A 5.6-mW Power Dissipation CMOS Frequency Synthesizer for L1/L2 Dual-Band GPS Application

This paper presents a wide tuning range CMOS frequency synthesizer for dual-band GPS receiver, which has been fabricated in a standard 0.18-um RF CMOS process. With a high Q on-chip inductor, the wide-band VCO shows a tuning range from 2 to 3.6GHz to cover 2.45GHz and 3.14GHz in case of process corner or temperature variation, with a current consumption varying accordingly from 0.8mA to 0.4mA, from a 1.8V supply voltage. The measurement results show that the whole frequency synthesizer costs a very low power consumption of 5.6mW working at L I band with in-band phase noise less than -82dBc/Hz and out-of-band phase noise about -112 dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset from a 3.142GHz carrier.

Robust Tensor Analysis With L1-Norm

Tensor analysis plays an important role in modern image and vision computing problems. Most of the existing tensor analysis approaches are based on the Frobenius norm, which makes them sensitive to outliers. In this paper, we propose L1-norm-based tensor analysis (TPCA-L1), which is robust to outliers. Experimental results upon face and other datasets demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach.

L1-Norm-Based 2DPCA

In this paper, we first present a simple but effective L1-norm-based two-dimensional principal component analysis (2DPCA). Traditional L2-norm-based least squares criterion is sensitive to outliers, while the newly proposed L1-norm 2DPCA is robust. Experimental results demonstrate its advantages.

表面相关多次波衰减方法与应用研究

The function of seismic data in prospecting and exploring oil and gas has exceeded ascertaining structural configuration early. In order to determine the advantageous target area more exactly, we need exactly image the subsurface media. So prestack migration imaging especially prestack depth migration has been used increasingly widely. Currently, seismic migration imaging methods are mainly based on primary energy and most of migration methods use one-way wave equation. Multiple will mask primary and sometimes will be regarded as primary and interferes with the imaging of primary, so multiple elimination is still a very important research subject. At present there are three different wavefield prediction and subtraction methods: wavefield extrapolation; feedback loop; and inverse-scattering series. I mainly do research on feedback loop method in this paper. Feedback loop method includs prediction and subtraction.Currently this method has some problems as follows. Firstly, feedback loop method requires the seismic data used to predict multiple is full wavefield data, but usually the original seismic data don’t meet this assumption, so seismic data must be regularized. Secondly, Multiple predicted through feedback loop method usually can’t match the real multiple in seismic data and they are different in amplitude, phase and arrrival time. So we need match the predicted multiple and that in seismic data through estimating filtering factors and subtract multiple from seismic data. It is the key for multiple elimination how to select a correct matching filtering method. There are many matching filtering methods and I put emphasis on Least-square adaptive matching filtering and L1-norm minimizing adaptive matching filtering methods. Least-square adaptive matching filtering method is computationally very fast, but it has two assumptions: the signal has minimum energy and is orthogonal to the noise. When seismic data don’t meet the two assumptions, this method can’t get good matching results and then can’t attenuate multiple correctly. L1-norm adaptive matching filtering methods can avoid these two assumptions and then get good matching results, but this method is computationally a little slow. The results of my research are as follows: 1. Proposed a method that interpolates seismic traces based on F-K migration and demigration. The main advantage of this method is that it can interpolate seismic traces in any offsets. It shows this method is valid through a simple model. 2. Comparing different Least-square adaptive matching filtering methods. The results show that equipose multi-channel adaptive matching filtering methods can get better results of multiple elimination than other matcing methods through three model data and two field data. 3. Proposed equipose multi-channel L1-norm adaptive matching filtering method. Because L1-norm is robust to large amplitude differences, there are no assumption on the signal has minimum energy and orthogonality, this method can get better results of multiple elimination. 4. Research on multiple elimination in inverse data space. The method is a new multiple elimination method and it is different from those methods mentioned above.The advantages of this method is that it is simple in theory and no need for the adaptive subtraction and computationally very fast. The disadvantage of this method is that it is not stabilized in its solution. The results show that equipose multi-channel and equipose pesudo-multi-channel least-square matching filtering and equipose multi-channel and equipose pesudo-multi-channel L1-norm matching filtering methods can get better results of multiple elimination than other matcing methods through three model data and many field data.

