Synergistic effect of supported nickel catalyst with intumescent flame-retardants on flame retardancy and thermal stability of polypropylene

Supported nickel catalyst (Ni-Cat) was used as a catalyst to improve the flame retarclancy of intumescent flame-retardants (IFR) systems based on ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol (PETOL) in polypropylene (PP) matrix. Limited oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 rating, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the flame retardancy and thermal stability of the PP systems, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyze the microstructure and composition of the chars formed during measuring LOI value and after combustion at 800 degrees C. The catalytic effect of NiCat was shown in an increase of LOI, a change in the char microstructure, and improvement of the thermal stability in the PP systems, which result from the synergistic effect of Ni-Cat and IFR. The results from FE-SEM and FTIR spectra of the char can explain how this synergistic effect happened.

A preliminary study on thermoluminescence characteristics of sediments from the North Pacific

Thirty-eight surficial deposit samples were collected from the equatorial North Pacific, and the natural thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics of both bulk and clay fraction samples ( < 2 mu m fractions) were studied by the FJ427 - Al automatic TL Dosimeter for the first time. With the measurements of clay mineral composition, element composition by XRD and ICP, the correlations between TL intensity and sedimentary environment proxies were analyzed, such as water depth, ratio of FeO to Fe2O3 contents, LOI, and major clay mineral concentration, and it was found the bulk sample's TL signal was stronger than the clay ones. Usually, increase in the clay components may result in the decrease of TL intensity. From the shape of TL curves, the pelagic sediments can be divided into two groups: the majority group has two glow peaks, in general, the first peak is broad and flat, but the second narrow and sharp; the minority group only has a single peak because the first is absent. The peak centers of TL curves are almost fixed, falling in the temperature sections 230 similar to 260 and 390 similar to 405 degrees C respectively. Lorentz model packed in the Origin 7.5 was chosen to deal with the TL curves. From the processing results, three parameters ( H, C and A), corresponding to the height, center, and kurtosis of TL curve, were obtained to describe the curve characteristics. The correlations between TL curve parameters and sedimentary environment proxies were also calculated. On the basis of the above work, the relationship between TL characteristics and sediment type, mineral composition, sedimentary environment of surface sediments was discussed in the study area, and a conclusion is: sediments from the environment of shallower water, higher organic contents and weaker reductivity have stronger TL signals.

浅海区海带养殖的沉积环境效应及动力机制

本文整合大量表层沉积物、悬浮体（大面和垂直站位）、短柱状样品、水文站水文观测资料、生态环境调查资料、遥感影像、水深图及前人文献资料等，通过多种技术手段较为系统地研究黑泥湾海带养殖海区的表层沉积物分布规律、悬浮泥沙输移扩散、水下沉积过程信息的历史记录、海带养殖活动对黑泥湾海区水动力条件与环境条件演变的影响。结果表明，大规模海带养殖使黑泥湾湾内底床趋于稳定，海带养殖架群区外边界紊流作用加强导致该处底床变化较大。大规模海带植被体的充填使海区的悬浮泥沙运移路径和空间分布形态发生改变，养殖边界处悬浮体浓度梯度较大，外围高浓度的悬浮体对海带养殖筏架区影响较小。自1980’s大规模海带养殖活动以来沉积物粒度呈细化趋势，LOI揭示的有机质含量则呈增长趋势，海带养殖繁盛期（春季）黑泥湾营养盐DIN损耗明显。SWAN模式结果表明，海带架群的消浪作用显著，其消浪作用强弱与海带筏架数量、入射波强度等密切相关，黑泥湾养殖区的消浪系数（Cd）约在0.2～0.4之间。

