Deformation Morphology Underneath the Vickers Indent in Bulk Metallic Glasses

Plastic deformation behaviour of Zr52.5Al10Ni10Cu15Be12.5 and Mg65Cu25Gd10 bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) is studied by using the depth-sensing nanoindentation and microindentation. The subsurface plastic deformation zone of the BMGs is investigated using the bonded interface technique. Both the BMGs exhibit the serrated flow depending on the loading rate in the loading process of indentation. Slow indentation rates promote more conspicuous serrations, and rapid indentations suppress the serrated flow. Mg-based BMG shows a much higher critical loading rate for the disappearance of the serration than that in Zr-based BMG. The significant difference in the shear band pattern in the subsurface plastic deformation zone is responsible for the different deformation behaviour between the two BMGs. Increase of the loading rate can lead to the increase of the density of shear bands. However, there is no distinct change in the character of shear bands at the loading rate of as high as 1000 nm/s.

Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Thin Films by Nanoindentation, Considering the Effects of Thickness and Different Coating-Substrate Combinations

In order to further investigate nanoindentation data of film-substrate systems and to learn more about the mechanical properties of nanometer film-substrate systems, two kinds of films on different substrate systems have been tested with a systematic variation in film thickness and substrate characteristics. The two kinds of films are aluminum and tungsten, which have been sputtered on to glass and silicon substrates, respectively. Indentation experiments were performed with a Nano Indent XP II with indenter displacements typically about two times the nominal film thicknesses. The resulting data are analyzed in terms of load-displacement curves and various comparative parameters, such as hardness, Young's modulus, unloading stiffness and elastic recovery. Hardness and Young's modulus are investigated when the substrate effects are considered. The results show how the composite hardness and Young's modulus are different for different substrates, different films and different film thicknesses. An assumption of constant Young's modulus is used for the film-substrate system, in which the film and substrate have similar Young's moduli. Composite hardness obtained by the Joslin and Oliver method is compared with the directly measured hardness obtained by the Oliver and Pharr method.

Size Effect and Geometrical Effect of Polycrystals and Thin Film/Substrate System in Micro-indentation Test

Micro-indentation test at scales on the order of sub-micron has shown that the measured hardness increases strongly with decreasing indent depth or indent size, which is frequently referred to as the size effect. Simultaneously, at micron or sub-micron scale, the material microstructure size also has an important influence on the measured hardness. This kind of effect, such as the crystal grain size effect, thin film thickness effect, etc., is called the geometrical effect by here. In the present research, in order to investigate the size effect and the geometrical effect, the micro-indentation experiments are carried out respectively for single crystal copper and aluminum, for polycrystal aluminum, as well as for a thin film/substrate system, Ti/Si3N4. The size effect and geometrical effect are displayed experimentally. Moreover, using strain gradient plasticity theory, the size effect and the geometrical effect are simulated. Through comparing experimental results with simulation results, length-scale parameter appearing in the strain gradient theory for different cases is predicted. Furthermore, the size effect and the geometrical effect are interpreted using the geometrically necessary dislocation concept and the discrete dislocation theory. Member Price: $0; Non-Member Price: $25.00

Serrated Plastic Flow in a Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass During Nanoindentation

We investigate plastic deformation of Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 bulk metallic glass using depth sensing nanoindentation. Numerous serrations in the load-displacement curves during indentation, shear bands and pile-ups around the indent were observed. The results revealed that the serrated plastic flow behaviour in this alloy depends strongly on the indentation strain rate.

