26 resultados para niche.

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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In this paper, as an extension of minimum unsatisfied linear relations problem (MIN ULR), the minimum unsatisfied relations (MIN UR) problem is investigated. A triangle evolution algorithm with archiving and niche techniques is proposed for MIN UR problem. Different with algorithms in literature, it solves MIN problem directly, rather than transforming it into many sub-problems. The proposed algorithm is also applicable for the special case of MIN UR, in which it involves some mandatory relations. Numerical results show that the algorithm is effective for MIN UR problem and it outperforms Sadegh's algorithm in sense of the resulted minimum inconsistency number, even though the test problems are linear.

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囊瓣芹属Pternopetalum Franchet是伞形科Apiaceae/Umbelliferae芹亚科Apioideae芹族Apieae重要成员。全属包括约32个分类群(包括变种),分布于南朝鲜、日本、中国的西南部和邻近的喜马拉雅地区,中国西南部的横断山区是其多样性中心。典型的东亚特有格局和对东亚亚热带森林环境的偏爱是其东亚区系故有份子的特征。 基于19个标本馆标本材料、野外调查以及相应的实验证据,本博士论文从三个研究主题对囊瓣芹属展开了全面而系统的研究。一是通过标本观察和野外调查,利用标本管理系统BRAHMS和表型分析软件包DELTA系统,完成了囊瓣芹属的世界性分类修订;二是基于上述的分类方案,选择伞形科其它属的44个种作为参考性类群(Reference taxa),利用Winclada, NONA和MESQUITE软件包开展了分支系统学研究;三是基于坐标化的点分布数据,利用DIVA-GIS系统的生态位模型,进行潜在分布预测和生态地理分布特征的分析。研究的主要初步结论如下: 一、分类修订 根据对19个标本馆标本材料(包括85个模式采集)的考证,以及对云南、四川、贵州等地野外居群的观察,结合DELTA系统的表型分析,本研究确认囊瓣芹属包含14个种,提出了14个新异名,属下分为东亚囊瓣芹组Sect. I. Pteridophyllae H. Wolff和囊瓣芹组Sect. II. Pternopetalum H. Wolff两个组的分类方案。前者包括东亚囊瓣芹P. tanakae (Sav. & Franchet) Hand.-Mazz.、高山囊瓣芹P. subalpinum Hand.-Mazz.