贡嘎山植物小枝功能性状在不同生活型和不同海拔间的比较研究

植物功能生态学研究不仅提供了植物生理生态学与生态系统生态学的连接，还为植物种群生活史对策研究提供了材料。Westoby 等 (2002) 提出了利用植物功能性状变量的主导维度来确定和量化植物生活史的生态适应策略。在他们所提出四个主导维度中，叶大小－小枝大小是研究相对较少的一维；其内部各组分的关系、对环境的响应，以及与其它重要维度的关系，目前的理解非常有限。 本研究以贡嘎山不同海拔不同功能群物种为研究对象，采用种间比较和系统发生独立性比较等研究方法，系统研究了植物的功能特征及其相关性在不同生境及不同功能群间的差异，旨在分析不同功能群物种的叶大小－小枝大小的成本和收益。其研究结果将有助于我们理解植物生活史对策的进化，进而理解物种共存和维持物种多样性的机制。主要研究结果如下： 1. 叶大小－小枝大小关系 小枝茎横截面积与单叶面积和总叶面积均呈异速生长关系，即总叶面积和单叶面积的增加比茎横截面积的增加速度快。但是，总叶面积和叶片干重的增加却基本上与小枝茎干重的增加等速。系统发生独立性比较研究的结果与此相一致。表明，在某一给定的茎投入时，至少大叶大枝物种不比小叶小枝物种在支撑叶面积和叶片干重方面具有优势。同时，在某一给定的小枝茎投入时，常绿阔叶物种比落叶阔叶物种支撑更少的叶面积。在茎干重与总叶面积的关系中，落叶复叶物种比落叶单叶物种具有更高的y轴截距，表明复叶物种比单叶物种在展叶面积方面更有效。复叶物种与单叶物种相比，通常具有较大的叶大小和小枝大小。 2. 叶大小－叶数量关系 叶大小与数量间在不同的叶片习性、不同的叶片形态以及不同的生境类型的物种间均存在稳定的负的等速生长关系，且这种关系在系统发生独立性比较时依然成立。然而，在某一给定的出叶强度 (单位小枝的叶数量) 时，常绿阔叶物种比落叶物种具有更小的叶面积。而在给定体积基础上的出叶强度时，落叶复叶物种的叶面积显著大于落叶单叶物种，且复叶物种比单叶物种具有更大的叶大小和更小的出叶强度。但是，叶大小与数量间的关系在不同的海拔间并没有显著的差异。 3. 小枝大小－总叶面积关系 在不同的生活型或不同的生境下，小枝上总叶面积与茎干重和小枝干重均呈正的异速生长关系，且斜率显著小于1.0，表明小枝上总叶面积的增加都不能赶上小枝及茎大小的增加。这种“收益递减”表明随着小枝干重的增加，光截取的收益递减。此外，叶面积比 (总叶面积与小枝干重的比值) 与单叶干重呈显著负相关关系，系统发生独立性比较的结果与此相一致。根据以上结果，可以推测，大叶的物种在质量较好的生境中出现，而群落内部小枝茎的寿命较长的物种可以拥有较大的叶片。 4. 叶片色素浓度－LMA关系 随着海拔的升高，阔叶木本植物和草本植物的叶片色素浓度减少，叶绿素a/b和类胡萝卜素/叶绿素比值以及比叶重 (LMA) 增加。然而，在草本植物中的色素浓度、色素比值和LMA的变化比阔叶木本植物的更明显。同时，LMA与叶片色素浓度呈负相关关系，但是在落叶物种中的LMA对色素浓度的影响比常绿阔叶物种更强烈。总之，草本植物的叶片特征对海拔梯度的变化似乎比木本植物更敏感，LMA对叶片色素的保护作用在落叶物种中比在常绿阔叶物种显得更重要。这些结果表明不同生活型物种可能采取不同的保护机制来降低叶绿体器官的损伤和增加他们的碳获取能力。 Studies on plant functional ecology not only bridge plant eco-physiology and ecosystem functioning, but also enrich plant population biology. As pointed out by Westoby et al (2002), plant life history strategies can be identified and quantified by four leading dimensions of variations in plant functional traits, i.e., seed size/output, leaf mass per area and leaf life span, plant height, and leaf size-twig size. Compared to the other dimensions, the cost/benefit of the leaf size-twig size spectrum has scarcely been analyzed in relation to environmental gradients and life form types, and the adaptive significance of this spectrum is not fully understood. In the present study, the relationships between functional traits of plant twigs are determined for the species with different life forms along an altitudinal gradient of Gongga Mountain with both cross-species analysis and evolutionary divergence analysis. The primary objective of this study is to examine the cost/benefit of leaf size-twig size in plants. The study results are supposed to provide insights into the understanding of the mechanism of species coexistences. The results are shown in the following. 1. The relationship between leaf size and twig size Twig cross-sectional area allometrically scaled with both individual leaf area and total leaf area supported by the twigs. However, the increase in total lamina mass/area was generally proportional to the increase in stem mass. These correlations between trait variations were significant in both interspecies analysis and phylogenetically independent comparison (PIC) analysis, which indicated that thick-twigged/large-leaved species, at least, do not have an advantage in supporting leaf/lamina area and lamina mass for the same twig stem investment than thin-twigged/ small-leaved species. Meanwhile, the evergreen broad-leaved species supported a smaller leaf area for the same twig stem investment in terms of both cross-sectional area and stem mass than the deciduous species. The deciduous compound-leaved species have a higher y-intercept in the scaling relationship of twig stem mass versus total leaf area than the deciduous simple-leaved species, indicating that compound-leaved species were more efficient in displaying leaf area. The compound-leaved species were larger in both leaf size and twig size than their counterpart in the present study. 