称的混乱,确认粉条儿菜一名最早见于《救荒本草》,实为菊科Compositae鸦葱属Scorzonera华北鸦葱Scorzonera albicaulis;首次记载于《植物名实图考》中的“肺筋草”才是Aletris 属植物,应为Aletris scopulorum,非前人考证的Aletris spicata。 2. 黄精属植物考 《图考》“黄精”包括了多花黄精Polygonatum cyrtonema、长梗黄精P. filipes和距药黄精P. franchetii,这三个种实际上是一个集合种 (species aggregate), 即使用现代分类的观点来看,它们之间也很难从外部形态区分开来;“黄精苗”可能为P. sibiricum或P. verticillatum;认为“滇钩吻(一)”应为点花黄精P. punctatum,这与前人的考证结果相同;“滇钩吻(二)”和“滇黄精”可能分别为卷叶黄精P. cirrhifolium和滇黄精P. kingianum中的某个种,但限于黄精属植物分类研究的程度,暂且存疑;“萎蕤”图所绘植物不属于黄精属Polygonatum,而为万寿竹属Disporum的横脉万寿竹D.trabeculatum。 3. 贝母考 《图考》贝母条下所附贝母图,不属于贝母属Fritillaria植物,而属天南星科Araceae,可能为半夏Pinellia ternata的幼苗;文中“点苍山生者”可能是鸭趾草科蓝耳草Cyanotis vaga;“张子诗”中的蔓生贝母为Bolbostemma paniculatum,这可能是中国古代最早利用的“贝母”,后来逐渐被Fritillaria属植物替代。 4. 茄子的栽培起源和传播 本文首先借助于现代系统学和遗传学的研究结果,理清茄子及其近缘种的分类、地理分布和可能的驯化过程;结合民族植物学研究和大量的野外考察,确认了茄子及其近缘种在中国的形态、分布和利用方法等等;而后将今论古,用严格的考据方法理清在浩如烟海的中国古籍文献中与茄子相关文献的科学含义。在这个基础上推演茄子在中国栽培起源和传播的途径。得到以下结论:茄子的野生种GroupF和原始栽培种Group G在中国南方热带地区存在,早在晋代记载的“茄树”很可能就是这个原始栽培种Group G;高级栽培种Group H最早在公元前一世纪就有记载,有可能在中国四川盆地南部山区的暖温带地区被首先驯化;中国有些茄子的高级栽培种Group H也有可能从印度传来,但传播路线应该是沿着由南向北的西南丝绸之路,而非如一些学者所认为的自西向东由西北丝绸之路首先传入长安;在中国,茄子的高级栽培种由成都平原向长江中下游地区传播,继而在公元五到六世纪传播到黄河中下游地区,栽培技术已经成熟,利用方法越来越多, 到了宋代已经遍布整个中国;茄子在中国的选育是向着果实体积变大、味道变甜的方向进行, 宋代茄子发生了明显的品种分化,出现了世界上最早的茄子图。

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牡丹在中国被称作“花中之王”。我国不仅是全部野生牡丹的原产地,也是栽培牡丹最早的驯化地。野生牡丹共有8个种,分布于云南、四川、湖北、甘肃、陕西、山西、安徽、河南和西藏等9省区,因其具有很大的观赏和药用价值,而在中国和世界温带地区广泛栽培。本研究利用形态特征和4个核基因片段(三个Adh 基因和GPAT基因片断)的核苷酸序列变异对牡丹组的种间系统发育关系进行了分析,并对我国栽培牡丹四个品种群的101个代表品种的可能祖先进行了形态学鉴定和分子诊断标记研究。在此基础上,利用核编码叶绿体表达的GPAT基因的(大内含子)部分序列和叶绿体基因组的trnS – trnG 和 rpS16 – trnQ两个基因间隔区的DNA序列变异重建了栽培牡丹37个代表品种和26个野生居群间的谱系关系。结果表明:(1)GPAT基因树是迄今得到的分辨率最好,并具有很高自展值支持的牡丹组种间系统发育关系树;(2)GPAT基因树和形态学证据一致支持银屏牡丹(P. suffruticosa ssp. yinpingmudan), 凤丹(P. ostii), 紫斑牡丹(P. rockii), 卵叶牡丹(P. qiui), 和矮牡丹 (P. jishanensis) 参与了栽培牡丹的起源;(3)叶绿体DNA单倍型网络树(network)进一步证实上述5个祖先类群的4个(矮牡丹除外)可能参与了栽培牡丹的母系起源。37个品种的GPAT基因谱系和叶绿体DNA单倍型网络树一致表明银屏牡丹是栽培牡丹最主要的祖先,其次是紫斑牡丹、凤丹、和卵叶牡丹;(4)我们的分子证据不支持形态学证据关于矮牡丹是栽培牡丹最主要的野生祖先的推测;(5)形态学和分子诊断标记证据表明,101个品种中有65.35 % 的品种具有两个以上野生种的特征,18.81 % 品种同时具有 Eco R I (+) 和 InDel51(+)物种特异分子标记。对37个品种的GPAT基因谱系和叶绿体DNA谱系比较发现,其中35个可能是杂种起源。另外,对7个古代牡丹品种(据文献记载)的GPAT基因的不同克隆类型进行测序和谱系分析,结果表明其中4 个为杂种起源。上述证据充分表明杂交和(或)渗入杂交在牡栽培牡丹的起源和进化中发挥了重要作用。