基于路径分析的死循环检测

提出了一种自动检测C语言程序中是否含有死循环的方法.该方法基于程序分析技术,包括循环展开和路径可行性分析技术.该方法首先通过遍历控制流图生成待查循环的检验路径;之后通过分析检验路径的可行性以及路径之间的联系,判断这些路径是否符合死循环模式.在此方法基础上实现了原型工具LoopAnalyzer,并对一组基准程序进行测试.实验结果表明此工具能有效地检测出C语言程序中的死循环,并且准确率较高.

黄土丘陵沟壑区纸坊沟小流域农业生态安全态势变化的驱动力分析

以黄土丘陵沟壑区纸坊沟小流域为研究对象,利用1985—2006年调查和监测资料,综合现有研究成果,将主成分分析和通径分析方法相结合,分析可能影响农业生态安全态势变化的各因子,探讨农业生态安全态势变化的驱动力。结果表明:自然条件是影响黄土丘陵沟壑区纸坊沟小流域农业生态安全态势变化的基础,人文社会经济条件是其变化的主要驱动力,具体可归纳为经济发展、人口压力、流域产业结构调整和农业科技进步4类因子;此外,国家和区域的相关政策、农业产业链与资源量相关度对农业生态安全也有一定影响。

基于栅格邻域可视性相关的最优路径问题的研究

基于可视性的最优路径分析是地形可视性分析中的一项基本功能，属于空间决策支持的范畴，在理论研究和实际应用两方面都具有重要的意义。在传统基于可视性的最优路径分析中，影响通行能力的可视性代价信息为相互独立的0维数值。然而，用0维无关的代价来表示三维地形上点的可视性信息是不全面的，有必要采用一维或更高维的代价表达方式。本文用二维视域来描述三维可视性信息，考虑到邻近点的二维视域相互重叠造成的可视性相关性对最优路径搜索的影响，提出基于栅格邻域可视性相关的最优路径问题。本文对该问题的分类和求解进行了详细的分析和讨论。 本文的创新性工作如下： (1) 改进了传统基于可视性的最优路径搜索问题。对于存在的“真实性”不足之处，考虑地形特征如土地覆盖或土地利用，障碍物及坡度等对通行能力的影响，并将这些影响和可视性信息一起添加到传统的基于可视性的最优路径搜索过程中，所得结果更加符合实际情况。 (2) 提出并求解了一类基于栅格邻域可视性相关的最优路径问题：基于平均视距最小/最大的可视覆盖路径问题。在可视覆盖最优和路径长度最优两个约束条件下，用代表路径平均视野的开阔程度的平均视距来衡量最优可视覆盖路径问题的最优性。通过对平均视距及该类问题目标函数进行建模分析以及预先计算并存储整个地形上的视域信息，用基于视域融合操作的模拟退火算法实现了该类问题的求解。 (3) 提出并求解了一类基于栅格邻域可视性相关的最优路径问题：最小可视覆盖路径问题。在只考虑可视覆盖最优的约束条件下，用代表路径视野开阔程度即“可视覆盖面积”来衡量最优可视覆盖路径问题的最优性。通过对问题目标函数建模及求解方法的比较分析，用Dijkstra算法实现了该类问题的求解。 最后，本文比较了基于栅格邻域可视性相关的和传统基于可视性无关的最不可视路径问题得到的结果。通过对新方法和传统方法应用于求解走私路径所得结果的定量和定性的分析与对比，得出新方法比传统方法准确的结论。

