7 resultados para photodamage

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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Photoinhibition is a central problem for the understanding of plasticity in photosynthesis vs. irradiance response. It effectively reduces the photosynthetic rate. In this contribution, we present a mechanistic model of algal photoinhibition induced by photodamage to photosystem-II. Photosystem-IIs (PSIIs) are assumed to exist in three states: open, closed and inhibited. Photosynthesis is closely associated with the transitions between the three states. The present model is defined by four parameters: effective cross section of PSII, number of PSIIs, turnover time of electron transfer chains and the ratio of rate constant of damage to that of repair of D1 proteins in PSIIs. It gives a photosynthetic response curve of phytoplankton to irradiance (PI-curve). Without photoinhibition, the PI-curve is in hyperbola with the first three parameters. The PI-curve with photoinhibition can be simplified to the same form as the hyperbola by replacing either the number of PSIIs with the number of functional PSIIs or the turnover time of electron transfer chains with the average turnover time.

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采用柱层析法从菠菜叶绿体中分离纯化得到高等植物光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)反应中心色素蛋白复合体Dl/D2/Cyt b559,并对其性质,特别是光破坏作用的分子机理进行了研究。主要结果如下: 1、PSⅡ反应中心复合物所含的色素比大约为Chla/2 Pheo a=6.0。其四阶导数光谱在红区有两个峰,表明该反应中心至少存在两种结合状态的Chla。 2、Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物的荧光相对产率及发射光谱的谱带位置与样品的浓度直接相关。只有当样品的浓度达到足够稀的程度(Chla和Pheo a总浓度小于1μg/ml),才能得到较真实的荧光光谱,其峰位在681nm处。 3、Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物的CD光谱在红区(Qy带)有一对反向谱带,正蜂为680nm,负峰为660nm,而在β-胡萝卜素的吸收区没有明显的CD信号。当该反应中心复合物受光破坏后,CD信号明显下降,而且当正峰完全消失后,负峰仍然存在,说明负峰不仅包含P680 的信号,也包含其它色素分子的信号,很可能有部分来源于Pheo a。 4、Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物在488nm处激发的共振拉曼光谱显示四个主要谱带,其峰位分别在1532(ν1)、1165(ν2)、1010(ν3)和970cm-1(ν4)处,表明PSⅡ反应中心结合的B-胡萝卜素分子是全反式构型。Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物的色素抽提液的拉曼光谱也显示四个主要的拉曼峰,其中ν4谱带的强度急剧下降,说明PSⅡ反应中心内部结合的β-胡萝卜素分子与抽提液中自由的β-胡萝卜素分子的构象不同,而与光合细菌反应中心内部的类胡萝卜素分子的构象相似,其共轭多烯链的平面也处于扭曲状态。 5、光照使PSⅡ反应中心的原初电子供体P680受到破坏,在光照后的暗放置过程中P680分子继续受到破坏,表明在光照过程中很可能有一个相对稳定的反应中间体产生,以至于光照后暗放置过程中Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物的光谱特性继续发生变化。也就是说,PSⅡ反应中心Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物的光破坏不是一步反应,而是一个多步反应或多条途径。 6、光照使Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物中的组氨酸(His)残基受到很大程度的破坏,甲硫氨酸(Met)残基的含量也略有下降,而其它氨基酸的含量基本保持不变。His残基的破坏很可能与光照后暗放置过程中Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物的光谱特性变化相关。我们认为His残基的光照破坏很可能是Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物受光照破坏的另一分子机理。 7、人工电子受体癸基质体醌(DPQ)可以与Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物进行重组。Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物的荧光衰减分析表明,在DPQ重组之后,两个长寿命荧光组分(24ns和73ns)的寿命减小,而且占整个荧光的分数也下降,表明这两个长寿命荧光衰减组分均来源于电荷重组过程。同时,β-胡萝卜素分子在DPQ重组之后更易于被光照破坏,这个过程可能与β-胡萝卜素分子的生理功能相关。 8、在没有外加人工电子受体的情况下,光照使DDl/D2/Cyt b559 复合物的多肽组成发生一定变化。SDS-PAGE图谱中出现一个约40KDa的新谱带,同时Dl与D2多肽的表观分子量增加,谱带染色强度下降。 9、本文根据以上实验结果,着重对Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物光破坏的分子机理进行了分析和讨论,并在D1蛋白裂解的两种可能途经中又增加了一个新的可能导致Dl蛋白裂解的途径,即:His残基的光照破坏可以作为Dl/D2/Cyt b559复合物光破坏及Dl蛋白裂解的又一分子机理,这为深入研究PSⅡ反应中心的光破坏提供了新的线索,也为今后研究活体内光抑制现象的分子机制打下了良好的基础

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从菠菜叶绿体中分离提纯PSI颗粒及其捕光天线色素蛋白复合物LHCI,对其光谱特性进行分析。对PSI颗粒中色素和蛋白的光破坏进程,并对外加组氨酸、Triton,以及温度对PSI颗粒光破坏的影响等进行了比较系统的研究,以探讨PSI光破坏的机理。其主要结果如下: 1. 对PSI颗粒和LHCI色素蛋白复合物的荧光光谱的研究,发现PSI中Chlb所吸收的光能主要传递给LHCI中的“长波组分”(吸收波长大于P700的Chla)。 2. 在PSI颗粒光破坏进程的研究中发现,Chla中吸收波长较长的组分首先发生光破坏;位于PSI颗粒外围的LHCI上的Chlb,也容易受到光破坏;Car先于Chlb发生光破坏。在光照处理过程中,PSI的天线色素蛋白复合物LHCI多肽降解程度大于反应中心多肽组分(PsaA,PsaB)的降解,其中LHCI-680首先由于光破坏而发生降解。PsaD也是容易受到光破坏而发生降解的一个多肽。另外,还发现在长时间光照后有蛋白聚合现象发生。 3. 在PSI颗粒中外加单线态氧的淬灭剂组氨酸,分析不同光强光照处理过程中组氨酸对PSI颗粒中色素和多肽光破坏的保护作用,发现外加组氨酸对强光照(2300μEm-2s-1)引起的叶绿素光吸收减少和CD信号减弱的有效抑制表现出一个明显的延迟期,但对强光诱导的荧光产量下降的效应却能立即表现出来;在强光照前期和弱光照(300μEm-2s-1)条件下,组氨酸不能抑制PSI颗粒的光吸收下降。另外,外加组氨酸除了对反应中心多肽有光保护作用以外,对PSI中其它多肽也有显著的保护作用。 4. 用不同浓度的Triton处理PSI颗粒,发现较低浓度的Triton可以增大叶绿素的光吸收和PSI颗粒的荧光产量,而不对PSI颗粒的多肽组成造成影响;当Triton浓度达到一定的程度时,虽然不会影响PSI颗粒的多肽组成,但是会使其光吸收减少,荧光产量下降;而当Triton浓度过高时,PSI颗粒的多肽会发生降解现象,同时其光吸收和荧光产量也迅速下降。Triton浓度较低时,PSI颗粒光破坏的程度随Triton浓度的增大而增大,当Triton浓度增大到一定的程度时,PSI颗粒的光破坏程度同Triton浓度不再呈明显的正相关。 5. 对PSI颗粒进行不同温度的热处理,其结果表明:温度较低(20 ℃~40 ℃)的热处理对PSI颗粒的多肽和叶绿素光吸收的影响程度很小,照光后不同温度热处理过的PSI颗粒光吸收减少和多肽降解的程度相近;温度较高(50 ℃~60 ℃)的热处理会对PSI颗粒的结构产生影响,使之稳定性减小,对光处理更敏感;温度更高(大于70 ℃)的热处理会破坏PSI颗粒的结构,引起多肽组分的降解。另外,不同的多肽对热处理的敏感性显著不同。 6. 低温(4 ℃)和常温(20 ℃)下PSI颗粒光破坏的比较发现,室温下PSI颗粒的光破坏程度明显大于低温下光破坏的程度,表明光处理过程中温度会影响到PSI颗粒光破坏的程度。 通过上述的研究结果,分析了PSI颗粒光破坏过程中色素和蛋白的变化及其外界因子的影响,对PSI颗粒光破坏的机制进行了初步的探讨。

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从不同基因型的小麦京411和小偃54中分离纯化了PSI颗粒并研究了PSI颗粒的一些光合特性: 1. 测定了两种基因型小麦PSI颗粒的室温吸收光谱、低温荧光光谱,并进行了SDS-PAGE多肽分析。吸收光谱显示了红区680nm和蓝区439nm的两个最大吸收峰,低温荧光光谱显示了PSI特征的位于735nm左右的发射峰,同时SDS-PAGE也显示我们的制备物包括PsaA、PsaB、LHCI以及一些其它小分子量蛋白亚基。这些都表明我们从不同基因型小麦中获得了比较理想的PSI颗粒制备物。 2. 测定了京411类囊体膜和PSI颗粒的脂类组成和脂肪酸成分,发现PSI颗粒中也存在着类囊体膜中的五种膜脂,即:MGDG、DGDG、PG、SQDG、PC,但PSI颗粒的MGDG含量比类囊体膜高,而DGDG含量较类囊体低。PSI颗粒和类囊体膜的脂肪酸组成也有差异。 3. 运用光谱学手段,研究两种基因型小麦PSI颗粒光破坏过程的异同。发现在经过强光破坏后,两种小麦PSI颗粒都发生叶绿素漂白现象,在各种状态叶绿素中,683nm状态的Chl a对强光最为敏感,受到光破坏的程度最大,而649nm Chl b和667nm Chl a分子变化较小。结合吸收光谱和低温荧光光谱我们提出了PSI中可能存在的能量传递途径。比较两种小麦PSI颗粒光破坏在低温荧光光谱上的不同,我们初步认为,小偃54可能通过将能量较多地分配给予长波长Chl而一定程度的避免过多能量向P700反应中心传递,从而起到对P700的保护作用。 4. 研究了不同表面活性剂SDS和Triton X-100对PSI颗粒色素结合状态和能量传递的影响。发现表面活性剂对色素状态和PSI中的能量传递都有很大的影响。并且Triton X-100的作用较SDS强烈。紫外荧光显示PSI蛋白结构也发生了显著变化。