根据本研究的结果,结合现有的形态学数据、考古记录,以及有关牡丹栽培和驯化历史的记载,我们对栽培牡丹的起源和驯化历史总结如下。牡丹的栽培迄今有1,600 – 2,000年,栽培牡丹最迟起源于1,500年前。最初通过驯化和对突变的选择获得原始品种。由于牡丹品种可以通过无性和(或)有性方式进行繁殖,其后新的品种通过如下方式产生:(1)对突变的选择,(2)对栽培类型和野生种之间或栽培类型之间杂交和(或)渗入杂交产生的实生苗的选择。由于绝大部分(如果不是全部)早期的原始品种已绝灭,现有栽培牡丹是起源于各种人工和自然进化力共同作用的结果,其中包括多次驯化、人工选择、突变、杂交和渗入杂交等。据作者所知,栽培牡丹的这种 ‘compilospecies’ 起源和驯化模式是目前已研究过的主要栽培作物中未见报道的。 因此,本研究不仅为栽培牡丹的多系起源和驯化历史提供了可信的分子证据,同时也为利用单拷贝基因的内含子序列构建栽培作物及其近缘野生祖先间的种系发生关系提供了成功的例子。另外,本研究也为同时利用核和叶绿体基因组的非编码DNA序列研究杂交在栽培作物的起源和进化的中作用提供了成功的例子。

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近几十年来,栽培作物及其野生近缘(祖先)种的群体遗传结构和进化历史的研究日益受到关注,因为此类研究不仅能加深人们对作物起源和驯化的认识,而且有助于作物野生资源的开发以及作物的遗传改良。分子谱系地理分析(Molecular phylogeography)是此类研究中的重要手段之一,能够有效地了解近缘群体的进化历程以及重建作物的驯化历史。菰(Zizania latifolia Turcz.)是东亚广泛分布、具有重要价值的水生草本植物,其栽培型—茭白是中国第二大水生蔬菜。尽管已有不少涉及此类群的研究,但迄今我们对菰的群体遗传结构和进化历史以及茭白的起源几乎一无所知。本研究从29个基因片段中筛选了2个在菰种内水平上具有显著变异量的核基因片段,进行了分子谱系地理研究,揭示了菰的遗传多样性水平及其地理分布格局,探讨了菰的群体演化历史,并初步探讨了茭白的起源和驯化历史。主要结果如下: 1)基因片段筛选 开展分子谱系地理学研究,需要采用具有显著种内变异的分子标记,为此我们通过预实验对一批备选基因片段进行了筛选。在18个叶绿体和2个线粒体片段中,测序的总长度达17100 bp,但没有发现任何变异位点。在9个核基因片段中,7个片段具有变异位点,但只有2个片段的变异量在1%以上,分别是Adh1a(2.70%)和GPATb(1.25%)基因。所以,本研究最后确定了采用这2个核基因片段来进行菰的分子谱系地理的研究。 2)Adh1a基因谱系地理分析 对来自21个天然群体126个个体,通过Adh1a基因的直接PCR和克隆测序共得到了252条序列,中性检测表明,Adh1a基因符合中性进化模型、没有重组并且有足够的变异量,适合用于进行菰的谱系地理研究和进化历史的推断。在物种水平上,菰的核苷酸多态性水平为θsil = 0.0089,跟一些作物近缘类群相比处于中等偏低的水平;不同群体的核苷酸多态性水平相差明显,多态性最高的群体出现在东北地区,并有从北向南递减的趋势。群体间存在着显著的遗传分化(FST = 0.481)表明群体之间的基因流有限。群体间的遗传距离与地理距离没有相关性,地理邻近的群体并没有共享关系相近的单倍型,整个群体缺乏明显的谱系地理结构。目前的遗传多样性分布格局可能是由于近几十年来的生境退化和丧失造成过去群体的片段化所致。根据群体遗传多样性水平的差异和基因谱系的地理分布格局以及分子钟估算的与北美近缘种的分化时间,我们推断菰的群体经历了从东北向华南逐步扩散的过程。 3)GPATb基因谱系地理分析 为更可靠地推断菰的谱系地理格局,我们选择了GPATb基因作为标记开展了进一步的分析。对相同的采样群体和个体共252条序列的分析表明,在物种水平上,GPATb的核苷酸多态性只相当于Adh1a基因的1/4。综合2个基因的结果,可以认为菰的核苷酸多态性水平是维持在较低的水平上。该位点体现的群体遗传分化也没有Adh1a基因明显。群体之间相近的遗传多样性水平和较低分化程度可能意味着该基因位点受到平衡选择作用的影响,这一推论也得到了中性检测结果的支持。因此,GPATb基因可能受到选择作用的影响,不能用来支持或推翻Adh1a基因的结果。 4)茭白的起源和驯化 对来自13个省份的65个茭白品种的Adh1a和GPATb基因片段进行测序,结果发现,所有的品种在这2个基因上都具有相同的基因型,Adh1a位点上表现为杂合体,而GPATb位点上则是纯合体。这说明在茭白的起源过程中发生了严重的驯化瓶颈效应,也即茭白是单次起源的,是从菰的少数几个甚至单个个体驯化而来。虽然文献考据表明,茭白最早的栽培地区为太湖流域,但我们的分子证据却并不支持其为茭白的驯化起源地点,而可能是在太湖流域以北地区起源的。鉴于采样的局限性,这一结论还有待于进一步的验证。同时2个基因的数据表明来自陕西、四川、云南、湖南和福建的6个菰群体可能是从人为引种的茭白逃逸成为野生的。因此,在以后野生菰群体的采集中,特别是在茭白种植地区,要在详细调查的基础上设计采集方案。