The Homology and Relationship of Human (Homo sapiens) Chromosomes 1, 19 and Dusky Langur (Trachypithacus obscurus) Chromosomes 6, 8 Demonstrated with Chromosome Painting

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Synthesis and Properties of Carbazole Main Chain Copolymers with Oxadiazole Pendant toward Bipolar Polymer Host: Tuning the HOMO/LUMO Level and Triplet Energy

Three new carbazole copolymers, poly(9-(2,5-diarene-[1,3,4]oxadiazole)-carbazole-alt-9-(2-ethylhexyl)-carbazole-3,6-diyl)s (P1), poly(9-(2,5-diarene-[1,3,4]oxadiazole)-2, 7-carbazole-alt-9-(2-ethylhexyl)-3, 6-carbazole-diyl)s (P2), and poly(9-(2,5-diarene-[1,3,4]oxadiazole)-carbazole-alt-9-(2-ethylhexyl)-carbazole-2,7-diyl)s (P3), were synthesized by the Suzuki coupling reaction

Small-molecule-directed assembly: A gold nanoparticle-based strategy for screening of homo-adenine DNA duplex binders

By using AuNP-modified homo-adenine DNA conjugate as a model system, simple colorimetric and resonance Rayleigh scattering assays have been developed for screening small molecules that trigger the formation of the non-Watson-Crick homo-adenine duplexes. The assay presented here is more simplified in format as it involves only one type of ssDNA modified Au-NP, and can be easily adapted to high-throughput screening.

Gas transport property of homo- and copolyimides from isomeric thiaphthalic dianhydride and oxydianiline

Gas transport properties of home- and copolyimides prepared from 3,3',4,4'- and 2,2',3,3'-thiaphthalic dianhydride (p-TDPA and m-TDPA, respectively) with 4,4-oxydianiline (ODA) were investigated. The fractional free volume of m-TDPA-ODA is larger than that of p-TDPA-ODA, and the chain segmental mobility of the former is lower than that of the latter. The permeability coefficients of m-TDPA-ODA to H-2, CO2, and O-2 are more increased by 48, 69 and 75%, at 30 degrees C and 10 atm, respectively, than those of p-TDPA-ODA; but the permselectivities of m-TDPA-ODA for H-2, CO2, and O-2 toward N-2 are more decreased by 33, 77, and 26%, respectively, than those of p-TDPA-ODA. The permeability coefficients and the diffusion coefficients of the copolyimides can be described by the following equations: log P = Phi(p) log P-p + Phi(m), log P-m and log D-a = D-a = Phi(p) log(D-alpha)(p) + Phi(m) log(D-a)(m), respectively. The variation of the permselectivity is controlled predominantly by diffusivity selectivity. These observations are interpreted in terms of variations in the fractional free volume of polyimides. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Cross-species chromosome painting in the golden mole and elephant-shrew: support for the mammalian clades Afrotheria and Afroinsectiphillia but not Afroinsectivora

Cross-species painting (fluorescence in situ hybridization) with 23 human (Homo sapiens (HSA)) chromosome-specific painting probes (HSA 1-22 and the X) was used to delimit regions of homology on the chromosomes of the golden mole (Ghrysochloris asiaticus) and elephant-shrew (Elephantulus rupestris). A cladistic interpretation of our data provides evidence of two unique associations, HSA 1/19p and 5/21/3, that support Afrotheria. The recognition of HSA 5/3/21 expands on the 3/21 synteny originally designated as an ancestral state for all eutherians. We have identified one adjacent segment combination (HSA2/8p/4) that is supportive of Afroinsectiphillia (aardvark, golden mole, elephant-shrew). Two segmental combinations (HSA 10q/17 and HSA 3/20) unite the aardvark and elephant-shrews as sister taxa. The finding that segmental syntenies in evolutionarily distant taxa can improve phylogenetic resolution suggests that they may be useful for testing sequence-based phylogenies of the early eutherian mammals. They may even suggest clades that sequence trees are not recovering with any consistency and thus encourage the search for additional rare genomic changes among afrotheres.

Chromosome painting between human and lorisiform prosimians: Evidence for the HSA 7/16 Synteny in the primate ancestral karyotype

Multidirectional chromosome painting with probes derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of humans (Homo sapiens, HSA, 2n = 46) and galagos (Galago moholi, GMO, 2n = 38) allowed us to map evolutionarily conserved chromosomal segments among humans, galagos, a

Molecular cloning and expression characterization of ApoC-I in the orange-spotted grouper