小学学习不良儿童对言语交际策略的理解与运用

[Abstract] Verbal communication strategy (VCS) refers to a programmed knowledge applied by individuals to understand and express intentions via language symbols in their realization of communicative objectives according to social conventions. As an important index of social development, verbal communication strategy has provided a new perspective for social skill studies. However, more work has to be done in the investigation of LD children’s VCS developmental pattern and affecting mechanism. Through contextual test, structured interview and role-play, the present study, by adopting integrated measurements of instrumental and interpersonal effectiveness, explored the developmental characteristics of Chinese learning-disabled primary school children across 3-6th grades at both comprehension and application levels. Then, their social perspective-taking performance and verbal retelling competence of each participant were examined, on the basis of which, path analysis was conducted, with social perspective-taking, verbal retelling and verbal communication strategy comprehension as independent variables, to reveal the inner mechanism affecting LD children’s application of verbal communication strategy. Finally, an intervention study was carried out through a combination of polite request strategy understanding lessons and social perspective-taking training dramas. The results indicate that:(1) No significant grade differences were found in LD group for polite request strategy, while significant differences were reported across different grades of non-LD children. For indirect reply strategy, significant grade and gender differences were found among LD children, but the developmental trajectory between the two groups was different. For both polite request and indirect reply strategies, the strategy comprehension level of LD children was significantly lower than those without learning disabilities. (2) No significant grade and gender differences were found in LD group in their application of polite request strategy, while for non-LD children, significant differences were reported across different grades. For indirect reply strategy, both LD and non-LD groups exhibited similar developmental characteristics. Significant group differences only exist in the over-all application level of polite request strategies, not in indirect reply strategies. However, the differences of the latter between the two groups were found at significant level only among the 11-12 year olds. (3) LD children’s perspective-taking and verbal retelling competence were significantly lower than those of non-LD group. For polite request strategy, the influence of social perspective-taking to strategy application was indirect and must be via strategy comprehension, while for indirect reply strategy, strategy comprehension was found to play as a partial mediator between social perspective-taking and strategy application. The influence of verbal retelling to strategy application was indirect on both types of strategies. (4) LD children’s strategy comprehension and social perspective-taking level can be improved, and the improvement of these two competences has significant positive impact on the increase of their strategy application level. Key Words: learning disabilities, verbal communication strategy, social perspective- taking

大学生现实自我与理想自我差异的特点、产生机制和效应

The arguments on self discrepancy can be traced back to the old ages, but the systematic investigations were started by Higgins et al. at 1985.Compared to the large number of foreign studies, only a few ones have been conducted in our own country. Numerous characteristics of undergruaduate’s actual-ideal discrepancy and a great many determinative factors have been found as well as many of its negative effects—especially the greater the actual-ideal discrepancy, the more negative on the mind and behavior. Nevertheless, there are still many issues to be solved, such as the extend of the undergruaduate’s actual-ideal discrepancy level in own country. On the other hand, although there are a great many internal and external determinative factors of actual-ideal discrepancy, how they overally influence the discrepancy of the same individual is still unknown; to what extent does actual-ideal discrepancy influence the human mind and behavior and whether the influence is positive or negtive? This research collected a sample consisting of 4 undergraduate grades and 5 majors from a middle-ranked university. We adopted questionnaires in the study, and analyzed the data using correlation analysis, regression analysis, variances analysis, and path analysis. Our aim focused on the general characteristics of the undergruaduate’s actual-ideal discrepancy in own country, the overall working mechanism of the determinative factors including environmental and personal factors on the actual-ideal discrepancy of the same individual, and the effects of the actual-ideal discrepancy on psychological adaption, motivation, and behavior. The main results are as following: (1)The improved measurement instrument possesses good validity and reliability, and can be used in future research. (2) The actual-ideal discrepancy level among undergraduates is slightly bellow medium. The proportion of undergraduates who have a higher actual-ideal discrepancy level is small. There is significant gender difference in actual-ideal discrepancy level, but no significant difference across different majors and grades. (3)This research probed the overall working mechanism of the parenting style(environmental factors) and the personality factors(personal factors) including stability, flexibility, cleverness, and esteem on the undergruaduate’s actual-ideal discrepancy. The results shows that the parenting style of warmth and understanding, stability, flexibility, and esteem influence the actual-ideal discrepancy. Esteem entirely moderate the relationship between the parenting style of warmth and understanding and actual-ideal discrepancy, partially moderate the relationship between the flexibility, stability and actual-ideal discrepancy. Furthermore, the above factors can be order as stability, flexibility, and parenting style of warmth and understanding in terms of decreasing impact on the actual-ideal discrepancy. No significant effect of cleverness and other parenting style was found. The parenting style of warmth and understanding, stability, and flexibility interactively influence the actual-ideal discrepancy in the following manner: the stability and flexibility, both of which have independent influence on the actual-ideal discrepancy, entirely moderate the relationship between the parenting style of warmth and understanding and actual-ideal discrepancy. (4) Actual-ideal discrepancy plays a negative role in adaption indices, including self-efficacy, self-identity, self-actualization. Actual-ideal discrepancy also has negative effects on the 9 symptoms measured by SCL-90, vitality, approach motivation, avoidance motivation, and performance goals. No significant influence on mastering goals was found. Actual-ideal discrepancy uniquely correlates with depression symptom. The above results contribute from the point of self-discrepancy to the understanding of self-identity of undergraduates, and they enrich the knowledge of the development of self and contribute to the understanding of the development of human personality.This research advances on the two key problems of the developmental mechanism of actual-ideal discrepancy and that promotes the knowledge of the developmental mechanism of actual-ideal discrepancy. The research probed the relationship between the actual-ideal discrepancy and motivation which is an important phenomenon and this enlarges the domain of the actual-ideal discrepancy research. The results make sure that actual-ideal discrepancy is one of the important factors influencing undergruaduate’s mind and behavior. The conclusions can provide reference and guidance in the diagnosis and intervension strategies for mental health education and counseling practice in university.