中国北方中新世风尘物质来源及古气候的地球化学指示

The most prominent tectonic and environmental events during the Cenozoic in Asia are the uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau, aridification in the Asian interior, and onset of the Asian monsoons. These caused more humid conditions in southeastern China and the formation of inland deserts in northwestern China. The 22 Ma eolian deposits in northern China provide an excellent terrestrial record relative to the above environmental events. Up to date, many studies have focused on the geochemical characters of the late Mio-Pleistocene eolian deposits, however, the geochemical characteristics of the Miocene loess and soils is still much less known. In this study, the elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the eolian deposits from the Qinan (from 22.0 to 6.2 Ma) and the Xifeng (from 3.5 Ma until now) loess-soil sections were analyzed to examine the grain size effects on the element concentrations and the implications about the dust origin and climate. The main results are as follows: 1. The contents of Si, Na, Zr and Sr are higher in the coarser fractions while Ti and Nb have the highest contents in the 2-8 μm fractions. Al, Fe, Mg, K, Mn, Rb, Cu, Ga, Zn, V, Cr, Ni, LOI have clear relationships with grain-size, more abundant in the fine fraction while non significant relationship is observed for Y. Based on these features, we suggest that K2O/Al2O3 ratio can be used to address the dust provenance, and that VR (Vogt ratio = (Al2O3+K2O)/(MgO+CaO+Na2O)) can be used as a chemical weathering proxy for the Miocene eolian deposits because of their relative independence on the grain size. Meanwhile, SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio is a best geochemical indicator of original eolian grain size, as suggested in earlier studies. 2. Analyses on the Sr and Nd isotope composition of the last glacial loess samples (L1) and comparison with the data from the deserts in northern China suggest that that Taklimakan desert is unlikely to be the main source region of the eolian dust. In contrast, these data suggest greater contributions of the Tengger, Badain Jaran and Qaidam deserts to the eolian dust during the last glacial cycle. Since the geochemical compositions (major, trace, REE and Sr, Nd isotope) of loess samples for the past 22 Ma are broadly similar with the samples from L1, these data trend to suggest relatively stable and insignificant changes of dust sources over the past 22 Ma. 3. Chemical weathering is stronger for Miocene paleosol samples than for the Plio-Pleistocene ones, showing warmer/more humid climatic conditions with a stronger summer monsoon in the Miocene. However, chemical weathering is typical of Ca-Na removal stage, suggesting a climate range from semiarid to subhumid conditions. These support the notion about the formation of a semi-arid to semi-humid monsoonal regime by the early Miocene, as is consistent with earlier studies.

樟村-郑坊黑色岩系钒矿床地质地球化学研究

樟村－郑坊黑色岩系钒矿床产于江南古岛弧外侧的浙赣海底盆地中(即钱塘拗陷西缘)，盆地南面即为著名的绍兴-江山-东乡深断裂，其西段为占华南洋块与江南古岛弧系的碰撞拼接带，东段为江南古岛弧与华夏古陆的对接带。临近矿床的北西方向即北东走向的东乡－德兴－歙县深断裂，为九岭地体与怀玉地晚元古代拼接带。区内发育的构造体系影响了地层的沉积、分布以及岩性，以绍兴-_江山-东乡深断裂为界，以北为江南岛弧区型沉积，以南则为古华南洋(华南褶皱系)型沉积，二者岩性、厚度均有很大的差异；绍兴-江山-东乡深断裂以北，以东乡-德兴－歙县深断裂为界，北西部广泛出露元代双桥山群(九岭群)并零星或呈断块状出露了晚古生代至中生代的地层，南东部地区则除在深断裂边缘狭长地区内分布元古代漆工群外，广泛出露了震旦-奥陶纪的地层，在紧靠绍兴-江山-东乡深断裂的北侧也有晚古生代-中生代的地层展布。矿区出露的地层有震旦系、寒武系、奥陶系和第四系。含矿岩系为下寒武统，矿体主要赋存在荷塘组的下部，即荷塘组上段的第一亚段(_1h~(2-1))。为—套黑色(碳质)硅质岩-细碎屑岩夹少量碎屑碳酸盐建造。反应了含矿岩系形成时缺少陆源粗碎屑和碳酸盐的非补偿性的深水环境，可能属于前弧斜坡、前弧台地或前弧盆地。矿床中的黑色岩系含矿建造主要岩石类型为黑色硅质岩和黑色富(含)长石岩矿物成分主要为石英、长石、粘士(伊利石或绢云母)以及黄铁矿、重品石等。整套岩系富含污染型有机碳。电子探针分析表明，岩石中的长石基本都是钡冰长石，其中Ba的含量最高达18.91％。仅偶见钾长石。因此证实了含矿岩系中发现有大量的钡冰长石存在，富(含)长石岩应为富(含)钡冰长石岩。钡冰长石的产出环境极为有限，黑色岩系中的钡冰长石被认为是热水沉积的标志性矿物，是热水沉积矿床在(早期)成岩作用过程中形成的自生矿物。矿床的容矿岩石是富(含)钡冰长石岩。电子探针研究表明，V主要赋存在一种可能是未定名矿物族的V－Ti氧化物和钾伊利石中。这种V-Ti氧化物的化学通式为V_2O_3·nTiO_2，n = 4-9；对该类矿物微区X-衍射的数据分析表明，该类矿物可能属于三斜晶系。整个含矿岩系富Ba、K、V，缺Na、Mn和Mg、Ca。矿床的地质地球化学研究表明，V与火山或热水沉积来源的元素Ba、Se和亲基性元素Cr、Co、Ni、Ti、Fe等呈明显的正相关，表明它们之间可能的同源关系，也显示了它们不同于正常沉积环境产物的特征，可能代表了热水沉积作用；此外，V与K、Al、Ga也呈明显的正相关，这可能是两方面原因造成的：1．含V岩石中大量存在钡冰长石，且V含量随Ba含量的增高而增高：2．一部分V存在于粘土矿物之中。因此导致了V与Al、K的正相关。至于Ga，由于其离子半径与Al~(3+)相似，因而其地球化学行为受Al~(3+)的控制，所以也与V呈正相关关系。V与LOI、Si等负相关。 REE研究表明，矿床中的硅质岩LREE与HREE强烈分馏，球粒陨石标准化分布模式表现为右倾的没有或有极弱的Ce负异常、有中等的Eu负异常的图形，其NASC分布模式为一右倾的图形，这可能反应了未与海水充分混合的热水快速化学沉积过程。作为容矿岩石的富(含)钡冰长石岩的球粒陨石标准化模式为右倾的有中等Ce负异常和中等Eu负异常的图形，NASC标准化分布模式富集中稀土和重稀土，与现代热水沉积物相似。弱Yb负异常可能反应了玄武岩的REE分配模式。地质和地球化学特征表明了该矿床可能的热水(喷流)沉积成因。硅质岩是典型的热水沉积岩，富(含)钡冰长石岩是陆源物质在同生沉积过程中受到热水流体作用改造形成的热水沉积岩。V、Ti、Ba、Si等元素可能来源于海底火山岩，Al、K则可能来源于陆源物质和海底岩石的海解作用。该矿床可能应属于主要为海底化学沉积系统的海底热水环境。基于对其地质地球化学特征的考察，作者对该矿床的成矿模式作了以下假设：下渗的海水与海底岩石发生反应并在此过程中受到下部热源的加热，使其变为酸性且通过淋滤富含Ba、V、Ti、Co、Cr、Mo、Ni、Si等元素；热水溶液沿温度和压力降低的方向折回海底，透过海底的松散沉积物，并最终溢出海底，由于温压的释放和海水的混合，热水流体迅速达到饱和并以各种方式沉积出流体中的元素：V、Ti、Ba、Si等。在通过海底沉积物时，流体在其中进行了交代。