An in silico approach for screening flavonoids as P-glycoprotein inhibitors based on a Bayesian-regularized neural network

P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, functions as a biological barrier by extruding cytotoxic agents out of cells, resulting in an obstacle in chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer. In order to aid in the development of potential P-gp inhibitors, we constructed a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model of flavonoids as P-gp inhibitors based on Bayesian-regularized neural network (BRNN). A dataset of 57 flavonoids collected from a literature binding to the C-terminal nucleotide-binding domain of mouse P-gp was compiled. The predictive ability of the model was assessed using a test set that was independent of the training set, which showed a standard error of prediction of 0.146 +/- 0.006 (data scaled from 0 to 1). Meanwhile, two other mathematical tools, back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and partial least squares (PLS) were also attempted to build QSAR models. The BRNN provided slightly better results for the test set compared to BPNN, but the difference was not significant according to F-statistic at p = 0.05. The PLS failed to build a reliable model in the present study. Our study indicates that the BRNN-based in silico model has good potential in facilitating the prediction of P-gp flavonoid inhibitors and might be applied in further drug design.

重庆西山坪西园建材厂滑坡应急抢险治理工程设计与研究

以西山坪西园建材厂滑坡体工程地质勘察资料为依据,分析了滑坡体的岩土组成和物理力学性质以及造成滑坡的原因.认为影响山体滑坡的因素除与边坡地层岩性、微地貌特征、气象及水文条件有关外,修建厂房开挖与切割边坡坡脚则是重要的诱发原因.定性得出该滑坡的形成机制和类型为牵引式、浅层、小型土质新型滑坡.在此基础上,应用规范所推荐的极限平衡法,对该滑坡体的3个主要地质剖面(A-A'、B-B'、C-C')进行了稳定性计算与分析,得到不同工况下滑坡体稳定系数值.其中,在最不利组合工况(自重+暴雨+地震)下,滑坡体稳定系数仅为0.99～1.03,处于不稳定状态.根据计算结果,按照<长江三峡库区滑坡灾害防治规范>要求及"技术可行、安全可靠、经济合理、简单易实施"的设计原则,对该滑坡的应急抢险方案进行了设计,提出以抗滑桩拦挡工程为主、坡顶修筑截排水沟、地表裂缝回填夯实等综合治理方案.抗滑桩设置1排,分3段,根据每段不同的剩余下滑力设计抗滑桩的断面尺寸和埋设深度,使该滑坡体治理后,其安全系数分别满足不同工况下的规范要求.该方案已通过了三峡库区滑坡灾害防治专家组的审核,目前,正处于实施阶段.

Effects of rainfall infiltration on deep slope failure

With the finite element method and the limit equilibrium method, a numerical model has been estab-lished for examining the effects of rainfall infiltration on the stability of slopes. This model is able to reflect the variations in pore water pressure field in slopes, dead weight of the soil, and soil softening caused by rainfall infiltration. As a case study, an actual landslide located at the Nongji Jixiao in Chongqing was studied to analyze the effects of rainfall infiltration on the seepage field and slope sta-bility. The simulated results showed that a deep slope failure is prone to occur when rainfall infiltration leads to a remarkable variation in the seepage field, especially when the pore water pressure in slopes increases in a large range.

高桩码头不均匀沉降模型实验与数值模拟

以使用5年以上的高桩码头的大管桩为研究对象,采用模型实验的方法对大管桩的不均匀沉降进行了系统研究.首先通过量纲分析,确定模型实验的各个物理量和相关参数,以及模型材料(PVC管)等;然后利用电测技术,经过大量实验,获得大管桩的不均匀沉降量和变化规律;同时,利用数值模拟,分析了大管桩不均匀沉降变化规律,验证了模型实验结果的可靠性,说明了利用数值模拟方法分析大管桩不均匀沉降是可行的.