、洱源囊瓣芹P. molle (Franchet) Hand.-Mazz.等5个种;后者包括五匹青P. vulgare (Dunn) Hand.-Mazz.、囊瓣芹P. davidii Franchet和澜沧囊瓣芹P. delavayi (Franchet) Hand.-Mazz.等9个种。萼齿、花柱基、和花柱的形态是区别两个组比较好的形态学特征。叶的着生位置、最终末回裂片的形状(是否异形)、分裂回数以及伞形花序着生的位置和果棱表面的附属构造是种间识别有用的检索特征。 二、系统发育分析 根据如上的14个种的分类方案,另外选取了伞形科小芹属Sinocarum H. Wolff、丝瓣芹属Acronema Falc. ex Edgew.和鸭儿芹属Cryptotaenia L.等10个属共44种作为参考类群,基于63个广义形态学性状和58个种的形态学矩阵,利用最大简约法对囊瓣芹属进行了分支分析。结果表明,囊瓣芹属的14个种与日本特有单型的仙洞草Chamaele decumbens (Thunb.)Makino.形成一个单独分支,处于分支图的基部位置。表明囊瓣芹属与鸭儿芹属有较近的亲缘关系。长枝吸引可能是造成Chamaele Miq.与东亚囊瓣芹分支的非正常聚合的原因。囊瓣芹属可能是单系内群,但它与Chamaele Miq.属间关系需要进一步研究。属下形成以五匹青P. vulgare和东亚囊瓣芹P. tanakae为代表的两个主干演化线。分支进化(Cladogenesis)在两个主干演化线形成了形态和地理上对称分布的“种对”。根据形态特征的变异和地理分布,这些“种对”分为三种类型:1、形态上多变而地理上广布的类型,以东亚囊瓣芹P. tanakae和五匹青P. vulgare为代表;2、形态上稳定地理上狭域特有的类型,以薄叶囊瓣芹P. leptophyllum (Dunn)Hand.-Mazz. 和川鄂囊瓣芹P. rosthornii (Diels) Hand.-Mazz.为代表;3、形态上趋同而多变,地理分布上几乎完全重叠的类型,以洱源囊瓣芹P. molle和澜沧囊瓣芹P. delavayi为代表。 性状状态的分析显示,属下形态特征的趋异具有较强的同朔性。不等长的伞辐和花梗,以及囊状的花瓣基部三个形态学特征可以标识包括仙洞草在内的囊瓣芹分支。祖征状态的重建表明,东亚囊瓣芹分支相对保留了更多的祖征,是属下相对原始的类型;五匹青分支是后期生境需求的特化,适应潮湿和荫蔽环境的衍生类型。 三、生态地理分布 基于1128个坐标化的点分布数据和生态位模型,利用地理信息系统软件包DIVA-GIS对囊瓣芹属的物种多样性、现代地理分布、潜在分布进行了分析。结果表明,二郎山-峨眉山地区以及重庆金佛山及其临近地区是囊瓣芹属的两个主要的多样性中心。分布区内局部尺度上的异常性多样性(Diversity abnormalies)可能有两个来源:一是高的异质性生境条件下物种形成速率的差异;二是中国西南山地的“冰原岛峰效应”(Nunataks),比如峨眉山和金佛山,对属的早期演化线成员所起到的“避难所”(Refuge)的作用。 所预测的潜在分布范围与观察到的地理分布范围是一致的,说明对特化的气候忍耐性是限制囊瓣芹属物种地理分布的主要因素。温度和降水的季节性变化对囊瓣芹属代表中的地理分布限制作用比较大。亚热带-高山针阔常绿林是属下物种比较适宜的生境。属的地理分布可能形成于中新世以后,生态位的保守性是解释囊瓣芹属东亚本土就地分化和多样化的原因。属的分布范围的形成可能经历了一个早期南退西进的过程,后期分布范围变化可能主要是东西方向上的迁移和扩展。喜马拉雅—横断山—峨眉山/金佛山/神农架—日本、南朝鲜一线是囊瓣芹属多样化过程中分布范围东西延伸的重要通道。喜马拉雅—中国西南—日本朝鲜亚热带森林植被的完整性和连续性是囊瓣芹属演化和分布区形成的基本条件。