中学生强迫症状及其心理、环境危险因素和整合模型研究

Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms, which are one of common factors effected on mental health of secondary school students, have been rarely studied at home and abroad. In accordance with the problems existed in these literature up till now, the thesis had mainly studied the measured tool, contents and structure, developmental features, psychosocial risk factors and integrated model of obsessive-compulsive symptoms from them by means of investigation with quetionnaires. The entire research was divided into three phases. 3185 students(age 14.68±1.75 years) were firstly measured with the 20-item Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version(LOI-CV) at four secondary schools including six grades in Beijing city, which was applied to revise LOI-CV, and to study the structure and contents, developmental features and screen of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Then, 216 subjects with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, paired with controls in the light of school, grade and gender, were investigated with 10 self-rating scales on obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxiety, depression, personality, coping and attributional style, negative life events, parent's rearing style, family environment and life adaptation in school, and with an inventory on social demography. The results were used to explore psychosocial risk factors and integrated model of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The third survey was only carried out, about two months after the second, among 264 subjects with obsessive-compulsive symptoms through MMOCI and Negative Life Event Scale for Adolescents, in order to probe into the integrated model. The research had mainly found: (1) LOI-CV can be used as a screen tool for obsessive-compulsive symptoms in urban adolescents in China; (2) Total screening-out ratio of obsessive-compulsive symptoms was 13.6% (male:15.0%, female:12.2%). The most common manifestations of obsessive-compulsive symptoms were hating dirt and contamination, doing things in exact manner, angry if someone messes desk, bad conscience but no one else, worry about cleanliness, repeated thoughts or words; the least were favorite or special number, spending extra time on homework, special number or words to avoid, talking or moving to avoid bad luck, fussy about hands. The checking and repetition, cleanliness and tidiness, general obsessions were more common forms than numbers-luck; (3) No differences were existed in serious degree of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, but the screening-out ratio in male was higher than it in female; (4) No differences were detected in the serious degree of obsessive-compulsive symptoms except the scores of cleanliness and tidiness among grades, but the screening-out ratio of the grades justly entering secondary school or going to graduate were higher than other ones; (5) The main psychosocial risk factors for obsessive-compulsive symptoms included anxiety, mother's over-protecting and over-interfering, fantasy, flexibility, self-actualization, peers relationship, sense of responsibility, negative life events, mother's occupation, help-seeking, and (6) The integrated model on psychosocial risk factors suggested that the possible developed and sustained mechanism of obsessive-compulsive symptoms was that personality, coping and attributional styles constructed the developmental diathesis foundation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms; negative life events were promoting factors of them. There was a dynamic interaction between personality and environmental factors. Negative emotion played a core role in the developmental process of them. The continued existence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms was related to pre-existed obsessive-compulsive symptoms and negative life events experienced by an individual. Therefore, this research not only let us get a deeper understanding of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and more entirely find out psychosocial risk factors, firstly applied diathesis-stress theory to comprehend the psychological mechanism of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and, moreover, elaborate and expand it, but also has more important practice significance of treatment, prevent and education for obsessive-compulsive symptoms in secondary school students.