2. The relationship between leaf size and leaf number Significantly negative and isometric scaling relationships between leaf size and leafing intensity (leaf number per twig mass or volume) were found to be consistently conserved across species independent of leaf habit, leaf form and habitat type. The negative correlations between leaf size and leafing intensity were also observed across correlated evolutionary divergences. However, leaf area was smaller in the evergreen broad-leaved species at a given leafing intensity than in the deciduous species. The deciduous compound-leaved deciduous species were higher in leaf area than deciduous simple-laved species at a given volume-based leafing intensity. Moreover, the compound-leaved deciduous species were larger in leaf size but smaller in leafing intensity than their simple counterparts. No significant difference was found in the scaling relationships between altitudes. 3. The relationship between twig size and total leaf area Leaf area was found to scale positively and allometrically with both stem and twig mass (stem mass plus leaf mass) with slopes significantly smaller than 1.0, independent of life form and habitat type, indicating that the increase in total leaf area fails to keep pace with increasing twig size and stem size. This ‘diminishing returns’ suggests that the benefit of light intercept decreased with increasing twig mass. Moreover, the leaf area ratio (the ratio of total leaf area to stem or twig mass) correlated negatively with individual leaf mass. The results of PIC were consistent with the correlations. According to the results, it is speculated that large-leaved species may be favored when habitat is good and when stem longevity are long within community. 4. The relationship between leaf pigment concentrations and leaf mass per area With increasing altitude, the concentrations of pigments decreased, but the ratios of chlorophyll a/b and carotenoid/chlorophyll, and LMA increased, in both the broad-leaved woody species and herbaceous species groups. However, the changes in the pigment concentrations, ratios and LMA were more profound in the herbaceous species than in the woody species. In addition, pigment concentrations were negatively correlated with LMA in each life form type and in the pooled dataset. However, the LMA effect on leaf pigment concentrations was more profound in the deciduous species than in the evergreen braode-leaved species. In general, herbaceous species seemed more sensitive to the increasing altitude compared to woody species, and LMA seemed to be a more important mechanism for protecting leaf pigments in deciduous species than in evergreen broad-leaved species. These results suggested that the species with different life forms may employ different protective mechanisms to decrease the chloroplast apparatus damage and increase their carbon gain.