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  根据物种的分布信息结合环境因子估计物种的分布区对珍稀濒危物种的保护有着重要的意义。白豆杉Pseudotaxus chienii为第三纪孑遗植物,我国东南部地区特有,分布区狭窄。本文通过对白豆杉的标本记录研究它的地理分布,找出影响其分布的关键因子并对其潜在分布区进行估计,并解释其分布区形成的原因。全球升温将对物种分布造成重要影响,通过温度升高情况下2100年的气候数据模拟白豆杉未来的潜在分布区,估计温度升高对白豆杉的影响,将对白豆杉的保护有着重要的意义。   根据白豆杉的标本信息结合Diva-Gis软件对白豆杉的地理分布进行研究。以海拔图层和植被图层为底图对白豆杉的分布格局进行研究,并对白豆杉种群的多度进行统计分析。用Diva-Gis软件的气候数据提取功能提取白豆杉分布点的气候信息,并运用主成分分析对影响白豆杉分布的气候因子进行分析,找出影响白豆杉分布的主要环境因子。根据白豆杉的分布信息和气候数据,运用Diva-Gis内嵌的BIOCLIM模型和DOMAIN模型对白豆杉在不同气候条件下的潜在分布区进行估计,评价温度升高对白豆杉分布区的影响。   白豆杉分布格局研究结果表明,白豆杉分布在我国东南部地区中低海拔山区,白豆杉的分布和植被类型及海拔有着密切的关系。白豆杉的分布与海拔的关系表现为,由东到西,分布的最低海拔升高,海拔范围缩小。白豆杉分布地的植被类型为常绿灌木林,常绿阔叶林及针、阔叶混交林。白豆杉由东向西的海拔变化趋势与植被类型的由东向西的海拔变化趋势相一致。PCA分析结果表明白豆杉的分布与温度相关因子有着密切的关系。   现在气候对潜在分布区的估计表明,白豆杉的潜在分布区散布于浙、闽、粤、赣、湘,桂及黔几省各自交界之处即从浙江南部山区沿武夷山山系至南岭山系(向北到沿湘赣交界的罗宵山系)至大瑶山山系(向北沿雪峰山)。潜在分布区南部有三处分布的热点地区,即浙江南部、湖南南部和广西北部地区。三个主要分布区之间仅有有星散的潜在分布区存在,或没有潜在分布区出现,处在一种高度的隔离状态。造成这种潜在分布格局形成的原因可能有二,一是第四纪冰期的到来使白豆杉的分布区向南迁移,局部性气候的变化和地质变化可能导致了部分白豆杉的生境的消失,从而使得原来连续的分布区破碎化,形成了现在的星散分布;二是白豆杉的潜在分布区预测结果与中国东南部地区的山脉走势非常一致,山脉地带小生境多样化能够为白豆杉在垂直地带上的迁移提供更大的可能性。   未来气候数据对白都杉的潜在分布区估计表明,温度升高后白豆杉最适生分布区显著缩小。白豆杉的潜在分布区的地理分布格局发生了明显的变化,原来在南部的适生区明显缩小,星散程度更高。除已知的分布地外,在江西西南部武夷山、南岭山脉的湖南、广西、广东三省交界的地方都是白豆杉的适生区。江西和湖南交界的罗宵山山脉北部到井冈山都有白豆杉分布可能性较大,可以作为野外调查的重点地区。气候变化会使白豆杉在浙江、湖南南部的最适生境破碎化从而影响白豆杉的分布。生境保护对白豆杉的保护起着关键作用。