A Study of Size-Dependent Microindentation

We recently proposed a strain gradient theory to account for the size dependence of plastic deformation at micron and submicron length scales. The strain gradient theory includes the effects of both rotation gradient and stretch gradient such that the rotation gradient influences the material character through the interaction between the Cauchy stresses and the couple stresses; the stretch gradient measures explicitly enter the constitutive relations through the instantaneous tangent modulus. Indentation tests at scales on the order of one micron have shown that measured hardness increases significantly with decreasing indent size. In the present paper, the strain gradient theory is used to model materials undergoing small-scale indentations. A strong effect of including strain gradients in the constitutive description is found with hardness increasing by a factor of two or more over the relevant range behavior. Comparisons with the experimental data for polycrystalline copper and single crystal copper indeed show an approximately linear dependence of the square of the hardness, H 2, on the inverse of the indentation depth, 1/h, I.e., H-2 proportional to 1/h, which provides an important self-consistent check of the strain gradient theory proposed by the authors earlier.

Nonuniformity Effect of Surface-Nanocrystalline Materials in Nanoindentation Test

In the present research, microstructures of the surface-nanocrystalline Al alloy material are observed and measured based on the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique, and the corresponding mechanical behaviors are investigated experimentally and theoretically. In the experimental research, the nanoindentation test method is used, and the load and microhardness curves are measured, which strongly depend on the grain size and grain size nonuniformity. Two kinds of the nanoindentation test methods are adopted: the randomly selected loading point method and the continuous stiffness method. In the theoretical modeling, based on the microstructure characteristics of the surface-nanocrystalline Al alloy material, a dislocation pile-up model considering the grain size effect and based on the Mott theory is presented and used. The hardness-indent depth curves are predicted and modeled.

Size Effect and Geometrical Effect of Solids in Micro-Indentation Test

Micro-indentation tests at scales of the order of sub-micron show that the measured hardness increases strongly with decreasing indent depth or indent size, which is frequently referred to as the size effect. At the same time, at micron or sub-micron scale, another effect, which is referred to as the geometrical size effects such as crystal grain size effect, thin film thickness effect, etc., also influences the measured material hardness. However, the trends are at odds with the size-independence implied by the conventional elastic-plastic theory. In the present research, the strain gradient plasticity theory (Fleck and Hutchinson) is used to model the composition effects (size effect and geometrical effect) for polycrystal material and metal thin film/ceramic substrate systems when materials undergo micro-indenting. The phenomena of the "pile-up" and "sink-in" appeared in the indentation test for the polycrystal materials are also discussed. Meanwhile, the micro-indentation experiments for the polycrystal Al and for the Ti/Si_3N_4 thin film/substrate system are carried out. By comparing the theoretical predictions with experimental measurements, the values and the variation trends of the micro-scale parameter included in the strain gradient plasticity theory are predicted.

Measurement of Microscopic Deformation in a Cualni Single Crystal Alloy by Nanoindentation with a Heating Stage

Thermally induced recovery of nanoindents in a CUAINi single crystal shape memory alloy was studied by nanoindentation in conjunction with a heating stage. Nanoindents formed by a Berkovich indenter at room temperature were heated to 40, 70 and 100 degrees C. Partial recovery was observed for the nanoindents. The recovery ratio depended on the heating temperature. Indentation of CuAlNi can induce inelastic deformation via dislocation motion and a stress-induced matensitic transformation. The percentages of dislocation-induced plastic strain would affect the thermal deformation of CuAlNi, because the induced dislocations could stabilize stress-induced martensite plates even when the temperature above austenite finish temperature, A(f). When the applied indentation load is low (less than 10,000 mu N), the shape recovery strain is predominant, compared with the dislocation-induced plastic strain. Therefore, the degree of indent recovery in the depth direction, delta(D), is high (about 0.7-0.8 at 100 degrees C).