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光系统I(photosystem I,PSI)是光合膜上参与光合作用原初反应过程的主要膜蛋白超分子复合体之一。高等植物的PSI是由核心复合体(14个亚基)和捕光色素蛋白复合体I(light-harvesting complex I, LHCI,含4个Lhca蛋白)组成的超分子复合体,它的主要功能是调节光诱导的从囊腔侧的质体兰素(plastocyanin,PC)向基质侧的铁氧还蛋白(ferredoxin,Fd)的电子传递。研究PSI的结构与功能对于揭示植物光合作用高效吸能、传能的分子机理具有重要意义。在本文中,我们首先建立了分离制备PSI及其亚组分的方法(Qin et al., 2007),并在此基础上对PSI在强光破坏的过程中结构与功能的变化进行了比较深入的研究。本论文的主要研究结果如下: 1.快速、高效分离纯化PSI及其亚组分方法的建立。 国际上传统的PSI分离方法(Bassi and Simpson, 1987; Croce et al., 1998; Påsllon et al.1995; Schmid et al. 2002),耗时长较长(分离PSI颗粒一般需要多于20h的蔗糖超速离心过程,而分离PSI的亚组分则需要25-60h的蔗糖超速离心过程)、得率较低,这不便于PSI方面的研究,为此我们首先改进了传统的分离纯化方法。新方法以高等植物菠菜叶片作为原材料,使用Triton X-100作为增溶剂,通过差速离心技术获得的粗制品,然后使用十二烷基麦芽糖苷(n-Dodecyl β-D-maltoside, DDM)增溶PSI粗制品,之后采用100,000×g,垂直转头(Beckman VTi 50)0.1-1 mol/L蔗糖梯度离心3h获得纯度较高的PSI颗粒。然后使用DDM和3-(N, N-Dimethylpalmitylammonio) propanesulfonate (zw 3-16)两种增溶剂处理PSI,后经100,000×g,垂直转头(Beckman VTi 50)蔗糖梯度离心4h获得纯度较高的PSI core、LHCI-680、LHCI-730复合体。采用吸收光谱、荧光光谱技术研究了各样品的基本光谱学特性,采用HPLC分析了各样品的色素组成,结果显示平均每个Lhca蛋白结合1.5-1.6黄体素,1.0紫黄质, 0.8-1.1 β-胡萝卜素,该方法制备的LHCI比传统方法制备的LHCI减少了类胡萝卜素的丢失。这一工作为以后结构与功能的研究工作奠定了良好的基础。 2.PSI复合体及其亚组分的特性研究。 PSI颗粒具有一定的适应环境酸碱变化的能力,在我们的试验条件下PSI颗粒在pH 5-10相对稳定。PSI、LHCI很难通过加入Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+阳离子聚集沉淀。经绿胶鉴定我们制备的LHCI-680、LHCI-730是二聚体形式;而把PSI绿胶后再进行第二向十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)电泳,结果发现在稍强烈的绿胶增溶条件下,LHCI-730是以二聚体的形式存在,但是LHCI-680却是以单体的形式出现。这说明LHCI形成的二聚体,尤其是LHCI-680,较容易受到增溶处理而分离成单体形式,解释了以生化分离手段得到的LHCI-680的聚集形式是单体还是二聚体这个目前国际上还有有争议的问题。 3.PSI、LHCI光破坏的基本特点。 采用白光(2500 μmol•m-2•s-1)照射PSI颗粒,通过SDS-PAGE及室温吸收光谱检测光照过程中PSI复合体的变化,结果表明:去氧处理能够大大延缓PSI的光破坏,而PSI脱辅基蛋白不会发生光破坏,这说明PSI发生的光破坏可能与Chl与O2的相互作用有关。采用白光(1000 μmol•m-2•s-1、300 μmol•m-2•s-1)处理LHCI-680、LHCI-730,发现LHCI-680被破坏的速度明显快于LHCI-730被破坏的速度,这是首次在体外分离的水平上揭示了不同LHCI光破坏方面的差异。LHCI-680与LHCI-730在光破坏方面的差异可能与两种天线蛋白结合的类胡萝卜素的种类和数量不同有关,还可能与二者结合的长波长Chl的情况有关,但是具体的原因还有待于进一步的研究。 4.结合不同的捕光色素蛋白复合体(light-harvesting complex,LHC)对PSI光破坏的影响。 为了研究结合不同的捕光天线对PSI光破坏的影响,我们制备了PSI-LHCII、PSI、PSI core三种复合体。使用白光(2500 μmol•m-2•s-1)照射这三种复合体,并通过测定各复合体在光破坏过程中蛋白亚基、吸收光谱、PSI活性及P700含量的变化,对比三者光破坏的速度,结果发现PSI-LHCII在这三种复合体中光破坏速度最快,而PSI和PSI core两种复合体光破坏速度基本一致。我们推测在光照过程中部分光系统II捕光Chl a/b蛋白复合体II(light-harvesting complex II,LHCII)能够向PSI core传递能量,另外PSI-LHCII绿胶分析的结果表明发生了LHCII三聚体向单体的转变,这种强光下发生的LHCII聚合形式的转化可能是高光强下调节光能捕获的一种机制,由于植物体内具有较完整的保护系统,体内PSI-LHCII的光破坏可能与体外情况不同;另外LHCI与PSI core的解离可能发生在强光照射的早期,具有保护PSI core减少光破坏的积极作用。该部分的研究首次观察了结合不同的捕光天线对PSI光破坏的影响。

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干旱环境常常由于多变的降水事件和贫瘠土壤的综合作用,表现出较低的生产力和较低的植被覆盖度。全球性的气候变暖和人类干扰必将使得干旱地区缺水现状越来越严竣。贫瘠土壤环境中已经很低的有效养分含量也将会随着干旱的扩大而越来越低。干旱与半干旱系统中不断加剧的水分与养分的缺失将严重限制植物的生长和植被的更新,必然会使得已经恶化的环境恶化速率的加快、恶化范围的加大。如何抑制这种趋势,逐步改善已经恶化的环境是现在和将来干旱系统管理者面临的主要关键问题。了解干旱系统本土植物对未来气候变化的适应机制,不仅是植物生态学研究的重要内容,也对人为调节干旱环境,改善干旱系统植被条件,提高植被覆盖度具有重要的实践意义。 本研究以干旱河谷优势灌木白刺花(Sophora davidii)为研究对象,通过两年大棚水分和施N控制实验和一个生长季野外施N半控制实验,从植物生长-生理-资源利用以及植物生长土壤环境特征入手,系统的研究了白刺花幼苗生长特性对干旱胁迫和施N的响应与适应机制,并试图探讨施N是否可调节干旱系统土壤环境,人工促进干旱条件下幼苗定居,最终贡献于促进植被更新实践。