CO2 fluxes of alpine shrubland ecosystem on the north-eastern Tibetan plateau

We measured ecosystem CO2 fluxes for an alpine shrubland on the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai, China. The study is to understand (1) the seasonal variation of CO2 flux and (2) how environmental factors affect the seasonality of CO2 exchange in the alpine ecosystem. Daytime ecosystem respiration was extrapolated from the relationship between temperature and nighttime CO2 fluxes under high turbulent conditions.Seasonal patterns of gross ecosystem production, ecosystem respiration and net ecosystem CO2 exchange followed highly the seasonal change of aboveground biomass in the alpine shrubland. The net ecosystem CO2 exchange was mainly controlled by the variation of photosynthetic photon flux density, while the ecosystem respiration was closely correlated to the soil temperature at 5-cm depth. Integrated values of gross ecosystem production, ecosystem respiration and net ecosystem CO2 exchange for the period from November 1, 2002 to October 31 2003 were estimated to be 1418, 1155 and 222 g CO2 m(-2) yr(-1), respectively.

中国东北温带样带区域和景观尺度生态模型的研究

样带是沿全球变化某一驱动因素的主要梯度而设置的由一系列研究站点构成的区域，被认为是研究全球变化与陆地生态系统关系的最有效的途径。而模型研究是全球变化研究中不可或缺的手段。本文即采用模型研究方法研究中国东北温带样带(NECT)区域，试图揭示温带生态系统对于全球变化（尤其是降水）的反应机制。 中国东北温带样带（NECT)位于42°N - 46°N，108°E - 132°E，长约二千多公里，是最早被列入GCTE的四条样带之一，从东到西有明显的湿度梯度，被认为是温带区域研究水分梯度的代表性样带。本文研究主要集中在： 1．NECT中环境数据库的建立,本文采用EIS作为数据管理系统。由于EIS管理空间数据的特点是根据确定的地理坐标来提供空间定位，因而每一环境因子的属性值分布都有确定的地理坐标与其对应，特别适合于样带这种研究区域较大，同时又要求有精确空间定位的区域。NECT环境数据库包括地形、气候、植被、土壤、土地利用、水文、孢粉数据及社会经济等分库、本数据库力图提供各环境因子的各种属性值而代替仅仅提供类型值。 2．NECT中PFTs的划分PFTs的划分被认为是建立DGVM的前提。本文认为PFTs的划分是模型研究中一个尺度上升过程的结果，不同的尺度，不同的研究目标导致不同的PFTs的划分。在NECT区域中，考虑植被对全球变化中降水因子的不同反映机制，采用生活型、高度、耐旱特性、叶子大小、叶子季相、主根深度和木质化程度等指标根据- TWINSPAN和FCLUS进行划分，得到以下9种NECT区域中植被功能类型：常绿针叶树种、落叶针叶树种、落叶阔叶树种、落叶小叶灌木、落叶小叶半灌木、落叶强旱生半灌木、多年生中旱生草本、适应旱生环境的多年生草本和多年生强旱生草本。对NECT区域中PFTs的DCA分析表明降水是控制PFTs在NECT区域中分布的主要环境因子。在代表景观层次的长白山PFTs的划分中，则采用树种有记载的最大寿命、最大胸径、最大树高、各树种生长参数、树种自然分布区内>5℃的有效积温的最小值和最大值、耐阴、耐旱、喜肥特性、树种的扩散更新，就地下种更新和萌条更新能力参数及叶子大小和类型等指标采用上述软件得到的以下PFTs:即不耐荫阔叶树种、耐荫阔叶树种、耐荫针叶树种和不耐荫的阳生针叶树种。 3.NECT中BCM模型的建立和预测 本文认为土壤水是决定SPC系统水分状况的直接指标。而均衡土壤水分剖面代表了土壤水的多年平均状态，因而本文以Watershed模型为基础，模拟NECT区域中任意一点的均衡土壤水分剖面（精度为每经纬网格32×48个点）;然后根据这个均衡水分剖面用计算LAI子模型确定该水分剖面所能支持的LAI;进而根据这个LAI由Biome等模型划分出Biome在NECT中的分布。全球变化的结果将改变区域中任意一点的土壤水分状况，从而影响植被的LAI，进而导致Biome的改变。本模型成功的模拟了LAI和Biome在NECT区域中的分布，利用85-90生长季每月平均的NDVI作相关检验表明除5月份以外，相关系数都>0.7，而5月份也达到0,6457，都达到了极显著的程度。尤为重要的是，模型对于不同植被类型的NDVI与LAI的对应关系有良好的模拟，如针叶林的LAI在相同的NDVI值下明显比阔叶林小，因而模型模拟的LAI在NECT东部针叶林分布区LAI值比针阔混交林明显偏小，而与Spanmen等(1990)所提出的针叶林叶面积指数与NDVI关系非常一致。模型的预测显示：(1) T+20C (PET+15%)，Precipitation+20%，LAI总体上变化不大，且空间变化呈现复杂性，总体上表现出草原植被LAI减少，而森林的LAI增加;Biome层次表现出针阔混交林和矮草原面积扩大，针叶林和森林草原面积减少，其中对于该情形下变化最为明显的是针叶林和森林草原。NECT东部区域发育在沙性土上的植被的LAI明显增加，而科尔沁沙地植被的LAI则维持不变。(2)T+40C (PET+30%)，Precipitation+20%，LAI总体上将减小0.14，但空间分布不均。东部森林区域LA1将维持不变或增加（主要为针叶林），草原植被LAI仍表现出减少趋势;在Biome层次上则表现出草原面积的扩大。对于第一种情形下LAI有增有减的森林革原地区则表现出减小的一致性，总体来说，第二种情形比第一种情形表现出相当的干旱性。从对两种全球变化情形的反应来看，针叶林和森林草原是NECT中对全球变化驱动因子温度和降水的敏感植被类型;丽科尔沁沙地植被表现出相当的稳定性，表明该沙地的敏感性主要是由于人类活动这个因子造成的。 4.NECT中景观层次NPP模型的建立和预测 景观层次之所以成为模型研究中一个独特的层次，是由于地形效应的存在。地形效应对于水、热。营养物质的进行重新分配，从而进一步控制了生态系统的分布。本文选择NECT区域中森林生态系统的代表性分布小流域一二道白河小流域为研究区域。首先，应用Sunlight模型来模拟小流域任意一点所截取的能用于光合作用的太阳辐射能。Sunlight模型充分考虑了由于栅格的坡度、坡向和遮蔽度对可照时间和太阳直射辐射的影响以及坡度和可祝度对太阳散射辐射的影响，并提供了消除大气状况从站点观察数据推测的方法，即太阳直射辐射转换系数Rb和太阳散射辐射转换系数R，结合植被的分布特性，得到IPR在小流域中的分布。结果表明，IPR在小流域中相差不大，与高程呈正相关。进而利用温度修正模型得到温度修正系数，平均为0.446，表明温度对NPP的限制效应比较大;而水分修正系数则通过Topmodel模拟每一栅格的地下水位，由这个地下水位通过前述Waterbalance模型模拟均衡土壤水分剖面，进而求出水分修正系数，平均为0.86，表明该流域水分状况良好，水分状况对NPP的限制性不强。模拟结果显示：海拔1700m的岳桦林平均NPP为7.31t.ha-l年“两实测的NPP值分别为20.19 t.ha-l年 13.45 t.ha-l年‘1和5.15 t.ha-1年”。可见模型模拟的整个NPP的分布趋势与现实NPP分布一致。模型的预测表明：(1)．T+2℃( PET+15%)，P+20%时整个小流域的平均NPP将从14.60 t.ha-1年-1增加到16.65 t.ha_l年，且不同生态系统的增加幅度大致类似。以岳桦林生态系统稍高，增加幅度为15.3%，引起该小流域NPP增加的主要原因是温度状况的改善，而水分状况与变化前一致。(2)T+4℃( PET+30%)，P+20%的变化前景下NPP的增加幅度更大，整个小流域的平均NPP将达到18.63 t.ha-1年，且不同生态系统变化幅度不同．阔叶红松林、暗针叶林和岳桦林生态系统NPP增加幅度将分别达到25.8%，28.3%和32.8%.引起整个小流域NPP增加的主要原因仍旧是温度状况的大幅度提高，平均从变化前的0.477提高到0.610，而水分状况则仍保持相当的稳定性。

