羊草叶片光合参数对不同水分变化的响应机理与模拟林祥磊

由温室气体的大量排放引起的全球环境变化不仅导致了温度的升高和降水格局的变化，亦引起了干旱等极端气候事件的频繁发生。研究羊草光合参数对水分胁迫及复水的响应，可以增进全球变化对植物光合作用和陆地生态系统影响的理解，揭示羊草光合参数对水分胁迫及复水的响应机理，为发展植物光合参数对水热变化的响应模型提供参数与依据。基于温室模拟试验和野外观测实验，采用Li-6400R便携式光合作用系统（Li-cor, Lincoln, NE, USA）测定了羊草（Leymus chinensis）叶片A/Ci曲线(净光合速率A和胞间CO2浓度Ci的关系曲线)，获取了羊草叶片的光合参数Vcmax（Rubisco的最大羧化速率）、Jmax（最大光合电子传递速率）和TPU（磷酸丙糖利用率），分析研究了羊草叶片光合参数Vcmax（Rubisco的最大羧化速率）、Jmax（最大光合电子传递速率）和TPU（磷酸丙糖利用率）对干旱与复水的响应机理。结果表明，无论是模拟实验还是野外观测均显示羊草叶片的光合参数随着土壤水分的增加呈抛物线曲线变化，但各光合参数最大值对土壤水分的响应不同。温室模拟下的羊草光合参数Vcmax，Jmax和TPU在土壤含水量分别在15.56%，15.89%和16.23%时达到最大，而野外观测羊草的光合参数Vcmax，Jmax和TPU在土壤含水量分别为16.89%，17%和16.79%时达到最大。复水后羊草植株叶片光合参数的变化取决于前期干旱的影响，土壤含水量18%～19%和15%～16%处理的羊草复水后光合参数能够恢复正常，前者甚至超过正常水平，说明适宜的水分胁迫在复水后能够提高羊草叶片的光合能力，促进光合作用;土壤含水量10%～12%和7%～9%处理下的羊草复水后光合参数则不能恢复到正常水平。土壤含水量15%～16%可能是羊草光合能力在水分胁迫后能否恢复的阈值。

Stratigraphic Model Predictions of Geoacoustic Properties

Geoacoustic properties of the seabed have a controlling role in the propagation and reverberation of sound in shallow-water environments. Several techniques are available to quantify the important properties but are usually unable to adequately sample the region of interest. In this paper, we explore the potential for obtaining geotechnical properties from a process-based stratigraphic model. Grain-size predictions from the stratigraphic model are combined with two acoustic models to estimate sound speed with distance across the New Jersey continental shelf and with depth below the seabed. Model predictions are compared to two independent sets of data: 1) Surficial sound speeds obtained through direct measurement using in situ compressional wave probes, and 2) sound speed as a function of depth obtained through inversion of seabed reflection measurements. In water depths less than 100 m, the model predictions produce a trend of decreasing grain-size and sound speed with increasing water depth as similarly observed in the measured surficial data. In water depths between 100 and 130 m, the model predictions exhibit an increase in sound speed that was not observed in the measured surficial data. A closer comparison indicates that the grain-sizes predicted for the surficial sediments are generally too small producing sound speeds that are too slow. The predicted sound speeds also tend to be too slow for sediments 0.5-20 m below the seabed in water depths greater than 100 m. However, in water depths less than 100 m, the sound speeds between 0.5-20-m subbottom depth are generally too fast. There are several reasons for the discrepancies including the stratigraphic model was limited to two dimensions, the model was unable to simulate biologic processes responsible for the high sound-speed shell material common in the model area, and incomplete geological records necessary to accurately predict grain-size