学习不良少年的污名效应研究

Stigma is defined as a sign of disgrace or discredit that sets a person apart from others. Stigmatized individuals had been significantly influenced by their group-based stigma. Through the methods of laboratory experiment and questionnaire surveys, the current study started with examining the attitudes of middle school students to the students with learning disabilities (LD), systemly explored the characteristics of perceived stigma and self-stigma of LD students, the mechanism that the influences of stigma on students with LD, and the mental control required to cope with the stigma. The results of the present studies had significant implications for the understanding of the LD phenomenon and the intervention of LD adolescents. The results indicate that: 1. Generally, middle school students had negative implicit attitude and negative explicit attitudes towards the LD students. The effect size of the phenomenon of this study is large. The LD students showed a more positive attitude than others on the explicit attitude measure; all students consistently had negative attitudes toward LD students on the implicit attitude indices, in addition, no group differences and gender differences were observed in the implicit attitude. 2. Eight hundred and seventy two students were surveyed to test the reliability and validity of the new developed perceived stigma scale and self-stigma scale. Both questionnaires showed sufficient content validity, construct validity, criterion-related validity and adequate internal consistency reliability. Then, both questionnaires were administered to student with high academic achievement (high achiever), students with middle academic achievement (middle achiever), and LD students. Results revealed that the LD students mildly stigmatized by the social culture. The LD students had more stigma perception and self-stigma than the middle achievers and high achievers. The results also indicated that there were more stigma perception and self-stigma for LD students in grade two than that of LD students in grade one and grade three; meanwhile, male LDstudent hade more stigma perception and self-stigma than female LD students in all grades. 3. A latent variable path analysis was conducted to investigate how the stigma affect the academic goals using the data collected from 186 LD students. The results suggested that the LD-related stigma did not have direct influence on academic goals. The LD-related stigma indirectly influenced the academic goals through mediating effects of self-stigma and academic efficacy. 4. Stereotype threat could have some influences on the relationship between the task feedback and self-esteem. The results of study using eighty-four LD students showed that: when the negative stereotype was not primed, the self-esteem of the LD students was significantly influenced by the feedback of the task: an enhance self-esteem following a positive feedback and a lower self-esteem following a negative feedback. When the negative stereotype was primed, there was no significantly difference between the positive feedback group and negative feedback group. All the results showed that priming the negative stereotype could weaken the influence of feedback to the self-esteem of LD students. 5. There was more cognitive and behavioral control when LD students tried to cope with the stigma by concealing negative academic achievement during an individual interview with an unfamilar expert. The LD students whose academic achievements could be concealed had more thought suppression and thought intrusion and reported more self-monitoring behavior than the participants in the other experimental conditions.