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在北京东灵山地区以辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.)林群落为主要对象,研究了辽东栎种群和主要伴生种的空间格局、种间联结以及辽东栎种子雨的时间格局,井对空间格局的表达方法进行尝试性的探讨。 对辽东栎林群落中主要乔木树种辽东栎、大叶白蜡(Fraxinus thynchophylla)和五角枫(Acer mono)种群空间格局与动态的考察结果显示:各种群大多表现出聚集分布的趋势;辽东栎种群在各个龄级层均显示出较强优势,但种群内竞争激烈,龄级结构相对稳定;人叶白蜡的幼苗对环境适应能力较强,在成熟林中呈现出较五角枫种群更明显的增长型趋势:幼林中3个种群均呈衰退型趋势。 种间联结性的测定结果较好地反映了植物对环境的适应性,用关联分析法作出的树状图利用临界种将样方划分为若干组,体现出小生境之间的差异,反映了植物对其生境亦具有一定指示作用。 辽东栎种子雨的时间格局研究结果表明:种群种子雨密度随时间的变化呈正态分布趋势,种群水平利个体水平的种子雨累积随时间变化均符台Logistic曲线,具有很高的相关性。 空间格局表达方法的探讨显示:可以用集合论的方法对数学模型进行形象表达。

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紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.)作为重要的外来入侵种之一,已严重破坏了入侵地生态系统的结构与功能,同时使当地农林业生产蒙受巨大的损失。因此,明确紫茎泽兰的竞争策略与扩散潜力,对制定合理的控制措施具有重要意义。 土壤氮素增加常常有助于外来种的入侵,那么降氮能否抵制入侵呢?向土壤中添加碳素,增强微生物对氮素的吸收,从而降低土壤中可被植物吸收的氮素是目前常用的降氮方法。为检验这一假说对入侵种紫茎泽兰的适用性,选取入侵种紫茎泽兰和本地种禾本科雀麦(Bromus japonicus)、菊科鱼眼草(Dichrocephala integrifolia),分别单栽或与紫茎泽兰混栽,向各植物组合中添加碳素(按1650克有机质/平方米计)或氮素(按30克氮素/平方米计),并设立对照进行盆栽实验。在碳素添加条件下,紫茎泽兰地上与地下生物量分别比对照降低了71.9% 和 74.9%,而本地种的生物量却没有受到显著影响。同时,碳素添加导致紫茎泽兰对本地种的竞争强度(RII)明显下降。氮素添加则减弱或逆转了上述碳素的作用。因此,向土壤中添加碳素有助于抵抗氮沉降对外来种入侵的促进作用,特别对抵御那些与氮素有亲和力的入侵种更为有效。在不同氮素条件下,紫茎泽兰对本地种竞争中,资源竞争强度均明显大于化感作用。尽管在紫茎泽兰发育早期化感作用较小,但是,碳素添加使紫茎泽兰可利用氮素减少,激发了化感作用在竞争中占有更大的比例,说明资源竞争与化感是相互结合、共同发挥作用的。 去叶作为模拟采食方法之一,至少可以通过两种方式影响植物竞争。一是去叶对目标种生长产生负面影响,二是邻种去叶有利于目标种生长,进而改变种间竞争关系。基于以上假定,对紫茎泽兰与相邻本地种分别单栽、同种合栽和异种混栽,进行去叶处理。结果恰与假定相悖:在整个生长季内,去叶增加目标株生物量的1.0 – 198.9%。对于入侵种而言,当邻居本地种去叶时,紫茎泽兰能完全弥补竞争产生的负面效应,即它与未去叶的单栽紫茎泽兰生长无显著差异;而紫茎泽兰去叶降低了相邻本地种的生长,加剧了原本由于竞争给对本地种带来的负面影响。因此,去叶效应与邻种的存在与否及邻种的类型均有关。在应用生物控制对目标株采食时,特别是在没有造成严重伤害或致死情况下,可以使本来具有竞争优势的入侵种变得更具强势。竞争与去叶之间存在复杂的相互作用,采食带来的间接效应可能比预想的更为复杂。因此,在生物控制措施实施之前,充分地估计生物控制的间接作用至关重要。 为检验反应—扩散模型(reaction–diffusion model)能否正确模拟紫茎泽兰小尺度扩散速率,本研究调查了四川攀枝花山区5个不同的生境的紫茎泽兰群落。对各样地内紫茎泽兰定位和年龄确定,基于克里金插值法做出其入侵格局的等年线图,通过等年线之间的垂直距离即可得到紫茎泽兰扩散速率的经验值。同时,计算内禀增长率和扩散系数,根据模型计算得到扩散速率的预测值。结果表明:紫茎泽兰扩散速率经验值明显小于模型预测值。因此,尽管反应—扩散模型已在大尺度扩散预测方面得到广泛的应用和验证,但在小尺度上,由于没有借助于复杂的生活史模型和分层模型,单凭反应—扩散模型不足以得到准确的预测。另外,在没有遭受干扰的生境中,可以发现紫茎泽兰扩散早期存在明显的时滞期。倘若这种时滞效应在入侵扩散中是频繁发生的,那么在判定物种是否具有入侵性时,很可能由于物种处于时滞期而被误认为非入侵种。 基于紫茎泽兰入侵至中国60年来所收集到的441已知分布记录和23个环境变量,采用GARP模型对其潜在分布范围做出了预测,并通过Kappa和ROC(receiver–operator characteristic)对预测结果进行检验。结果表明紫茎泽兰目前分布以云贵高原为主体,逐渐向四川盆地东部、山东半岛、东南沿海、台湾沿海以及海南岛等地扩散。冷季降水量、年极端低温和年均最高温对分布影响较大。RDA(Redundancy Analysis)分析结果显示温度和降水是限制紫茎泽兰扩散的重要因素。在过去的20年里,紫茎泽兰已经从温度较高、天气波动较小的亚热带气候逐渐向气候温凉、降水减少的高海拔地区扩散。紫茎泽兰可以适应相对较宽的温度和降水梯度,年均温度在10—22 ˚C,年降水量在800—2000 mm区间均有分布。本研究结果为发展早期预警工作、防止紫茎泽兰在中国进一步入侵提供了科学依据。