Effect of oxygen substitution by halide ions on structure, thermal stability and upconversion fluorescence in Er3(+)/Yb3(+)-codoped germanium-bismuth glasses

For the first time. effect of halide ions (F-, Cl-, Br-, and I-) introduction on structure, thermal stability, and upconversion fluorescence in Er3+/Yb3+-codoped oxide-halide germanium-bismuth glasses has been systematically investigated. The results show that halide ions modified germanium-bismuth glasses have lower maximum phonon energy and phonon density, worse thermal stability. longer measured lifetimes of I-4(l1/2) level, and stronger upconversion emission than germanium-bismuth glass. All these results indicate that halide ions play an important role in the formation of glass network, and have an important influence on the upconversion luminescence. The possible upconversion mechanisms of Er3+ ion are also evaluated. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

人工湿地强化净化太湖水体富营养化研究

为了进一步降低水中营养盐浓度、提高水体透明度，为湖泊生态系统的恢复创造条件，促进湖泊水体生态系统良性循环，以太湖五里湖富营养化水体为研究对象，采用中试规模的人工湿地技术来强化净化富营养化水体。重点研究了不同流态、不同基质、不同植物及植物有无条件下各人工湿地系统对富营养化水体的处理效果。此外，还对生长在人工湿地中的7种湿地植物芦苇(Phragmites communis)、香蒲(Typha angustifolia)、茭白(Zizania caduciflora)、水葱(Scirpus validus.)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、鸢尾(Iris pseudacorus)和千屈菜(Lythrum salicaria)的生长、生理生态特性如气体交换、叶绿素荧光、光合色素含量及氮、磷吸收能力进行了研究，旨在探索高等植物在富营养化水体净化过程中的机理和规律，为人工湿地污水净化机理奠定一定的科学和理论基础。主要研究结果如下： 通过对垂直潜流、水平潜流和自由表面流三种类型的人工湿地系统对富营养化水体净化效果的对比研究，我们发现在水力负荷0.64 m d-1，进水污染物浓度化学需氧量(COD) 7.37 mg L-1、氨氮(NH4+-N) 1.63 mg L-1、硝氮(NO3--N )1.41 mg L-1、总氮(TN) 4.82 mg L-1和总磷(TP) 0.15 mg L-1的条件下，三种不同流态的人工湿地对富营养化水体均有一定的净化功能。三种类型的人工湿地对主要污染物COD、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP的去除效果分别为：垂直潜流40.4%、45.9%、62.9%、51.6%和64.3%;水平潜流39.6%、32.0%、65.3%、52.1%和65.7%;自由表面流16.5%、22.8%、34.2%、19.8%和35.1%。相比之下，垂直潜流、水平潜流对主要的污染物的去除效果明显好于自由表面流人工湿地。除垂直潜流湿地NH4+-N的平均去除率显著大于水平潜流外，两人工湿地在其余指标的去除效果上无显著差异。考虑到土地面积的限制，就太湖五里湖富营养化水体治理而言，垂直潜流和水平潜流较自由表面流更为适合。 以沸石为基质的人工湿地较以砾石为基质的人工湿地对NH4+-N有很好的去除效果，除此之外两种基质类型的人工湿地在其余各污染指标的去除效果方面差异不显著。但随着湿地运行时间的延长，沸石对NH4+-N的吸收能力会逐渐减弱，考虑到湿地构建成本，建议就地取材，以当地较为廉价的砾石为人工湿地基质比较经济适用。 有无植物对有机污染物COD的去除效果影响差异不显著，但对TN和TP去除效果影响差异极显著，有植物的人工湿地对TN的去除率比无植物的分别高出12.5%和13.4%，对TP去除率分别高出16.9%和31.0%。不同植物对人工湿地处理效果的影响差异不显著，可见湿地流态对处理效果的影响大于植物的影响。 各湿地植物叶片的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均为双峰曲线，有光合“午休”现象。其中芦苇、茭白、鸢尾、菖蒲、水葱和千屈菜Pn的下降主要是由气孔导度(gs)的下降造成的，而香蒲则更多的受叶肉光合能力下降的影响。除千屈菜的Pn与gs之间呈显著正相关外，其余植物的Pn与gs之间均呈极显著正相关。气孔行为对湿地植物光合作用碳的固定显示了明显的主导控制作用。 各湿地植物的光补偿点(LCP)差异不显著，其均值都在10µmol m-2 s-1以上，显示了阳生植物的特性。但湿地植物的光饱和点 (LSP)差异极显著，LSP大小依次为香蒲1476.3µmol m-2 s-1>水葱1140.0µmol m-2 s-1>菖蒲753.7µmol m-2 s-1>芦苇751.7µmol m-2 s-1>茭白640.7µmol m-2 s-1>千屈菜567.3µmol m-2 s-1>鸢尾479.0µmol m-2 s-1。7种湿地植物的CO2补偿点差异极显著，CO2补偿点大小依次为水葱47.1µmol mol-1>茭白28.4µmol mol-1>香蒲23.7µmol mol-1>鸢尾16.8µmol mol-1>菖蒲16.7µmol mol-1>千屈菜15.2µmol mol-1>芦苇14.8µmol mol-1。与此相反，湿地植物的CO2饱和点差异不显著。 各湿地植物的Fv/Fm值大小差异也极显著，Fv/Fm值大小依次为千屈菜0.8168>水葱0.8348>香蒲0.8262>菖蒲0.8198>芦苇0.8168>茭白0.8040>鸢尾0.7930。由此可见千屈菜、水葱较芦苇和茭白有较高的PSⅡ效率。7种湿地植物叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量水平差异极显著，芦苇和茭白叶片的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量水平都较高，这在客观上解释了他们为何拥有较强的光合能力。 不同湿地植物的生物量大小差异极显著，平均生物量(干重)变化范围在0.26-6.65 kg m-2之间。除香蒲和水葱的地下部生物量显著大于地上部外，其余植物都是地上部生物量大于地下部，这非常有利于人工湿地生态工程中通过收获植物地上部生物量来达到去除氮、磷污染目的。 不同湿地植物植株氮、磷含量差异极显著。湿地植物对氮吸收总量变化范围为6.09-93.96 g m-2，吸收氮最高是芦苇，最低是菖蒲;对磷吸收总量变化范围为0.51-8.95 g m-2，吸收磷最高是香蒲，最低是菖蒲。经测算，植物吸收的总氮量占人工湿地总氮去除量的0.6-17.1%，总磷量占人工湿地总磷去除量的1.4-40.5%。本次试验中香蒲和芦苇对氮、磷的吸收去除能力比较高，茭白、鸢尾、水葱和千屈菜的吸收去除能力中等，而菖蒲的吸收能力较弱。