Bryodrilus fuscistriatus, a new enchytraeid species (Oligochaeta : Enchytraeidae) from northeastern China

Bryodrilus fuscistriatus, a new enchytraeid species from Mt. Changbaishan, Jilin Province, north-eastern China, is described. It is characterized by brown epidermal glands, 7 pairs of preclitellar nephridia, poorly-developed clitellar glands, spermatheca with 2 sessile globular diverticula, and a long sperm funnel with a very broad collar. It is similar to the Alaskan B. tunicatus Dozsa-Farkas & Christensen, 2002 in possessing two diverticula in the spermathecal ampulla and the origin of the dorsal vessel, and the Chinese B. longifistulatus and B. macrotheca Xie et al., 2000c in body size, long sperm funnel and undeveloped clitellar glands, but it differs from B. tunicatus by the presence of brown-striped epidermal gland cells in III-V, a poorly-elevated clitellum, the absence of copulatory glands in XIII-XIV, the regular outline of coelomocytes, and 7 pairs of preclitellar nephridia; from B. longifistulatus and B. macrotheca by the shape of spermatheca, the color of epidermal gland cells, the position of the first pair nephridia, and the origin of dorsal vessel.

Experimental warming causes large and rapid species loss, dampened by simulated grazing, on the Tibetan Plateau

We investigated the independent and combined effects of experimental warming and grazing on plant species diversity on the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau, a region highly vulnerable to ongoing climate and land use changes. Experimental warming caused a 26-36% decrease in species richness, a response that was generally dampened by experimental grazing. Higher species losses occurred at the drier sites where N was less available. Moreover, we observed an indirect effect of climate change on species richness as mediated by plant-plant interactions. Heat stress and warming-induced litter accumulation are potential explanations for the species' responses to experimental warming. This is the first reported experimental evidence that climate warming could cause dramatic declines in plant species diversity in high elevation ecosystems over short time frames and supports model predictions of species losses with anthropogenic climate change.

贝尔凹陷苏德尔特构造带古潜山构造与储层研究

With the develop ment of oil and gas exploration, the conventional struc ture exploration era has gradually been substituted by the concealed reser voir exploration technology. Hill poll becomes one of the most important areas in the future exploration. This paper is based on the three-dimensional seismic interpretation of Sudeerte structure. In terms of the overall character istics of Sudeerte structure, we use the coherent cube and the time slice to interpret the fault in plane. For the interpretation，we especially used the well to adjust the interpretation results. The results of seismic attribution analysis, spectrum decomposition and post- stack seismic inversion forecast that hill pools reservoir are dist ributed in several bands along the north-northeast to northeast-east. Xing'anling Group shows that the potential reser voirs are mainly distributed along Bei 14 –Bei 40 and De (99-212) - Bei (16-1) and Budate Group distributed along Bei 14 –Bei 40 in northwestern direction and De (99-212) - Bei (16-1) in north eastern direction. At the same time, by analyzing the structure and the reservoir, and combining with other data, three models are built. The characteristics of reservoirs dist ribution are concl uded，and potent ional favorable exploration dire ctions are predi cted.