液氦温区VM型脉冲管制冷机的研究

本文的研究成果是世界上第一台热压缩机驱动的液氮温区脉冲管制冷机．它的主要特点是采用热压缩机来驱动脉冲管制冷机，主要研究目标有以下两个：无阀压缩机驱动的高效率液氦温区制冷机和使用最小容积的氦3得到低于2K的最低温度．热压缩机的设计与VM制冷机类似，利用室温和液氮之间的温差产生压力波，但一个重要的发明是功传递管的引入使得本系统中的热压缩机没有低温下的运动部件．使用这种设计也是一个全新的研究，它的重要性可以与脉冲管的引入取消了制冷机低温下的运动部件比拟．笔者进行了最初原型的调试，提出并完成了两次重要改进；最后在压比小于1.3的情况下成功地获得了3.5K的最低温度；为以后的发展打下了好的基础．

微重力下固体扩散火焰特征研究

该文利用数值模拟和理论分析的方法,研究了微重力下环境气体中的惰性气体辐射再吸收特性和环境压力等参数对火焰沿薄燃料表面传播的影响,以及微重力下水雾对固体扩散火焰的抑制,并对静止微重力下的驻火焰存在条件进行了分析,得到了如下主要结论:1.惰性气体对火焰传播有重要的影响.当惰性气体为N<,2>时,导热是火焰向燃料表面传热的主要形式.火焰传播存在冷熄控制区,在此区域内,火焰传播速度随着环境气体流速的增大而增大.当惰性气体为CO<,2>时,在小空气流动速度下,火焰向燃料表面的热辐射和热传导在火焰传播机理中几乎具有同等重要的作用,但随着空气流动速度的增大,导热逐渐成为火焰传播的主要驱动力.2.当惰性气体具有不同辐射特性时,环境压力对火焰沿燃料表面传播的影响具有不同的特征.当惰性气体为N<,2>时,在较小的环境压力下,火焰向燃料表面的热传导是火焰传播的主要驱动力.但随着环境压力的增大,火焰传播速度逐渐增大,火焰对燃料表面的热辐射逐渐成为火焰传播的主要驱动力之一.3.在正常重力环境中,自然对流不利于水雾灭火,水雾对燃料表面的冷却降温是水雾灭火的主要机理.而在微重力环境中,自然对流的消失增强了水雾对固体扩散火焰的抑制作用.水雾不仅能通过润湿燃料表面抑制火焰的传播,而且也可通过气相区域的吸热效应、稀释效应和化学反应链终止效应对火焰传播产生较强的抑制作用.4.空气流动强化燃烧,减少水雾在火焰锋面的蒸发量,使水雾对燃烧的抑制作用减弱.5.在微重力下,水务直径越小,水雾对火焰的抑制作用越强.在远离灭火浓度的情况下,可以通过减小水雾直径的方法增强对燃烧的抑制,但效果有限.6.球形物体在静止环境中燃烧时,存在两个使火焰熄灭的极限直径.当直径小于小的极限直径时,火焰由于质量扩散和能量扩散而熄灭;当球体直径大于大的极限直径时,火焰由于辐射损失而熄灭.7.在静止微重力环境中,无论环境气体中的氧浓度有多高,无限长圆柱形燃料燃烧不可能形成稳定的柱面扩散火焰;无限大平板燃料燃烧不可能产生无限大平面扩散火焰.

异形流动腔的数值分析和设计优化

动脉粥样硬化的非随机发生与当地的流体动力环境有关。完全模拟体内血流动力学环境是不可能的。我们的思路是将复杂的血管形态，分解成若干几何因素，尽可能地研究某一几何因素对流场和血管内皮细胞生长的影响。在体外实验中，为了便于在线观测，主要采用流动腔（Flow Chamber）技术。不同于国内外己有的研究，我们主要研究几何因素引起的流型的改变及其对血管内皮细胞生长的影响。本论文主要是用数值方法来研究五种几何因素（扩张、弯曲、驻点、分叉和后向台阶）引起的流型特征。分析各参数的影响，进而优化设计。为在体外进行血管内皮细胞培养实验，研究不同流场条件下由于几何形状改变引起的流场特性改变对内皮细胞生长的影响，提供理论依据。