家畜放牧对典型草原土壤-植被系统氮素转化的影响

草地生态系统中，放牧对调节物质流动和营养循环起着关键的作用。内蒙古地区已有上千年的游牧历史，放牧是该地区重要的草地利用方式之一。然而，近50年来，由于人口的剧增以及对草原的不合理利用与管理，使得内蒙古草原发生了严重的退化与沙漠化。理解放牧对氮循环的定量影响，对我们更合理地利用草地、防治生态系统的进一步退化以及探求最佳恢复途径都具有重要的意义。中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站精准设置的5种放牧强度处理（0.00, 1.33, 2.67, 4.00, 5.33 羊/公顷）为我们的研究提供了理想的平台。2005、2006年生长季期间，在经过16年不同放牧强度处理的一个典型草原样地上，我们测定了氮素输入（氮沉降、生物固氮）、转化（净氮矿化）、输出（反硝化及氨气挥发）速率等N循环的重要参量。同时，测定了微生物生物量碳、氮（Cmic，Nmic）及微生物呼吸（Rmic），研究了微生物在氮循环中的作用。另外，还测定了植物、土壤、固氮体中的15N自然丰度值，探讨了其对不同放牧强度的响应格局与机理。 结果表明，干湿混合沉降物全氮浓度最高达11.53 mg N l–1，沉降量最高为1.77 kg N ha–1m–1。月均氮沉降量与浓度正相关，它们与降水量均关系密切，前者更密切。结皮面积所占比例很小，不超过8%。结皮含氮量为1.01-1.43 g N kg–1，受放牧的影响不显著，但随放牧强度的增加有降低的趋势。土壤结皮能固氮，但固氮量不超过土壤氮含量的1倍。地耳的固氮量为结皮的10-20倍，故是主要的固氮体。尽管地耳含氮量受放牧影响不显著，但放牧是不放牧条件下地耳氮含量的1.58倍。 土壤NH4+-N浓度随季节变化范围为1.71-9.45 µg N g–1，它们在各放牧处理之间的差异不显著。土壤NO3–-N浓度变幅为0.27-11.21 µg N g–1。总无机氮浓度在不放牧条件下的变幅为2.69-14.57 µg N g–1，占总氮的0.49-2.6%;放牧条件下的变幅为2.49-8.66 µg N g–1，占总氮的0.35-1.21%。总无机氮浓度随季节和放牧强度的变化趋势与硝态氮相似，表现为2005年夏季期间有逐渐增加的趋势，而在2006年整个生长季期间有逐渐降低的趋势。不放牧比放牧条件下含氮量高，但在4个放牧处理之间的差异不显著。净氮矿化速率的变幅为–0.61-0.27 µg N g–1d–1，峰值通常出现在7月。净氮矿化速率在各处理间没有一致性差异，但中牧（2.67、4.00 羊/公顷）通常比重牧（5.33 羊/公顷）下的值高。净氮硝化速率通常很低，波动在–0.32-0.16 µg N g–1之间，2005年夏季及2006年春秋季的值相对较高。净氮硝化速率在各放牧处理之间差异不显著，但重牧条件下的值通常最低。累积净氮转化量在年际间差异大，2005年总体上遵循正态分布模式，而2006年随着放牧强度的增加有直线下降的趋势，2006年比2005年的累积量高。土壤温度和湿度比放牧强度对净氮矿化的影响更加显著。放牧强度通过调节这两个土壤因子对氮动态而产生间接影响。 反硝化和N2O的释放速率低，前者变幅为0.33-6.21µg N kg–1 d–1，后者为0.42-11.28 µg N kg–1 d–1。