初步研究结论如下: 1)白刺花幼苗生长、生物量积累与分配以及水分利用效率对干旱胁迫和施N处理的适应白刺花幼苗株高、基径、叶片数目、叶面积、根长、生物量生产、相对含水量和水分利用效率随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而明显降低,但地下部分生物量比例和R/S随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而增加。轻度施N处理下幼苗株高、基径、叶片数目、叶片面积和生物量生产有所增加。但重度施N处理下这些生长指标表现出微弱甚至降低的趋势。严重干旱胁迫条件下,幼苗叶面积率、R/S、相对含水量和水分利用效率也以轻度施N处理为最高。 2)白刺花幼苗叶片光合生理特征对干旱胁迫和施N处理的适应叶片光合色素含量和叶片光合效率随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而显著降低,并且PS2系统在干旱胁迫条件下表现出一定程度的光损害。但是比叶面积随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而增加。在相对较好水分条件下幼苗净光合速率的降低可能是因为气孔限制作用,而严重干旱胁迫条件下非气孔限制可能是导致幼苗叶片光合速率下降的主要原因。叶片叶绿素含量、潜在光合能力、羧化效率、光合效率以及RUBP再生能力等在施N处理下得到提高,并因而改善干旱胁迫条件下光合能力和效率。虽然各荧光参数对施N处理并无显著的反应,但是干旱胁迫条件下qN和Fv/Fm在轻度施N处理下维持相对较高的水平,而两年连续处理后在严重干旱胁迫条件下幼苗叶片光合效率受到重度施N处理的抑制,并且Fv/Fm和qN也在重度施N处理下降低。 3)白刺花幼苗C、N和P积累以及N、P利用效率对干旱胁迫和施N处理的适应白刺花幼苗C、N和P的积累,P利用效率以及N和P吸收效率随干旱胁迫程度的增加而显著降低,C、N和P的分配格局也随之改变。在相同水分处理下,C、N和P的积累量、P利用效率以及N和P吸收效率在轻度施N处理下表现为较高的水平。然而,C、N和P的积累量和P利用效率在重度施N处理下不仅没有表现出显著的正效应,而且有降低的趋势。另外,在相同水分条件下白刺花幼苗N利用效率随着施N强度的增加而降低。 4)白刺花幼苗生长土壤化学与微生物特性对干旱胁迫和施N的适应白刺花幼苗生长土壤有机C、有效N和P含量也随干旱胁迫程度的增加而明显降低。干旱胁迫条件下土壤C/N、C/P、转化酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的降低可能表明较低的N和P矿化速率。尽管微生物生物量C、N和P对一个生长季干旱胁迫处理无显著反应,但微生物生物量C和N在两年连续干旱胁迫后显著降低。土壤有机C和有效P含量在轻度施N处理下大于重度施N处理,但是有效N含量随着施N强度的增加而增加。微生物生物量C和N、碱性磷酸酶和转化酶活性也在轻度施N处理下有所增加。但是碱性磷酸酶活性在重度施N处理下降低。 5)野外条件下白刺花幼苗生长特征及生长土壤生化特性对施N的适应植物生长、生物生产量、C的固定、N、P等资源的吸收和积累、其它受限资源的利用效率(如P)在轻度施N处理下均有所增加,但N利用效率有所降低。幼苗生物生产量及C、N和P等资源的分配格局在轻度施N处理下也没有明显的改变。白刺花幼苗叶片数目、生物生产量和C、N、P的积累量在重度施N处理下虽然也相对于对照有所增加,但幼苗根系长度显著降低。生物量及资源(生物量、C、N、P)在重度施N处理下较多地分配给地上部分(主要是叶片)。另外,土壤有机C、全N和有效N含量随外源施N的增加而显著增加,土壤pH随之降低,但土壤全P含量并无显著反应。其中有机C含量和有效P含量以轻度施N处理最高。微生物生物量C、N和P在轻度施N处理下也显著增加,而微生物生物量C在重度施N处理下显著降低。同时,转化酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和中性磷酸酶活性在施N处理下也明显的提高,但酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著降低,其中碱性磷酸酶和中性磷酸酶活性以轻度施N处理最高。 综合分析表明,干旱河谷水分和N严重限制了白刺花幼苗的生长。施N不能完全改变干旱胁迫对白刺花幼苗的抑制的作用,但是由于施N增加土壤N有效性,改善土壤一系列生物与化学过程,幼苗的生长特性也对施N表现出强烈的反应,表现为植物结构与资源分配格局的改善,植物叶片光合能力与效率的提高,植物生长以及利用其他受限资源(如水分和P)的效率的增加,致使植物自身生长及其生长环境在干旱环境下得到改善。但是过度施N不仅不能起到改善干旱胁迫下植物生长环境、促进植物生长的作用,反而在土壤过程以及植物生长过程中加重干旱胁迫对植物的伤害。因此,建议在采用白刺花作为先锋种改善干旱河谷系统环境的实践中,可适当施加N以改善土壤环境,调节植物利用与分配资源的效率,促进植物定居,得到人工促进种群更新的目的。但在实践过程中也要避免过度施N。 Arid regions of the world are generally noted for their low primary productivity which is due to a combination of low, unpredictable water supply and low soil nutrient concentrations. The most serious effects of global climate change and human disturbances may well be those which related to increasing drought since drought stress has already been the principal constraint in plant growth. The decline in total rainfall and/or soil water availability expected for the next decades may turn out to be even more drastic under future warmer conditions. Nevertheless, water deficit is not the only limiting factor