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物种共存机制一直是群落生态学研究的核心内容。解释物种共存的假说很多,近年来最引人注目的是生态位分化假说和群落中性理论。这两种理论对群落内物种共存的相对重要性是目前群落生态学研究的热点。国际上这方面的研究基本集中在热带森林大样地内,而针对亚热带森林大样地的相关研究却非常少见。本文以浙江古田山24公顷常绿阔叶林永久固定监测样地第一次调查数据为基础,研究样地内木本植物与生境关联和与地形因子梯度相关,目的在于探讨物种生境生态位分化在亚热带常绿阔叶林内物种多样性维持中的作用,也为了解决当前物种生境关联相关研究中的一些不足之处。 本研究首先采用Torus转换检验分析古田山样地内90种常见木本植物与5类生境关联,结果表明有75种(83.3%)至少与一类生境类型显著相关,说明大部分亚热带森林群落内物种具有生境特化的特性。与CTFS全球大样地类似研究结果相比,古田山样地内生境特化的物种比例更高,这与古田山样地复杂的地形条件密切相关。通过本研究,证明地形条件越复杂,物种特化比例越高的趋势确实存在。在古田山样地,虽然83.3%的物种有生境特化的特性,但生境特化没有排他性,即并不完全排斥其他生境,在非最适生境也能稳定与其他物种共存。根据本研究与生境负相关的平均物种数与被检测的物种比例估算,古田山样地内生境异质性对物种多样性维持的贡献率约为19.6%,说明物种生境特化对于物种共存有一定的作用,但贡献并不大,除了生境异质性,仍有其他因素决定物种共存。 目前有关物种生境关联的研究都假设同一物种的个体对于生境偏好一致,不管胸径大小是否相同,很少有人研究不同生长阶段生境偏好的变化。本研究利用Torus转换检验比较样地内60种常见木本植物在3个生活史阶段(幼苗阶段、小树阶段和成熟阶段)与5类生境关联的变化,结果表明大部分物种在其幼苗和小树阶段的生境偏好比较一致,但成熟阶段与前两个阶段差别比较大,说明物种在生活史不同阶段的生境偏好可能发生改变。 由于生境划分没有统一的标准,不同学者用不同的方法划分生境类型和数量,主观性很大,造成不同研究地点、不同研究者之间的研究结果可比性差。本研究尝试利用直接梯度分析方法重新分析物种空间分布与地形梯度相关,用以代替生境关联分析。利用CCA分析检验样地内90种常见木本植物与4种地形因子梯度(海拔、凹凸度、坡度和坡向)的相关情况,发现有76个(84%)物种的空间分布与地形梯度相关,说明大部分物种具有沿地形因子梯度分布的特性。4种地形因子梯度变化对90个物种空间分布的解释量约为20%,说明地形异质性对于物种共存有一定作用,但贡献并不大。对生境关联分析和直接梯度法分析结果进行比较,两种方法分析结果一致,得到的结论也一致。直接梯度分析方法可以避免生境划分对研究结果的影响,是今后类似研究中值得采纳的方法。 本研究的结果表明地形异质性引起的生态位分化在古田山样地群落内物种多样性维持中起一定的作用,但贡献不大,因此需要更深入地研究其他环境因素引起的生态位分化在物种多样性维持中的作用,同时也需要进一步研究中性过程在物种多样性维持中的作用,以更全面地探讨生态位分化假说和中性理论在亚热带常绿阔叶林内物种共存的相对重要性。