释放量夏季较强，春秋较弱。放牧对反硝化释放影响不显著，只在2005年对N2O释放影响显著。尽管如此，反硝化和N2O释放速率整体表现出在不放牧比放牧条件下高的趋势，且比最高放牧强度5.33 羊/公顷下的反硝化速率显著高。然而，它们在4个放牧处理之间的差异始终不显著。累积反硝化和N2O释放存在年际变化，2006年的值显著高。它们随着放牧强度的递增有逐渐降低的趋势，这在2006年表现得尤为明显，这种结果主要归因于土壤总氮量在长期放牧条件下随放牧压力的增加而逐渐降低。 氨气挥发速率变幅为0.88-3.52 g N ha–1d–1，高峰值出现在5月，2005比2006年同期的速率大。两年间放牧强度对氨气挥发的影响都较弱，2005年影响更弱。不放牧条件下的氨气挥发量通常最低，这在生长季的前期表现得更为明显，中牧及重牧条件下通常最高。放牧能影响氨气挥发与氨态氮，硝态氮及总无机氮浓度之间的关系，即不放牧条件下相关性显著，而放牧条件下相关性不显著。年际间氨气挥发速率与无机氮浓度之间的关系趋势相反，2005年负相关，2006年正相关。在水分充足的2006年，所有处理条件下氨气挥发与土壤水分及温度之间显著相关，但在单独每个放牧处理下，相关性不显著。 Cmic变幅大，为13.97-350.45 μg C g–1，占土壤总有机碳的1.58-8.35%。最高和最低值分别出现在夏季和春季。它们在各处理间差异不显著，不放牧下的值相对偏高。Cmic与土壤有机C和全N、前期的立枯、凋落量及含N量、优势种前期的地上生物量、根系生物量、土壤温度以及水分之间关系密切。氮素状态如氨态氮、总无机氮含量、反硝化以及N2O释放速率，氨气挥发速率与Cmic之间关系密切。Nmic占土壤全氮的0.41-2.74%，不受季节和放牧强度的显著影响。Nmic与可溶性N，表土层根系全N，立枯有机C，地上生物量之间关系密切。氮循环过程中氨气挥发速率受Nmic的影响。Rmic随季节而变化，通常5月份值最高。Rmic随着放牧强度的增加有稍降低的趋势。Rmic与土壤可溶性C、有机C，不同土层根系有机C，凋落物、立枯量及其C、N含量、全N，地上生物量，优势种前期的生物量，土壤温度之间关系密切。土壤氮循环动态如氨态氮、硝态氮、总无机氮浓度及反硝化速率与Rmic之间关系密切。 土壤、植物、地耳、生物结皮的δ15N值与放牧强度之间相关关系不显著。然而，放牧有增加表层土和植物的δ15N值而降低表土、地耳、结皮的δ15N值的趋势。表层土δ15N值与前一年生长季末期硝态氮及总无机氮浓度，反硝化速率及累积氨气挥发之间密切相关。 土壤碳含量的变幅为10.44-17.19 g C kg–1，全氮量的变幅为0.54-0.82 g N kg–1。长期的高强度放牧降低了土壤碳、氮储量。根系碳、氮含量分别为土壤碳、氮含量的40-50和10倍。立枯和凋落物有机碳含量变幅为446.94-507.01 g C kg–1，与放牧强度之间关系不密切;氮含量变幅为4.58-7.18 g N kg–1，与放牧强度之间显著负相关。优势种木地肤、冷蒿的含碳量与放牧强度之间相关不显著，但含氮量与之显著相关。 综述以上结果，不同放牧强度对内蒙草地生态系统氮循环中不同过程产生影响的程度各不相同，这种影响主要是通过它与土壤环境因子如温度、水分的联合作用而间接产生。