微尺度压痕实验的数值模拟及相关问题研究

目前国际上占主导地位的纳米压痕技术是由Oliver与Pharr提出并发展,目前的纳米压痕可以给出整个加、卸载过程的载荷—位移曲线以及硬度与弹性模量随压痕深度变化的曲线,从而提供了丰富的、比较精确的信息,为利用它探索材料比较完整的力学特性提供了可能.为达到该目的,就必须对压痕实验的加、卸过程进行较为深入的研究.作为主要的研究工具,有限元方法模拟微压痕过程在探讨通过实验数据得到更多、更准确的材料表层力学性能参数以及解释实验现象等方面发挥着重要作用.基于计算机速度与容量的原因,较早进行微压痕过程有限元模拟的BhattacharyaandNix、LaursenandSino都使用圆锥压头模拟维氏显微硬度标准正四棱锥Vicker压头与纳米压痕仪标准正三棱锥Berkovich压头,因为圆锥压头具有旋转对称性,可用二维旋转对称单元(二维实体单元)进行计算从而降低计算规模.即便如此,以当时大型计算机的水平,对规模为400~2000个四节点矩形单元的有限元模型进行一次完整的加、卸载过程也需要1~2天.到目前为止,微尺度压痕实验的数值模拟沿用二维模型.事实上,由于加工工艺的限制,微尺度压痕仪的压头如Berkovich与Vicker压头均不个旋转对称性;就微观尺度而言,实际的表层材料都是非均匀的.这些特征均不能由二维模拟体现,所以该文首先建立三维有限元模型,模拟带滑动接触的微尺度压痕加、卸载过程.在此基础上重点讨论了压头几何效应的问题,如二维模拟与三维模拟的关系、显微硬度与纳米的压痕硬度的关系、不同压头下材料的应力应变场、压痕间距与压痕边界的效应等,最后针对微尺度压痕实验中出现的压痕硬度随压痕深度减小而升高的现象,讨论了影响不同压痕深度硬度值的因素.

若干流体力学问题的数学性质研究

该文利用高智的扩散抛物化方程组理论及流体力学基本方程组的特征次特征理论,流体大小尺度（LSS）方程组理论以及摄动有限差分（PFD）方法,研究若干流体力学问题的数学性质.该文得到的主要结论有：1.利用湍流大小尺度（LSS）方程组推导出湍流大小尺度涡量（LSSV）方程组,并证明两个关于湍流大小尺度涡量的命题,从而得到湍流封闭大小尺度涡量（CLSSV）方程组,并对已有的近程相互作用命题进行推广.2.根据扩散抛物化方程组理论和流体力学层次结构方程组的特征和次特征方法,研究了抛物化稳定性方程组（PSE）的特征和次特征以及消除PSE的剩余椭圆特性的问题.3.利用摄动有限差分（PFD）方法得到对流扩散反应方程的变步长摄动有限差分格式,是等步长摄动有限差分格式的推广.