中国西部亚热带常绿阔叶林木本植物小枝功能生态学初步研究

常绿阔叶林以其富饶的生物资源、丰富的生物多样性和巨大的生态与环境效益引起了人们越来越大的重视，它的研究已成为国际植被科学界关注的主题之一。我国分布着世界上面积最大的亚热带常绿阔叶林，在世界植被中具有重要地位，它的分布表现出明显的地带性差异，存在着多样的植物群系及其对应的气候特征。但是在植物功能性状领域，与全球范围其它生物群系相比，常绿阔叶林物种的研究较少，其功能性状间、功能性状与环境间的关系尚不清晰。 本研究以常绿阔叶林木本植物的当年生小枝为对象，试图从小枝水平上的生物量分配格局、叶片大小与数量的权衡关系、小枝茎的构型效应、叶片元素化学计量学，以及小枝大小的成本与效益分析等方面，较为系统地揭示小枝水平上的植物功能性状间及其与气候间的关系。因此，在华西雨屏带内部的不同纬度设置峨眉－青城－雷波－平武的温度梯度进行比较，并对有降水差异的川西南偏湿性（雷波）与偏干性常绿阔叶林（西昌）进行对比研究，同时在不同山体进行不同海拔梯度的比较研究。 本文主要研究结果如下： （1）小枝生物量分配格局叶水平上，叶片重－叶柄重（Y轴vs.X轴,下同）呈斜率小于1的异速生长关系，表明叶柄对叶内部的生物量分配影响显著。小枝水平上，叶和茎的生物量以及它们与小枝总生物量间基本呈等速生长关系，表明大的小枝或大叶物种不一定在叶生物量的分配上占优势。不同生活型间，在小枝或者茎的生物量一定时，常绿物种叶片的生物量比例较落叶物种稍高。与温度和水分较优越（峨眉及其低海拔）的生境相比，在相对低湿（螺髻）与低温（平武）的生境中的植物会减少对叶的投入而增加对支撑部分的投资比例。 （2）小枝叶片大小与数量的权衡无论是不同气候带还是不同生活型以及不同海拔梯度，叶片大小与出叶强度基本都是呈负的等速生长关系，表明了叶片大小－数量在小枝水平上的权衡。在不同气候梯度的对比中，叶片数量（出叶强度）一定时，高温和高水分生境（峨眉）比低温（平武）和低湿（螺髻山）生境中的物种的叶片大小（质量和面积）更大，表明不同生境的比较中，小的叶片可能具有较高的出叶强度和更高的适合度收益。“出叶强度优势”（Leafingintensitypremium）假说可能不适宜解释不同生境物种叶片大小差异。 （3）小枝茎的构型效应虽然茎长和茎径与叶片大小都呈正相关关系，与出叶强度都呈负相关关系，但茎长/茎径比与叶/茎生物量之比呈负相关关系；与叶片的大小呈负相关关系，与出叶强度呈正相关关系。这说明小枝构型能影响小枝叶/茎生物量分配和叶大小－数量的权衡关系。其影响机制可能是小枝内部的顶端优势。另外，茎长/茎径比在低湿和低温等不利生境中的植物中较高，而在降水和温度较适宜环境中较低。 （4）叶片C、N、P化学计量学N含量和P含量，C/N比和比叶重（LMA,leafmassperarea）呈正的等速生长关系，而N和LMA，P和LMA呈负的等速生长关系。在LMA一定时，C/N比随着生境胁迫压力的增加而降低，N、P含量随着生境压力的增加而增加。在P含量一定时，N含量随着生境压力的增加而降低，即N/P比在生境条件较优（峨眉及其低海拔）时较高。常绿和落叶植物叶片的N/P比没有差异，在LMA一定时，常绿植物的N、P含量较高、C/N比较低。总之，植物的C、N、P化学计量学特征受叶片属性如LMA与气候，及其相互作用的影响。 （5）小枝大小的代价与效益分析、TLA与小枝总重总叶面积（TLA,totalleafarea，Y轴，下同）与总叶重（X轴）均呈斜率小于1的异速生长关系，TLA与小枝横切面积呈斜率为1的等速生长关系。表明叶片面积的增加总是小于叶重和小枝总重的增加，随着小枝的增大，它的叶面积支撑效率下降。在热量和降水优越的生境（峨眉及其低海拔）中，相同小枝重或者相同茎横切面积的小枝，其叶面积支撑效率较低湿与低温环境下（螺髻山、平武及高海拔）的高。 总体上，本文初步研究了小枝水平上可能存在的以下三种权衡关系：叶－茎生物量分配权衡；叶片大小－数量的权衡；小枝茎长－茎径的权衡关系，以及气候要素等对这三种权衡关系的影响。在此基础上，我们还讨论了这些权衡关系的可能形成机制，及其与物种生态适应的联系。本研究丰富了生活史对策中关于权衡关系的研究内容，为我国常绿阔叶林功能生态学研究积累了材料。 Evergreen broad-leaved forests are attracting much more attention from vegetation ecologists than ever before because of their abundant nature resource and biological diversity, and also great ecological benefits. China has the largest distribution of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests (temperate rainforests) that are typical and representative in the world. The forests span over more than ten degrees in latitude and more than 30 degrees in longitude, providing an ideal place to study plant functional ecology, i.e., the climatic effect on plant functional traits and the relationship between the traits. However, relative to the other biomes, there are few studies addressing functional ecology of the plant species from subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests. In this study, I focused on the leaf size-twig size spectrum of the woody species of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in southwestern china. I collected data on leaf size and number, twig size in terms of both mass and volume, and stem architecture from five temperate mountains, and then I analyzed the relationships between leaf and stem biomass and between leaf size and number, the effect of stem length/diameter ratio on biomass allocation and on the relationship between leaf size and number, leaf C:N:P stoichiometry, and the twig efficiency of supporting leaf area in relation to twig size. I also addressed the climate effect on the spectrum. The temperature gradient from warm to cool sites was represented by Emei Mountain, Qingchengshan, Leibo, and Pingwu, and the rainfall gradient was assumed to emerge from the comparison between Leibo (High) and Luojishan (Low). In addition, altitudinal effects were analyzed with comparisons between low and high altitudes for each mountains. My main results are as follows. Isometric relationships were found between leaf mass and twig mass and between lamina mass and twig mass, suggesting that the biomass allocation to leaves or laminas was