中国企业员工组织承诺研究

The research objectives were to investigate the psychological structure of employees' organizational commitments(OCs), and its antecedents, and to examine the relative effects of employees' OCs to their performances. In order to deeply uncover the nature of OCs, some standard methods, such as in-depth interview, focus-group, semi-open questionnaire, standard questionnaire etc., were employed. In data analysis, not only some common statistical methods, such as multivariate analysis of variance, cross-table analysis, factor analysis, but also some forefront ones, such as confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis of SEM, were used. The paper covers six chapters: 1) In the first chapter, Firstly some previous empirical studies, which examined structures, antecedents, correlates, and/or consequences of organizational commitment in China and Western countries, were summarized. This summary covers most of the respectable researchers' works of this field, such as H.S.Becker, B.Buchanan, L.W.Porter, G. Ritzer, H.M.Trice, J.A.Alutto, L.G.Hrebiniak, R.T.Mowday, J.P.Meyer, N.J.Allen, G.W.McGee, R.C.Ford, R.Eisenberger, etc. Then three theoretical hypothesis were put forward as following: ① In China, OCs should be multidimensional psychological structures, which means there should exist more than one type of OCs; ② There should be some different antecedents to different OCs; ③ Employees with different types of OC should perform differently in their works. Finally the theoretical and practical significance were discussed. 2) In the second chapter, great efforts were made to investigate the OC types. Firstly, in-depth interview with managers and employees, semi-open questionnaire, and some other methods were used in the pilot research to gather much qualitative material. Then OC questionnaire was designed to get quantitative data in about 20 enterprises, including state-owned, collective-owned, wholly foreign-funded, and joint-ventures. During revising of this questionnaire, there were about 5000 samples surveyed. after factor analysis, the data shows that there should be 5 types of OCs in China, which were respectively named as Affective Commitment, Normative commitment, Ideal Commitment, Economic Commitment, Choice Commitment. Thirdly, confirmatory factor analysis method was used to successfully confirm this 5-factor model. Finally, Cronbach a and test-retest correlate indicate that this questionnaire is reliable. Since factor analysis result has show its construct validity, a simple criterion-related validity research was conducted. 3) In order to investigate the correlation between different OC and employee performance and different antecedents of OC, 5 other questionnaires, such as Employee Satisfaction Questionnaire, Perceived Organizational Support Questionnaire, Social Exchange Questionnaire, Altruism Scale, and Leader Confidence Scale were revised in the third chapter. 4)In the fourth chapter, a lot of correlates, cross-table analysis were conducted to show the correlation between different OCs and 10 performances, which indicate employees with different OCs will show different performance in 10 variables, such as altruism, etc. 5) In the fifth chapter, correlate analysis, multivariate of analysis, and path analysis of SEM were used to investigate the antecedents of OC. A satisfactory model showing the correlation between OC and their antecedents was confirmed. 6) In the last chapter, all researches about OC, and its limitations were summarized.

保险推销员自我效能感及其工作模型

The research studied self-efficacy and job mechanism of insurance salesmen in China by the methods of in-depth interview, focus-group, semi-open questionnaire, standard questionnaire. There were about 1300 samples surveyed. The way of data analysis such as factor analysis, correlation analysis, regreesion analysis and structure equation was used. Four following conclusions were drawn: First, self-efficacy of inssurance salesmen in China consists of eight factorswhich are interview skills, manner, persistence, control of emotion, plans and comments, master of knowledge, intuition and judgement, preparation. Second, the relationship between self-efficacy and other job variables such as achievement motivation, work incentive, coping strategy, view of ability, performance, goalsetting, colleague relationship, the way of feedback from leader, job satisfaction and exertion were tested and all the correlations were significant. Third, regression analysis was used to test the relationship between self-efficacy and the antecedent variables. The result was that four antecedent varialbes enter equation (p<.05). They are self-oriented achievement motivation, stability of emotion, performance and colleague relationship.. Finally, vertified by path-analysis, the research posits a comprehensive model about job for insurance salesmen, in which self-efficacy was the most important factor. On the one hand, self-efficacy has dominant effects on the consequent variables, such as mastery goal, performance- approach goal, job satisfaction, exertion, coping strategy, on the another hand, self-efficacy was found as mediator of the relationship between the antecedent variables and consequent variables.