肝脏中生物流体流动的多重介质渗流模型和数值模拟

本文采用生物渗流理论，建立了肝脏内不同生物流体流动的多重介质渗流模型，采用有限元法求解这种特殊的渗流问题，根据数值计算结果揭示了肝内血液、组织液以及胆汁等的流动规律，并探讨了肝脏血流动力学的一些问题。论文将肝脏内部与生物代谢功能有关的肝血窦和窦周间隙当作两重并存的多孔介质，血液在肝血窦中，以及组织液在窦周间隙中的流动均当作渗流处理，通过Starling公式考虑了两重介质之间的流量交换，从而建立了肝血窦-窦周间隙的双重介质模型。针对肝脏胆汁分泌功能，将肝脏内密布的毛血肝管网当作多孔介质，以受静压及渗透压驱动的流体跨壁流动表示肝汁从肝细胞向毛细肝管的分泌，肝汁在毛细胆管网中的流动作为渗流处理，从而建立了肝汁分泌与输运的双重介质模型。采用有限元法求解了生物流体的双重介质渗流问题，针对非牛顿渗流和两重介质的相互作用，本文发展了一种嵌套迭代方法，即采用直接迭代求解血液在肝血窦中的非线性渗流，采用交替迭代解决双重介质渗流中由跨壁流支引起的相互流体交换，直接迭代嵌套于交替迭代中。这种算法比较有效的解决了包含非牛顿渗流的双重介质渗流问题。根据生物多孔介质中微细管系统的构筑方式以及不同微细管系统之间的联系方式，论文提出将生物多孔介质划分为分级多孔介质和多重多孔介质两种主要类型。基于多相混合物的平均化的理论，论文推导了双重多孔介质中的动量守恒方程、质量守恒方程以及相应的渗流方程，建立了双重多孔介质渗流的平均化模型。基于分级多孔介质渗流的理论，论文将脏器中的血管树按管径分为不同级别的多孔介质，各级血管中和血液流动均作为渗流处理，从而提出了计算脏器整体血流的一种渗流方法。采用这种方法，在论文提出的肝血窦 - 窦周间隙双重介质渗流流模型的基础之上，初步研究了肝脏门静脉系统的血液动力学规律。采用本文提出的肝血窦 - 窦周间隙双重介质模型和胆汁分泌 - 流动的双重介质模型，得到了血液、组织液和胆汁在肝小叶中的压力分布和速度分布，并分析了肝血窦壁的跨壁流动模式，胆汁流量的影响因素，以及窦周间隙中组织液流量与肝血窦中血液流动及肝血窦壁渗透系数等因素的关系，揭示了肝脏内血液、组织液及胆汁等生物流体流动的一般规律。

脉冲激光离散重熔热物理及组织性能研究

利用OM及FEM研究了铁基合金Nd:YAG脉冲激光熔凝区的几何形态及其变化规律、以及熔凝的热物理过程；利用OM、SEM、TEM、X-射线衍射仪及磨损实验机，研究了两种铁基热模具材料脉冲激光熔凝组织及其时效组织结构，以及熔凝区规则离散分布规律对材料抗磨损性能的影响。在10~5～10~7W/cm~2的脉冲激光平均功率密度范围内，可得到热传导型和深熔型两类强化区，当临界平均功率密度大于5 * 10~5W/cm~2，同时临界激光作用时间大于2ms时，热传导型强休区向深熔型强休区转变。熔化过程中，在熔池中形成上部以对流传热为主，底部以导热为主的传热模式，流场、温度场和压力场均随脉冲激光作用时间变化，最大流速、压力和温度梯度分别可达100m/s、数个大气压和10~(8-9) ℃C/m量级。凝固过程中，固液界面上的最大温度梯度、凝固速率和冷却速度时间和空间位置变化，分别可达10~(8-9) ℃/m量级、10~(-1)m/s量级和10~(7-8) ℃/s量级，其中冷却速度得到实验验证。亚共晶合金铸铁脉冲激光熔凝组织为δ-铁素体与M_3C的层片状共晶组织，还含有部分γ-奥氏体和少量的高碳孪晶马氏体组织，δ-铁素体和γ-奥氏体中均存在高密度位错亚结构。5CrMnMo钢脉冲激光熔凝组织由板条马氏体及少量的孪晶马氏体构成，马氏体中也存在高密度位错亚结构。上述两种组织经高温时效后，仍保持较细的晶粒，并有大量细小均匀弥散分布的碳化物析出，其中铸铁熔凝组织析出M_(23)C_6碳化物，M_(23)C_6可在M_3C/γ-奥氏体相界面或M_3C内部原位形核，亦可在δ-铁素体中弥散析出。两种材料的熔凝组织及其时效组织的显微硬度均明显高于相应的原始组织，也高于激光连续扫描熔凝的结果。脉冲激光规则离散熔凝加工在材料表面形成软硬相间的“原位”功能层，能显著降低裂纹形成的敏感性，提高材料表层的抗磨粒磨损性能，时效后仍具有较好的抗磨损性能。以熔凝强化区直径作为中心间距进行规则离散熔凝处理可使材料表面获得最佳抗磨损性能。