independent of twig mass. Petiole mass disproportionably increase with respect to lamina mass and twig mass, indicating the importance of leaf petioles to the within-twig biomass allocation. In addition, the investigated species tended to have a larger leaf and lamina mass, but a smaller stem mass at a given twig mass at favorable environments including warm and humid sites or at low altitude than unfavorable habitats, which might be due to the large requirements in physical support and transporting safety for the species living at unfavorable conditions. Moreover, the evergreen species invested more in leaves and laminas than the deciduous at given stem or twig biomass within any specified habitats. Negative, isometric scaling relationships between leaf number and size broadly existed in the species regardless of climate, altitude, and life forms, suggesting a leaf size/number trade-off within twigs. Along the climatic gradients, at given leaf number or leafing intensity, the leaves were larger in the favorable environments than the poor habitats. This suggested that the fitness benefit gained by small leaves could be larger than that with high leafing intensity in the stressful sites. I concluded that the “leafing intensity premium” hypothesis was not appropriate to interpreting between-habitat variation in leaf size. Both stem length and diameter were positively correlated to leaf size but negatively correlated to leafing intensity. The ratio of stem length to diameter was negatively correlated to leaf mass fraction, and it was negatively correlated to leaf size but positively correlated to leafing intensity. This suggested that the stem architecture influenced twig biomass allocation and the relationship between leaf size and number. The mechanism underlying the architectural effect might lie in the apical dominance within twig. Moreover, the ratio was greater in unfavorable habitats but smaller in favorable environments. Positive, isometric relationships were found between N and P contents per leaf mass, and between C/N ratio and leaf mass per area (LMA), but N and P contents scaled negatively to LMA. C/N ratio decreased but N and P increased with increasing habitat stress at a given LMA. N content declined with increasing habitat stress at given P content. These indicated that N/P and C/N were higher but LMA was lower in favorable habitats than in the other circumstances. The evergreen and deciduous species were non-heterogeneous in N/P, but the evergreen species have higher N and P contents and lower C/N than the deciduous ones. In general, C:N:P stoichiometry were related to both climatic conditions and other important functional traits like LMA. Total leaf area (TLA) allometricly scaled to leaf mass with a slope shallower than 1, similar to the relationship between TLA and total twig mass (leaf mass plus stem mass), suggesting that TLA failed to keep pace with the increase of leaf mass and twig size. However, TLA scaled isometricly to twig cross-sectional area. Thus, it could be inferred that the twig efficiency of displaying leaf area decreased with increasing twig size. In addition, the efficiency at a given twig size was large in favorable than unfavorable habitats. In general, in this preliminary study, I studied three tradeoff relationships within twigs, i.e., between leaf and stem biomass, between leaf number and size, and between stem length and diameter, as well as the climatic effect on the relationships. I discussed the mechanisms underlying the tradeoff relationships in view of biophysics and eco-physiology of plants. I believe that this study can serve as important materials advancing plant functional ecology of subtropical forest and that it will improve the understanding of life history strategies of plants from this particular biome.