Endogenous yolk nutrients are crucial for embryo and larval development in fish, but developmental behavior of the genes that control yolk utilization remains unknown. Apolipoproteins have been shown to play important roles in lipid transport and uptake through the circulation system. In this study, EcApoC-I, the first cloned ApoC-I in teleosts, has been screened from pituitary cDNA library of female orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), and the deduced amino acid sequence shows 43.5% identity to one zebrafish (Danio rerio) hypothetical protein similar to ApoC-I, and 21.2%, 21.7%, 22.5%, 20%, and 22.5% identities to Apo C-I of human (Homo sapiens), house mouse (Mus musculus), common tree shrew (Tupaia glis), dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas), respectively. Although the sequence identity is low, amphipathic alpha-helices with the potential to bind to lipid were predicted to exist in the EcApoC-I. RT-PCR analysis revealed that it was first transcribed in gastrula embryos and maintained a relatively stable expression level during the following embryogenesis. During embryonic and early larval development, a very high level of EcApoC-I expression was in the yolk syncytial layer, indicating that it plays a significant role in yolk degradation and transfers nutrition to the embryo and early larva. By the day 7 after hatching, EcApoC-I transcripts were observed in brain. In adult, EcApoC-I mRNA was detected abundantly in brain and gonad. In transitional gonads, the EcApoC-I expression is restricted to the germ cells. The data suggested that EcApoC-I might play an important role in brain and gonad morphogenesis and growth.

Quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs) on direct photolysis of PCDDs

By the use of partial least squares (PLS) method and 27 quantum chemical descriptors computed by PM3 Hamiltonian, a statistically significant QSPR were obtained for direct photolysis quantum yields (Y) of selected Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs). The QSPR can be used for prediction. The direct photolysis quantum yields of the PCDDs are dependent on the number of chlorine atoms bonded with the parent structures, the character of the carbon-oxygen bonds, and molecular polarity. Increasing bulkness and polarity of PCDDs lead to decrease of log Y values. Increasing the frontier molecular orbital energies (E-lumo and E-homo) and heat of formation (HOF) values leads to increase of log Y values. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Au@Si-n: Growth behavior, stability and electronic structure

The configurations, stability, and electronic structure of AuSin (n = 1-16) clusters have been investigated within the framework of the density functional theory at the B3PW91/LanL2DZ and PW91/DNP levels. The results show that the Au atom begins to occupy the interior site for cages as small as Si-11 and for Si-12 the Au atom completely falls into the interior site forming Au@Si-12 cage. A relatively large embedding energy and small HOMO-LUMO gap are also found for this Au@Si-12 structure indicating enhanced chemical activity and good electronic transfer properties. All these make Au@Si-12 attractive for cluster-assembled materials.

Effects of coupling lens on optical refrigeration of semiconductors

Optical refrigeration of semiconductors is encountering efficiency difficulties caused by nonradiative recombination and luminescence trapping. A commonly used approach for enhancing luminescence efficiency of a semiconductor device is coupling a lens with the device. We quantitatively study the effects of a coupling lens on optical refrigeration based on rate equations and photon recycling, and calculated cooling efficiencies of different coupling mechanisms and of different lens materials. A GaAs/GaInP heterostructure coupled with a homo-epitaxial GaInP hemispherical lens is recommended.