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In reciprocal mutualism systems, the exploitation events by exploiters might disrupt the reciprocal mutualism, wherein one exploiter species might even exclude other coexisting exploiter species over an evolutionary time frame. What remains unclear is how such a community is maintained. Niche partitioning, or spatial heterogeneity among the mutualists and exploiters, is generally believed to enable stability within a mutualistic system. However, our examination of a reciprocal mutualism between a fig species (Ficus racemosa) and its pollinator wasp (Ceratosolen fusciceps) shows that spatial niche partitioning does not sufficiently prevent exploiters from overexploiting the common resource (i.e., the female flowers), because of the considerable niche overlap between the mutualists and exploiters. In response to an exploiter, our experiment shows that the fig can (1) abort syconia-containing flowers that have been galled by the exploiter, Apocryptophagus testacea, which oviposits before the pollinators do; and (2) retain syconia-containing flowers galled by Apocryptophagus mayri, which oviposit later than pollinators. However, as a result of (2), there is decreased development of adult non-pollinators or pollinator species in syconia that have not been sufficiently pollinated, but not aborted. Such discriminative abortion of figs or reduction in offspring development of exploiters while rewarding cooperative individuals with higher offspring development by the fig will increase the fitness of cooperative pollinating wasps, but decrease the fitness of exploiters. The fig fig wasp interactions are diffusively coevolved, a case in which fig wasps diversify their genotype, phenotype, or behavior as a result of competition between wasps, while figs diverge their strategies to facilitate the evolution of cooperative fig waps or lessen the detrimental behavior by associated fig wasps. In habitats or syconia that suffer overexploitation, discriminative abortion of figs or reduction in the offspring development of exploiters in syconia that are not or not sufficiently pollinated will decrease exploiter fitness and perhaps even drive the population of exploiters to local extinction, enabling the evolution and maintenance of cooperative pollinators through the movement between habitats or syconia (i.e., the metapopulations).

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Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (1140 bp) and nuclear IRBP (1152 bp) genes were used to assess the evolutionary history of Apodemus, using the complete set of Asian species. Our results indicate that speciation in Asia involved three radiations, which supports an earlier study. The initial radiation yielded A. argenteus (Japanese endemic), A. gurkha (Nepalese endemic), and the ancestral lineage of the remaining Asian species. This lineage subsequently diverged into four groups: agrarius-chevrieri (agrarius group), draco-latronum-semotus (draco group), A. peninsulae, and A. speciosus (Japanese endemic). The final step consisted of divergence within two species groups as a consequence of the geography of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau and Taiwan. The ecological ability of two Apodemus-species to inhabit one locality via niche partitioning likely drove the second radiation and shaped the basic geographical pattern seen today: A. argenteus and A. speciosus in Japan, A. agrarius and A. peninsulae in northern China, and the A. agrarius and A. draco groups in southern China. The three radiations are estimated to have occurred 7.5, 6.6, and 1.8-0.8 Mya respectively, using the IRBP clock, based on rat-mouse divergence 12 Mya. (C) 2003 The Linnean Society of London.

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程海共有土著鱼类15种,它位于青藏高原横断山区的东缘,云南高原的西北,鱼类区系却独具一格,表现出江河平原鱼类区系的特点,显示程海鱼类区系来自长江的事实。程海自与金沙江隔离之后,湖内存在空白生态灶(niche)是产生物种分化的重要因素,尤以鲤鱼Cyprinus carpio L.的形态,表现出一系列的适应性变异,这些变异发生在近300年内,与处于海拔和纬度较高的甘子河裸鲤Gymnocypris przewalskii ganzihoensis Zhu et Wu形成的时间相比,相对而言是比较快的,然而却慢于