Influence of lanthanum on the uptake of trace elements in cucumber plant

The effects of La3+ on the uptake of trace elements (Se, Co, V, and Tc) in cucumber plants were studied by a radioactive multitracer technique. It was observed that the uptake and distribution of these trace elements in roots, stems, and leaves are different under different La3+, treatments. Furthermore, in the control, the plant accumulates Se-75, Co-56, and V-48 all in the order roots>leaves>stems, whereas Tc-95m was in the order leaves>stems>roots. The accumulations of Se-75 and Tc-95m in plants treated with different La3+ concentration were in the same order as those in the control, but the uptakes percentages of other kinds of element changed differently. The results indicate that lanthanum treatments to a growing cucumber lead to the change of uptake of trace elements, which suggest that a rare earth element is directly or indirectly involved in the ion transport of the plant and affects plant growth by regulating the uptake and distribution of elements that influence the plant cell physiology and biochemistry.

长期驯化环境下丁香属植物的光合生理生态学研究

本研究是在丁香属植物半个世纪的丰富引种基础上，采用光合生理的实验手段探讨该属重要物种长期驯化中的环境响应机制。 在迁地条件下，与广布种华北紫丁香相比， 濒危种羽叶丁香有较低的光需求，在中等光强下净光合速率显著低于广布种;气孔限制值较大，对光合作用的调节较弱;蒸腾作用亦较弱，导致中午叶温较高造成叶片伤害。功能叶片的净光合速率在8:00光强及气温较低时已达峰值，叶片生长历时短暂并于初夏前结束，长此以往可能影响光合产物积累。可见羽叶丁香以“逃避”的方式适应迁入地生长季节环境胁迫。 为了探究羽叶丁香在引种地“逃避”策略的环境驱动因子，我们分别选取种植在园内全光照曝晒和60% 遮荫、生物量差异极为显著，而其它条件相同的羽叶丁香开展实验。尽管曝晒单株比遮荫单株有着显著低下的生物量，但最大量子效率及叶绿素a/b的结果都表明曝晒并未对其PSⅡ及LHCⅡ造成损伤。遮荫单株也已经由高叶绿素含量表现出对低光环境的适应。可见，其光适应机制已经存在，而引种地生长季节的高温可能是羽叶丁香生长中要回避的主要因子。 为了进一步证实这个推断，并希望了解羽叶丁香在原产地的环境响应状况和致濒的生理原因，我们在其原产地贺兰山对该种进行了调查和试验。调查发现在贺兰山羽叶丁香分布在海拔1700m、西北坡向、近谷底处。由于坡度较缓，晴朗天气光照时数达8h，叶片厚重，净光合速率极显著地高于引种地;最大量子效率表明中午的强光并未带来严重光抑制，且小幅度的光抑制在次日清晨可完全恢复，并且有较高的实际量子效率。故在原产地强光仍旧不是其生长的限制因子;其极高的光合速率及高效的实际量子效率是对冷凉强光条件的特殊适应，说明羽叶丁香具有喜冷凉不惧光的固有特点，而冷凉条件于高温炎热的引种地不能得到满足时，便放弃了对光的要求而在遮荫的生境中适应下来。因此引种地的高温应该是其要“逃避”的重要因子。同时表明较强的光合能力及强光的适应特征不会使羽叶丁香在原产地成为濒危物种。 为了搞清羽叶丁香的濒危原因，我们将原产地野外分布状况连同两地水分利用效率棕合分析发现：在水分保证适当的北京植物园栽培条件下，即使是曝晒的植株也有着较高的水分利用效率，而原产地的羽叶丁香低下的水分利用效率表明其生存和分布对水分条件极为敏感。因此，羽叶丁香是良好水分条件的“享受者”，而不是干旱条件的“耐受者”，而这对于生长在干旱半干旱地区的物种来说在一定程度上限制了其散布的可能性，以致数量极为有限。 “全能” 的华北紫丁香恰是丁香属系统演化中较为进化的种，而“低能” 的羽叶丁香又恰是居于顶生花序系（原始）与欧丁香系（进化）之间的重要过渡种。在对丁香属起源及散布进行推断的基础上，这些已经得到的结果促使我们从区系和演化的层面去了解演化系在长期迁地驯化的光合生理差异。结果发现演化过渡种羽叶丁香的光合指征也多处于中间位置;顶生花序系（原始）种类光合效能相对较低，较强的水分平衡的保持能力可能成为它们能在跨气候带引种中成活的解释。欧丁香系（进化）种类气孔导度对光梯度反应敏感，但较强的蒸腾降低了其水分利用效率，在引种地干旱高温的生长季会因水分不能及时供给而可能在年周期尺度上直接影响生物量。小乔木型的种类可能由于较高的水分利用效率而不畏干旱，形成了拟女真亚组从西北到东北继而向日本的广泛分布。 驯化的现实意义之一是应用。丁香的盐碱耐受性是区域栽培中面对的问题。我们模拟氯化物硫酸盐型盐碱土（NaCl - MgSO4）与光照梯度交互的试验结果表明紫丁香系品种曝晒栽植能耐受0.2% 的土壤盐度，如果在相同盐度生境中遮荫种植会有更高的盐分耐受表现。 对迁地物种环境适应性的研究论证着眼点从“种” 的水平归结到“系”的层次，从对特殊代表物种当今适应机制的量化比较联系到其起源和散布的历史发展，在一定程度上超越了常规引种驯化对现存实体“种” 的定性描述;将迁地驯化与就地适应相联系，以较为科学的思路贯穿驯化保护研究，并最终将研究结果回归于驯化保护实践。

