Impact of carbon dioxide pressurization on liquid phase organic reactions: A case study on Heck and Diels-Alder reactions

Heck coupling reactions of methyl acrylate with various aryl bromides have been investigated using a Pd/TPP catalyst in toluene under pressurized CO2 conditions up to 13 MPa. Although CO2 is not a reactant, the pressurization of the reaction liquid phase with CO2 has positive and negative impacts on the rate of Heck coupling depending on the structures of the substrates examined. In the case of either 2-bromoacetophenone or 2-bromocinnamate, the conversion has a maximum at a CO2 pressure of about 3 MPa; for the former, it is much larger by a factor of 3 compared with that under ambient pressure. For 2-bromobenzene, in contrast, the conversion is minimized at a similar CO2 pressure, being half compared with that at ambient pressure

Impact of Carbon Dioxide Pressurization on Liquid Phase Organic Reactions: A Case Study on Heck and Diels–Alder Reactions

Heck coupling reactions of methyl acrylate with various aryl bromides have been investigated using a Pd/TPP catalyst in toluene under pressurized CO2 conditions up to 13 MPa. Although CO2 is not a reactant, the pressurization of the reaction liquid phase with CO2 has positive and negative impacts on the rate of Heck coupling depending on the structures of the substrates examined. In the case of either 2-bromoacetophenone or 2-bromocinnamate, the conversion has a maximum at a CO2 pressure of about 3 MPa;

Analysis of the sea-level variability along the Chinese coast and estimation of the impact of a CO2-perturbed atmospheric circulation

The relationship between monthly sea-level data measured at stations located along the Chinese coast and concurrent large-scale atmospheric forcing in the period 1960-1990 is examined. It is found that sea-level varies quite coherently along the whole coast, despite the geographical extension of the station set. A canonical correlation analysis between sea-level and sea-level pressure (SLP) indicates that a great part of the sea-level variability can be explained by the action of the wind stress on the ocean surface. The relationship between sea-level and sea-level pressure is analyzed separately for the summer and winter half-years. In winter, one factor affecting sea-level variability at all stations is the SLP contrast between the continent and the Pacific Ocean, hence the intensity of the winter Monsoon circulation. Another factor that affects coherently all stations is the intensity of the zonal circulation at mid-latitudes. In the summer half year, on the other hand, the influence of SLP on sea-level is spatially less coherent: the stations in the Yellow Sea are affected by a more localized circulation anomaly pattern, whereas the rest of the stations is more directly connected to the intensity of the zonal circulation. Based on this analysis, statistical models (different for summer and winter) to hindcast coastal sealevel anomalies from the large-scale SLP field are formulated. These models have been tested by fitting their internal parameters in a test period and reproducing reasonably the sea-level evolution in an independent period. These statistical models are also used to estimate the contribution of the changes of the atmospheric circulation on sea-level along the Chinese coast in an altered climate. For this purpose the ouput of 150 year-long experiment with the coupled ocean-atmosphere model ECHAM1-LSG has been analyzed, in which the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases was continuously increased from 1940 until 2090, according to the Scenario A projection of the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change. In this experiment the meridional (zonal) circulation relevant for sea-level tends to become weaker (stronger) in the winter half year and stronger (weaker) in summer. The estimated contribution of this atmospheric circulation changes to coastal sea-level is of the order of a few centimeters at the end of the integration, being in winter negative in the Yellow Sea and positive in the China Sea with opposite signs in the summer half-year.