高迁移率噻吩杂化共轭齐聚物的合成与表征

并苯类化合物和噻吩齐聚物是目前研究最广泛的两类p型高迁移率有机半导体材料，晶态下强分子间电子相互作用的特点使它们具有优异的电荷传输性质，作为电荷传输层制备的有机薄膜晶体管（OTFT）的器件性能已经可以和非晶硅器件（α- Si:H）相比拟（0.1~1.0 cm2/V.s）。但是，由于这两类材料具有较窄的能隙和较高的最高被占分子轨道（HOMO） 能级，容易与空气中的水、氧发生反应，而且并苯类化合物对光也非常敏感，因此它们的器件性能在空气中衰减很快。可以说，如何设计与合成兼具高迁移率和优异稳定性的OTFT材料依然是目前有机光电子研究领域面临的挑战之一。 在本论文中，我们采用较稳定的芳香基团和噻吩单元构造了三个系列杂化共轭齐聚物，通过改变芳香基团结构和引入方式，对共轭齐聚物的HOMO能级做了有效的调节，不仅提高了分子的热稳定性和化学稳定性，而且使分子的HOMO能级与金电极功函相匹配，有利于电荷的注入，获得了稳定的高迁移率有机半导体材料。 1、设计并合成了一系列含不同苯类（苯、联苯、芴和菲）中心单元的噻吩类共轭齐聚物，表征了它们基本的光谱、电化学和热行为，并作为传输层用于顶电极结构的OTFT，获得了较高的场致迁移率（（1－6.7）×10-2 cm2/V.s）。引入平面刚性芳香基团有利于获得稳定的高迁移率材料。噻吩/菲杂化共轭齐聚物，即2,7二（5'正己基2,2'二噻吩5）菲（DH-TTPhTT）综合性能最佳，与在相同条件下制备的DH6T具有相当的场致迁移率（μFET = 0.065 cm2/V.s）。 2、设计并合成了一系列含菲共轭齐聚物，研究了它们的基本物理和化学性质。[2,2';7',2''] 三联菲（Ph3）可通过真空蒸镀形成高度有序的薄膜，其OTFT μFET达0.01 cm2/V.s。但是，由于其HOMO能级太低，导致器件阈值电压很高，很难进一步优化器件性能。因此，为了调节分子的HOMO能级，合成了2 ,5二（2菲基） [3,2-b]并二噻吩（PhTT）和5,5'二(2菲基) 2,2'二噻吩（PhT2）两个含噻吩化合物，成功的应用于顶电极结构的OTFT，使器件性能大幅提高。其中PhT2的μFET > 0.1 cm2/V.s； Ion/Ioff > 1×105。更重要的是，器件在空气、自然光条件下保存一个月后，μFET 、Ion/Ioff和阈值电压三个性能指标都基本没有变化，说明PhT2是目前最好的OTFT材料之一。 3、设计并合成了六个萘和硫茚封端的噻吩齐聚物，研究了它们的基本物理和化学性质。为了对分子结构—堆积方式—器件性能的关系有所认识，解析了5,5'二(2萘基) 2,2'二噻吩（NaT2），5,5''二(2萘基) 2,2':5',2''三噻吩(NaT3)，5,5'二(2硫茚基) 2,2'二噻吩（TNT2）和5,5''二(2硫茚基) 2,2':5',2''三噻吩(TNT3) 的单晶结构。所有六个化合物均可形成高度有序的多晶薄膜，而且薄膜有序性随噻吩单元数的增加而提高。取决于分子长度和端基结构，它们的μFET介于0.01－0.39 cm2/V.s。和TNTn系列分子(n = 2-4)相比，NaTn系列齐聚物(n = 2-4)具有更好的器件性能。齐聚物5,5'''二(2萘基) 2,2':5',2'':5'',2'''四噻吩（NaT4）具有最好的器件性能，其场致迁移率为0.39 cm2/V.s；VT = -5 V； Ion/Ioff > 1×105，是目前性能最好的OTFT材料之一。

端基官能化共轭齐聚物的设计与合成

和共轭聚合物相比，单分散共轭齐聚物具有结构确定、易提纯等优点，不仅是建立共轭体系结构与性能关系的最佳模型，而且是一类高纯度光电子材料，还是构造具有规整结构嵌段共聚物和超分子体系的理想构造单元。鉴于基于芴单元的共轭齐聚物与聚合物具有优异的光电性能，引入不同端基能够有效调节共轭齐聚物的性能，本论文以端基官能化齐聚芴为研究对象，设计与合成了具有不同端基结构的系列单分散齐聚芴，研究了它们基本的物理化学性质，主要成果与创新点如下： 1、利用Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons反应、Wittig反应和Heck偶联反应，交替引入极性、非极性反应端基，成功解决了发散法合成较长单分散共轭齐聚物过程中产物难以提纯的技术问题，合成了系列芴撑乙烯撑共轭齐聚物。其中，最长的齐聚物含11个芴单元，光谱外推得到的有效共轭长度可达19个重复单元。DSC和偏光显微镜研究表明，芴单元数大于5的齐聚物可形成向列型液晶相。含7个芴单元以上的齐聚物可用于制备有机发光二极管，含11个芴单元的齐聚物电致发光效率是相应聚合物的5倍。 2、通过Hagigara-Sonogashira偶联、Diels-Alder环加成等反应合成了一系列端基为刚性的苯乙炔基和五苯基苯的单分散齐聚芴。但典型Scholl反应条件不能实现完全氧化脱氢，获得六苯并晕苯封端的齐聚芴。光谱研究表明苯乙炔基的引入导致吸收光谱和荧光光谱有1-2 nm的红移。五苯基苯结构的引入能显著提高齐聚芴的Tg，从而提高齐聚物的形态稳定性。 3、利用Yamamoto反应，采用端基溴代的齐聚芴大分子单体聚合结合制备色谱分离，成功地制备了分子量超过20000 Da的单分散共轭聚合物，说明大分子单体聚合结合制备色谱分离制备单分散共轭聚合物是可行的。 4、通过Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons反应合成一系列端基为三苯胺乙烯撑的单分散齐聚芴，其中，最长的齐聚物含9个芴单元。光谱研究表明，随芴单元数的增加，两个三苯胺乙烯撑端基间共轭作用显著减弱，最大吸收波长蓝移；当芴的单元数≥3时，最大发射波长均位于450 nm，和聚芴和齐聚芴相比，这类共轭齐聚物的蓝光发光峰位更佳。电化学研究表明三苯胺乙烯撑单元的氧化还原过程不受齐聚芴单元长度的影响，该封端齐聚芴的HOMO能级主要是由三苯胺乙烯撑单元决定。 关键词：端基官能化，齐聚芴，单分散共轭聚合物