in arid and semiarid environments. Soils often suffer from nutrient (especially N and P) deficiencies in these ecosystems, which can also be worsened by climate change. How to improve the poor soil quality and enhance the vegetation coverage is always the problem facing ecosystem managers. The adaptive mechanisms of native plant to future climate change is always the focus in plant ecology, it also plays important roles in improving vegetation coverage by manual controlled programmes. Sophora davidii is a native perennial shrub of arid valleys, which is often predominant on eroded slopes and plays a vital role in retaining ecological stability in this region. It has been found that S. davidii was better adapted to dry environment than other shrubs, prompting its use for re-vegetation of arid lands. A two-years greenhouse experiment and a field experiment were conducted in order to understand the adaptation responses of Sophora davidii seedlings to different water and N conditions, and further explore if additional N supply as a modified role could enhance the adaptation ability of S. davidii seedlings to dry and infertile environment. Two-month old seedlings were subjected to a completely randome design with three water (80%, 40% and 20% water field capacity (FC)) and three N supply (N0: 0, Nl: 92 and Nh: 184 mg N kg-1 soil) regimes. Field experiment was arranged only by three N supplies in the dry valley. 1) The growth, biomass partitioning and water-use efficiency of Sophora davidii seedlings in respond to drought stress and N supply Seedlings height, basal diameter, leaf number, leaf area, root length, biomass production, relative water content (RWC) and WUE were decreased with increase of drought stress. An increase in below-ground biomass was observed indicating a higher root/shoot ratio (R/S) under drought stress conditions. Low N supply increased seedlings height, basal diameter, leaf number, leaf area, and biomass production, but decreased root length. In contrast, these growth characteristics showed little or negative effect to high N supply treatment. Leaf percentages increased with increase of N supply, but fine root percentages decreased. In addition, Low N supply rather than the other two N treatments increased leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf/fine root mass ratio (L/FR), R/S and RWC under severe drought stress (20%FC), even though these parameters could increase with the high N supply treatment under well-watered condition (80%FC). Moreover, Low N supply also increased WUE under three water conditions, but high N supply had little effect on WUE under drought stress conditions (40%FC and 20%FC). 