武汉月湖和莲花湖表层沉积物中持久性有机物的污染状况

采用气-质联用技术分析了武汉汉阳月湖和莲花湖的4个表层沉积物样品中的有机污染物,探讨了两湖沉积物受持久性有机物污染的程度。月湖中共检测出124种有机物,其中属环境优先控制污染物和美国EPA筛选的内分泌干扰物19种;莲花湖中共检测出186种有机物,环境优先控制污染物和美国EPA筛选的内分泌干扰物34种。主要污染物包括:酞酸酯、酯类、酚类、杂环和苯及其衍生物等。污染物浓度顺序为L1>L2>Y2>Y1,莲花湖中有机物浓度明显高于月湖。两湖邻苯二甲酸酯的含量最高,占了污染物总量的96%～98%,邻苯二甲酸乙基己基

Short and long peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) in zebrafish, with findings of multiple PGRP homologs in teleost fish

Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) specifically binds to peptidoglycan and is considered to be one of the pattern recognition proteins in the innate immunity of insect and mammals. Using a database mining approach and RT-PCR, multiple peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) like genes have been discovered in fish including zebrafish Danio rerio, Japanese pufferfish TakiFugu rubripes and spotted green pufferfish Tetraodon nigroviridis. They share the common features of those PGRPs in arthropod and mammals, by containing a conserved PGRP domain. Based on the predicted structures, the identified zebrafish PGRP homologs resemble short and long PGRP members in arthropod and mammals. The identified PGRP genes in T. nigroviridis and TakiFugu rubripes resemble the long PGRPs, and the short PGRP genes have not been found in T. nigroviridis and TakiFugu rubripes databases. Computer modelling of these molecules revealed the presence of three alpha-helices and five or six beta-strands in all fish PGRPs reported in the present study. The long PGRP in teleost fish have multiple alternatively spliced forms, and some of the identified spliced variants, e.g., tnPGRP-L3 and tnPGRP-L4 (in: Tetraodon nigroviridis), exhibited no characters present in the PGRP homologs domain. The coding regions of zfPGRP6 (zf: zebrafish), zfPGRP2-A, zfPGRP2-B and zfPGRP-L contain five exons and four introns; however, the other PGRP-like genes including zfPGRPSC1a, zfPGRPSC2, tnPGRP-L1-, tnPGRP-L2 and frPGRP-L (fr: Takifugu rubripes) contain four exons and three introns. In zebrafish, long and short PGRP genes identified are located in different chromosomes, and an unknown locus containing another long PGRP-like gene has also been found in zebrafish, demonstrating that multiple PGRP loci may be present in fish. In zebrafish, the constitutive expressions of zfPGRP-L, zfPGRP-6 and zfPGRP-SC during ontogeny from unfertilized eggs to larvae, in different organs of adult, and the inductive expression following stimulation by Flavobacterium columnare, were detected by real-time PCR, but the levels and patterns varied for different PGRP genes, implying that different short and long PGRPs may play different roles in innate immune response. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Purification and characterization of hydrosoluble components from the sap of Chinese lacquer tree Rhus vernicifera

Continuous gradient elution chromatography (CGEC) was employed to purify and separate enzymes and polysaccharides from the sap of Rhus vernicifera Chinese lacquer tree. There are three different molecules with laccase enzyme activity. Two are enzymes of each other (L1, and L2), whereas the third (RL) is an entirely separate entity. Two polysaccharides (GP1 and GP2) were also found. The Rhus laccase (RL), and isoenzymes L1 and L2, have peak molecular masses of 109,100, 120,000, 103,000 respectively; each has four copper atoms per molecule, and the pI values were 8.2, 8.6, and 9.1, respectively. The structure of the laccases was studied by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The typical amide I (1646 cm(-1)) and amide II (1545 cm(-1)) bands were observed. The results from MALDI-TOF were similar to those from CGEC, but the molecular mass from the MALDI-TOF was significantly different from that obtained from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.