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This Study was conducted in Lake Dongtinghu, a large river-connected lake on the Yangtze River flood-plain, China. Our goal was to determine trophic relationships among benthic macroinvertebrates, as well as the effects of flood disturbance on the benthic food web of a river-connected lake. Macroinvertebrates in the lake fed mainly on detritus and plankton (both zooplankton and phytoplankton). Food web Structure in Lake Dongtinghu was characterized by molluscs as the dominant group, low connectance, high level of omnivory. based oil detritus and primary production, and most ingestion concentrating on a few links. Our analyses showed that flood disturbance is an important factor affecting the benthic food web in Lake Dongtinghu. The numbers of species and functional feeding groups (FFGs), and the density and biomass of macroinvertebrates decreased significantly during flooding. Connectance was higher during the flood season than in other seasons, indicating that floods have a strong effect on connectance in this Yangtze River-connected lake. Flood effects on the benthic web were also evident in the decrease of niche overlaps within and anion, FFGs. Our results provide useful information regarding biodiversity conservation on the Yangtze floodplain. Reconstructing and maintaining natural and regular flow regimes between Yangtze lakes and the river is essential for restoration of macroinvertebrates on the floodplain.

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Silver and bighead carps were cultured in large fish pens to reduce the risks of cyanobacterial bloom outbreaks in Meiliang Bay, Lake Tauhu in 2004 and 2005. Diet compositions and growth rates of the carps were studied from April to November each year. Both carp species fed mainly on zooplankton (> 50% in diet) in 2004 when competition was low, but selected more phytoplankton in 2005 when competition was high. Silver carp had a broader diet breadth than did bighead carp. Higher densities and fewer food resources increased diet breadths but decreased the diet overlap in both types of carps. It can be predicted that silver and bighead carps would be released from diet competition and shift to feed mainly on zooplankton at low densities, decreasing the efficiency of controlling cyanobacterial blooms. Conclusively, when silver and bighead carps are used to control cyanobacterial blooms, a sufficiently high stocking density is very important for a successful practice.

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We studied diet composition and overlap of the exotic noodlefish (Neosalanx taihuensis) and the endemic fish Anaborilius grahami in a deep, oligotrophic lake in the Yunnan Plateau. A. grahami dominated the fish community in Lake Fuxian before the invasion of N. taihuensis in 1982, but it is now in the process of extinction, corresponding with an explosive increase in N. taihuensis population. Schoener's index (alpha=0.773) indicate that N. taihuensis and A. grahami have significant diet overlap, with both fish feeding mainly on zooplankton. An increased proportion of littoral prey, such as Procladius spp., Coleoptera, and epiphytes, in the diet of A. grahami indicated that this endemic fish shifted its main habitat from the off-shore zone in the late 1980s to the littoral zone at the present. A difference in reproduction between the two fishes, along with the overfishing, may have exacerbated the occupation of A. grahami's pelagic niche by N. taihuensis. The endemic species has shown large competitive disadvantage for food and space in the presence of N. taihuensis.

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So far no information is available on microcystin (MC) contents in shrimps, prawns or crayfish from natural freshwaters. Tissue distributions and seasonal dynamics of the hepatotoxic MC-LR and -RR in two freshwater shrimps, Palaemon modestus and Macrobrachium nipponensis were studied monthly (during June-November, 2003) in a Chinese lake containing toxic cyanobacterial blooms. The shrimps P. modestus and M. nipponensis accumulated high MCs not only in the hepatopancreas (mean 4.29 and 0.53 mu g g(-1) DW, respectively) but also in the gonad (mean 1.17 and 0.48 mu g g-1 DW, respectively), and the crayfish Procambarus clarkii accumulated as much as 0.93 mu g g(-1) DW in the gonad. This indicates that gonads of these invertebrates are the second important target organ of MCs. P. modestus apparently accumulated more MCs in their organs than M. nipponensis, which might be a reflection of their difference in trophic niche. Eggs of the shrimps accumulated 8.4% (M. nipponensis, 0.27 mu g g(-1) DW) and 29.0% (P. modestus, 2.34 mu g g(-1) DW) of total toxin burden, indicating that MCs had been transferred into offspring from their adults. Among the shrimp muscle samples analyzed, 31% were above the provisional WHO TDI level, suggesting the risk of consuming shrimps in Lake Chaohu. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.