大学生应激应付研究

In this study, we made research on coping with stress in undergraduate students. The whole work included two parts: (a) We developed the Coping Strategies Questionnaire and had it tested. Five kinds of coping strategies were found by factor analysis: Problem Solving, Passive Acceptance, Support Seeking, Emotion Regulation, and Unadaptation. The reliability and validity coefficients of the questionnaire was high. (b) We examined the relations among personality characteristics (Locus of control, Extraversion, Neuroticism), emotion state, cognitive appraisal (psychological pressure, controllability, resource of social support), and the specific coping processes in several specific stressful events. The results indicated that coping have some degree of consistency across different situations which suggested that there is a general coping tendency, and that this general coping tendency, in addition to the above considered variables, have different degree of effects on subjects' choice of specific coping strategies. Finally, theoretical model of the relationship was tested through path analysis.

a constraint solver and its application to path feasibility analysis

Many testing methods are based on program paths. A well-known problem with them is that some paths are infeasible. To decide the feasibility of paths, we may solve a set of constraints. In this paper, we describe constraint-based tools that can be used for this purpose. They accept constraints expressed in a natural form, which may involve variables of different types such as integers, Booleans, reals and fixed-size arrays. The constraint solver is an extension of a Boolean satisfiability checker and it makes use of a linear programming package. The solving algorithm is described, and examples are given to illustrate the use of the tools. For many paths in the testing literature, their feasibility can be decided in a reasonable amount of time.

Analysis of the lateral displacement and optical path difference in wide-field-of-view polarization interference imaging spectrometer

The mechanism of beam splitting and principle of wide-field-of-view compensation of modified Savart polariscope in the wide-field-of-view polarization interference imaging spectrometer (WPIIS) are analyzed and discussed. Formulas for the lateral displacement and optical path difference (OPD) produced by the modified Savart polariscope are derived by ray-tracing method. The theoretical and practical guidance is thereby provided for the study, design, modulation, experiment and engineering of the polarization interference imaging spectrometers and other birefringent Fourier-transform spectrometers based on Savart polariscopes. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Numerical Analysis on Intermittent Flow in a Longitudinal Section of Bingham Fluid along a Slope

The transition process of intermittent flow in a longitudinal section of Bingham fluid from initial distribution to fully developed state was numerically investigated in this paper. The influences of slope dimensionless runoff Q* and viscosity μ0* on the dimensionless surge speed U* were also presented in a wide range of parameters. By one typical example, the intermittent flow possessed wave characteristics and showed a supercritical flow conformation for a fully developed flow. The distributions of gravity and bed drag along the flow path and the velocity distribution of flow field were also analyzed.

A Finite Element Analysis of a Crack Penetrating or Deflecting into an Interface in a Thin Laminate

The crack tip driving force of a crack growing from a pre-crack that is perpendicular to and terminating at an interface between two materials is investigated using a linear fracture mechanics theory. The analysis is performed both for a crack penetrating the interface, growing straight ahead, and for a crack deflecting into the interface. The results from finite element calculations are compared with asymptotic solutions for infinitesimally small crack extensions. The solution is found to be accurate even for fairly large amounts of crack growth. Further, by comparing the crack tip driving force of the deflected crack with that of the penetrating crack, it is shown how to control the path of the crack by choosing the adhesion of the interface relative to the material toughness.

Electron quantum path tuning and isolated attosecond pulse emission driven by a waveform-controlled multi-cycle laser field

We investigate high-order harmonic emission and isolated attosecond pulse (IAP) generation in atoms driven by a two-colour multi-cycle laser field consisting of an 800 nm pulse and an infrared laser pulse at an arbitrary wavelength. With moderate laser intensity, an IAP of similar to 220 as can be generated in helium atoms by using two-colour laser pulses of 35 fs/800 nm and 46 fs/1150 nm. The discussion based on the three-step semiclassical model, and time-frequency analysis shows a clear picture of the high-order harmonic generation in the waveform-controlled laser field which is of benefit to the generation of XUV IAP and attosecond electron pulses. When the propagation effect is included, the duration of the IAP can be shorter than 200 as, when the driving laser pulses are focused 1 mm before the gas medium with a length between 1.5 mm and 2 mm.