玉米品种更替中光合效率与产量提高的生理生态机制

本文以我国不同年代推出的玉米品种为试验材料，深入研究玉米品种更替中产量提高和光合效率改良的演变特征及生理机制，以及环境胁迫影响各年代玉米品种光合效率及产量的生理机制，在此基础上分析光合改良与产量提高的关系。 对各年代玉米品种花后光合效率的变化及其与产量形成的关系的研究发现：虽然新品种的光合速率在开花前并不比老品种高，但是它们能够迅速扩大叶面积，形成较多的籽粒，为接下来的生长准备了比较大的源和库。花后茎秆的功能由‘库’转为了‘源’，即能够从茎秆中转移一些同化物到籽粒中。而且新品种能够在花后维持较高的光合速率，衰老较慢，光合有效期较长，这样就能够为籽粒灌浆提供较多的新同化产物。因此新品种具有很强的调节光合器官功能和优化分配同化产物的能力，能够使各部位叶片的光合生产，植株的生长和发育以及干物质的分配与再分配都有利于籽粒产量的形成。新品种在花后能够维持较高的光合活性主要是因为它们能够在老品种叶片可逆性衰老的时候维持较高的叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白质含量，从而未像老品种那样进入不可逆转的衰老阶段。对各年代玉米品种光合特性日变化的研究也发现新品种的光化学效率比较高。老品种光合作用的午间降低是由严重的光抑制引起的。 对于N素缺乏和水分胁迫对各年代玉米品种产量及光合效率的影响机制的研究发现新品种一方面能够在胁迫条件下维持较高的光合速率，另一方面仍能维持较长的光合有效期。即新品种能够在胁迫条件下维持较高的光合生产能力，从而能够形成较大的生物产量和籽粒产量。新品种在缺N情况下能够保持较高的光合活性是因为它们能够维持较高的PEPCase活性、叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白质含量，也就是说新品种能够在缺N情况下维持叶绿体结构组分的完整性和功能性，从而维持较高的光合效率。而玉米新品种在水分胁迫时能够保持较高的光合活性是因为它们能够在水分胁迫时维持较高的叶片水势，使光合器官的功能得到良好的保护，复水时光合也能够比较迅速和完全的恢复。

沈阳城市森林环境效益的生理生态学基础研究

为了对沈阳市绿化树种的合理配置及城市森林环境效益的定量评价提供科学依据，本文以沈阳典型城市森林功能类型为试验区，利用L工一6400光合作用测定系统，采用自然条件下定位观测和室内分析相结合的方法，在典型城市森林功能类型主要绿化树种光合与蒸腾生理生态特性分析的基础上，首次对沈阳市城市森林固碳释氧和降温增湿生态环境效益进行了系统研究。典型城市森林功能类型主要树种的光合与蒸腾日变化曲线多呈单峰型，春季和夏季公园主要树种以双峰型曲线居多。光合速率与蒸腾速率季节变化趋势主要表现为夏季＞秋季＞春季。利用多元逐步回归分析方法，首次建立了沈阳市典型功能类型主要树种光合速率和蒸腾速率与生理生态因子的关系模型，确定了各季节影响光合与蒸腾速率的主要因子。典型城市森林功能类型乔木树种单位叶面积日固碳释氧能力为：白榆＞京桃＞旱柳＞银中杨＞刺槐＞油松＞银杏，降温增湿能力为：白榆＞京桃）银中杨＞旱柳＞刺槐＞油松＞银杏；灌木树种日固碳释氧与降温增湿能力均为：金钟连翘＞重瓣榆叶梅＞紫丁香。碳氧平衡分析表明，沈阳市城市森林年总固碳量205.20万吨，总释氧量147.88万吨，沈阳市耗氧量为1 463.04万吨，森林释氧量为其耗氧量的10.11％。