2) Leaf gas exchange and fluorescence parameters of Sophora davidii seedlings in respond to drought stress and N supply Leaf area (LA), photosynthetic pigment contents, and photosynthetic efficiency were decreased with increase of drought stress, but specific leaf area (SLA) increased. Photodamage in photosystem 2 (PS2) was also observed under drought stress condition. The decreased net photosynthetic rate (PN) under relative well-watered water conditions might result from stomatal limitations, but the decreased PN under other hand, photosynthetic capacity by increasing LA, photosynthetic chlorophyll contents, Pnmax, CE, Jmax were increased with increase N supply, and photosynthetic efficiency was improved with N supply treatment under water deficit. Although N supply did a little in alleviating photodamages to PS2 caused by drought stress, low N supply enhanced qN and kept relative high Fv/Fm under drought stress condition. However, high N supply inhibited leaf photosynthetic efficiency, and declined Fv/Fm and qN under severe drought stress condition after two year continues drought stress and N supply. 3) Carbon accumulation, nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency of Sophora davidii seedlings in respond to drought stress and N supply C, N and P accumulation, NUE , N and P uptake efficiency (NUtE and NUtE ) P N P were decreased with increase of drought stress regardless of N supply. On the other hand, the S. davidii seedlings exhibited strong responses to N supply, but the responses were inconsistent with the various N supply levels. Low N supply rather than the other two N treatments increased C, N and P accumulation, improved NUEP, NUtE and NUtE under corresponding water condition. In contrast, high N supply N P did few even depressed effects on C, N and P accumulation, and NUEP, although NUtEN and NUtEP could increase with high N supply under corresponding water conditions. Even so, a decrease of NUEN was observed with increase of N supply under corresponding water conditions. 4) Soil microbial and chemical characters in respond to drought stress and N supply The content of soil organic C, available N and P were decreased with increase of drought stress. Decreases in C/N and C/P, and invertase, urea and alkaline phosphatase activity were also observed under drought stress conditions, indicating a lower N and P mineralization rate. Although microbial biomass C, N and P showed slight responses to drought stress after one growth period treatment, microbial biomass C and N were also decreased with increase of drought stress after two year continuous treatment. The content of soil organic C and available P showed the stronger positive responses to low N supply than which to high N supply, although than the other two N treatments increased microbial biomass N and invertase activity under severe drought stress condition, even though invertase activity could increase with high N supply treatment under relative well-water conditions. Moreover, low N supply treatment also increased C/P and alkaline phosphatase activity which might result from higher P mineralization, but high N supply did negative effects on alkaline phosphatase activity. 5) The growth characteristics of Sophora davidii seedlings and soil microbial and chemical characters in respond to N supply under field condition Low N supply facilitated seedlings growth by increasing leaf number, basal diameter, root length, biomass production, C, N and P accumulation and absorption, and enhancing the use efficiency of other limited resources as P. Compared to control, however, low N supply did little effect on altering biomass, C, N and P portioning in seedlings components. On the contrary, high N supply treatment also increased leaf number, biomass and C, N and P accumulation relative to control, but significantly decreased root length, and altered more biomass and resources to above-ground, which strongly reduced the ability of absorbing water under drought condition, and thus which might deep the drought stress. In addition, N supply increased soil C, N and available N content, but declined pH and showed little effects on P content. Low N supply showed higher values of soil C and available P content. Low N supply also increased microbial biomass C, N and P, although high N supply decreased microbial biomass C. N supply significantly enhanced soil invertase, urea, alkaline and neutral phosphratase activity, while declined acid phosphratase and catalase activity. Low N supply exhibited higher alkaline and neutral phosphratase activity compared to the others. The results from this study indicated that both drought and N limited the growth of S. davidii seedlings and their biomass production. Regardless of N supply levels, drought stress dramatically reduced the seedlings growth and biomass production. Although plant growth parameters, including basal diameter, height, leaf number, and biomass and their components were observed to be positive responses to low N supply, N supply alone can not alter the diminishing tendency which is caused by drought. available N content increased with increase N supply. In addition, low N supply rather These findings imply that drought played a primary limitation role and N was only the secondary. Even so, appropriate N supply was seemed to enhance the ability that S. davidii seedlings adapted to the xeric and infertile environment by improving soil processes, stimulating plant growth, increasing recourses accumulation, enhancing use efficiency of other limited resources, and balancing biomass and resources partitioning. Appropriate N supply, therefore, would be recommended to improve S. davidii seedling establishment in this region, but excess N supply should be avoided.