Photosynthetic physiology and growth as a function of colony size in the cyanobacterium Nostoc sphaeroides

Algal size can affect the rate of metabolism and of growth. Different sized colonies of Nostoc sphaeroides were used with the aim of determining the effects of colony size on photosynthetic physiology and growth. Small colonies showed higher maximum photosynthetic rates per unit chlorophyll, higher light saturation point, and higher photosynthetic efficiency (a) than large colonies. Furthermore, small colonies had a higher affinity for DIC and higher DIC-saturated photosynthetic rates. In addition, small colonies showed higher photosynthetic rates from 5-45degreesC than large colonies. There was a greater decrease in Fv/Fm after exposure to high irradiance and less recovery in darkness for large colonies than for small colonies. Relative growth rate decreased with increasing colony size. Small colonies had less chl a and mass per unit surface area. The results indicate that small colonies can harvest light and acquire DIC more efficiently and have higher maximum photosynthetic rates and growth rates than large colonies.

The role of plants in channel-dyke and field irrigation systems for domestic wastewater treatment in an integrated eco-engineering system

Eight kinds of plants were tested in channel-dyke and field irrigation systems. The removal rates of TP, phosphate, TN, ammonia, CODcr and BOD, in the channel-dyke system with napiergrass (Pennisetum purpurem Schumach, x Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng American) were 83.2, 82.3, 76.3, 96.2, 73.5 and 85.8%, respectively. The field irrigation systems with rice I-yuanyou No.1(88-132) (Oryza sativa L.) and rice II- suakoko8 (Oryza glaberrima) had high efficiency for N removal; the removal rate were 84.7 and 84.3%, respectively. The mass balance data revealed that napiergrass, rice I and II were the most important nutrient sinks, assimilating more than 50% of TP and TN. Plant uptake of N and P as percentage of total removal from wastewater correlated with biomass yield of and planting mode. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

黄土高原白羊草、沙棘和辽东栎细根比根长特性

以黄土高原地区典型草本(白羊草)、灌木(沙棘)和乔木(辽东栎)为对象,研究了3种植物细根比根长在不同土层的分布状况以及与其它细根参数和土壤物理因子之间的相关性。结果表明,3种植物细根比根长的变化范围为6~55 mm/mg。在0~80cm土层,白羊草、沙棘和辽东栎细根比根长变化范围分别为18~55 mm/mg,14~40 mm/mg,6~33 mm/mg。3种植物0~80cm土层平均细根比根长从大到小依次为白羊草>沙棘>辽东栎。3种植物0~10cm土层细根比根长依次为沙棘>辽东栎>白羊草,10~80cm依次为白羊草>辽东栎>沙棘,表明3种植物细根比根长不仅在这两土层中的分布不具一致性,而且与0~80cm土层平均比根长也不具有一致性,进一步说明3种植物沿土壤剖面的生物量分配策略不同。相关分析表明,3种植物细根比根长与其它细根参数之间的相互关系各不相同,制约程度存在差异。与土壤物理因子的相关分析表明,3种植物细根比根长均随土壤含水量的增加而减少。土壤各级水稳性团聚体和土壤颗粒对3种植物细根比根长并无一致的影响。

Effect of imitated global warming on Delta C-13 values in seven plant species growing in Tibet alpine meadows

Open-top chambers were used to estimate the possible effects of global warming on delta C-13 of seven plant species grown in alpine meadow ecosystem. The delta C-13 values of plant species were lower after long-term growth in open-top chambers. In the course of experiment, temperature significantly increased inside the chambers by 4 degrees C. Plant species grown at a lower elevation above sea level had higher delta C-13 values as compared to those grown at a higher elevation. This was in accordance with the effect of open-top chamber on delta C-13 values in plants. Greater availability of CO2 and lower water vapor as indicated by an increase in discrimination against (CO2)-C-13, probably result in more negative delta C-13 values of plants because higher stomatal conductance increases availability of CO2 and causes greater discrimination against (CO2)-C-13. The plant species studied could be the indicator species for testing global warming by the change in carbon isotope ratios at the two growth temperatures.