24 resultados para glutaredoxins, disease resistance, flower development, glutathionylation

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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It has become clear that the last 15-20 years that the immediate effect of a wide range of environmental stresses,and of infection,on vascular plants is to increase the information of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and to impose oxidative stress on the cells.Since 1994,sufficient examples similar responses in a broad range of marine macroalgae have been decribed to show that reactive oxygen metabolism also underlies the mechanisms by which seaweeds respond(and become resistant) to stress and infection.Desiccation,freezing,low temperatures,high light,ultraviolet radiation,and heavy metals all tend to result in a gradual and continued buildup of ROS because photosynthesis is inhibited and excess energy results in the formation of singlet oxygen.The response to other stresses (infection or oligosaccharides which signal that infection is occurring,mechanical stress,hyperosmotic shock) is quite different-a more rapid and intence,but short-lived production of ROS ,discribed as an "oxidative burst"-which is attributed to activation of NADPHoxidases in the plasma membrane.Seaweed species that are able to survive such stresses or resist infection have the capacity to remove the ROS through a high cellular content of antioxidant compounds,or a high activity of antioxidant enzymes.

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Human lactoferrin (hLF) is an iron-binding protein with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. hLF cDNA was transferred into grass carp via electroporated sperm. The production of transgenic fish was as high as 55% tinder the best parameters. 2(11) pulses and 20-min incubation. The expression of the transgene was demonstrated by the detection of hLF mRNA by RT-PCR. We also investigated the response of G(0) transgenic grass carp to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Serum lysozyme activities (P>0.05) and phagocytic activities of kidney cells (P<0.05) were measured in transgenic individuals. The transgenic fish not only cleared A. hydrophila significantly faster than the control carp (P<0.05), but also showed enhanced phagocytic activities. The result shows that hLF has immunomodulatory activities in hLF-transgenic grass carp. The transgenic grass carp exhibited enhanced immunity to A. hydrophila infection. These results reveal that the mechanisms of disease resistance are different between hLF-transgenic plants and hLF-transgenic grass carp. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Haemorrhage can be an epidemic and fatal condition in grass carp. It is known now that the Grass Carp Haemorrhage Virus (GCHV) triggers haemorrhage. Human lactoferrin (hLF) plays an important role in the non-specific immune system, making some organisms more resistant to some viruses. Sperm of grass carp was mixed with linearized pCAhLFc, which is a DNA construct containing an hLF cDNA and the promoter of common carp beta-actin gene, and then electroporated. Then, mature eggs were fertilized in vitro with the treated sperm cells. The fry were sampled and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results indicated that the foreign gene had been transferred successfully into the cells of some fry. Under optimal electroporation conditions, the efficiency of gene transfer was as high as 46.8%. About 35.7% of treated 5-month-old grass carp contained foreign genes. Most transgenic fry demonstrated significant delays in onset of symptoms of haemerrhage after injection of GCHV, suggesting a significant positive relationship between hLF cDNA and levels of disease resistance (P < 0.01). Results suggest that transgenic grass carp could be bred for increased resistance to haemorrhage. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Lysozyme functions as a crucial biodefence effector against the infection of bacterial pathogens in innate immunity. The nucleotide sequence polymorphisms in promoter region of a nuclear goose type lysozyme gene from Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri (designated as CFLysG) were investigated to explore their association with susceptibility/resistance to Listonella anguillarum infection. Eight sites of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two sites of insert-deletion (ins-del) polymorphisms were identified in the promoter region of CFLysG. Two of them, -753 TATCTCGATCAGG ins-del polymorphism and -391 A-G SNP were selected to analyze their distribution in the susceptible and resistant stocks, which were identified according to the survival time after L. anguillarum challenge. Using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), two genotypes were found at each site, which were ins/del and ins/ins at locus -753, and A/A and A/G at locus -391, respectively. The -753 ins/del genotype was more prevalent in the resistant stock than that in the susceptible stock, 30% vs 16.67% in frequency, but there was no significant difference in the frequency distribution between these two stocks (P=0.15). In contrast, the frequency of -391A/G genotype in the resistant stock was significantly higher (30%) than that in the susceptible stock (7.14%) (P=0.007), indicating a significant association with the resistance of Zhikong scallop to L anguillarum. To confirm the presumption, another independent challenge experiment was performed, in which the cumulative mortality of scallops with -391 A/A genotype (96.8%) was significantly higher than those with -391 A/G genotype (64.5%) (P=0.001), which further validate the association between -391 A/G genotype and the resistance of Zhikong scallop to L anguillarum. These results suggested that the -391 A/G could be a potential marker applied in future selection of Zhikong scallop with enhanced resistance to L anguillarum. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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                 第一部分 利用减法杂交和RACEs从水稻中克隆了一个编码含有脯氨酸和苏氨酸丰富结构域多肽的cDNA,其相应的基因被命名为RA68。RA68由3个外显子和2个内含子组成,编码的蛋白由219个氨基酸残基组成。该蛋白由一个21个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽,一个亲水性的N-端结构域和一个疏水性的C-端结构域组成。 N端结构域是一段嵌合PTPTSYG motif的富含脯氨酸和苏氨酸的序列。 Southern杂交和序列分析结果表明RA68在水稻基因组中以单拷贝存在,定位于第2号染色体。Northern杂交结果表明RA68在幼芽和花中表达量较高,在根和叶中不表达。原位杂交分析结果表明:在幼苗期RA68 主要在幼芽胚芽鞘的内外层细胞和幼叶原基的表层细胞中表达;转入生殖生长期后,在花序分生组织、枝梗原基顶端、花器官原基、大孢子囊和花粉粒中表达。用GFP作报告基因,用洋葱表皮细胞进行的瞬间表达测试结果显示RA68蛋白定位于细胞核中。转反义RA68水稻植株抽穗期比对照野生型延迟30天左右。这些结果表明RA68可能是水稻花分生组织特征基因,在成花转变过程中起作用。                    第二部分 通过RACE和RT-PCR方法分离了水稻OsUBP1基因,其推测编码蛋白含有UBP结构域(Cys Box和His Box)和TopⅥA结构域。RT-PCR分析结果表明OsUBP1在转录过程中通过可变剪接产生多个不同的转录本,这些转录本在叶、根、颖花和幼芽中存在着时空调节表达模式,每种组织中的转录本是不一样的。这些转录本内含子剪切位点除了经典的GT-AG外,还有GC-AG、CT-AC、TT-GA、GT-GA和CT-GA。由于发生了GC-AG的可变剪切产生了OsUBP1的重要功能结构域Cys Box。水稻OsUBP1基因和OsSPO11-1基因位于11号染色体的同一基因座位上。原位杂交分析表明,在花中OsUBP1 mRNA 主要在药壁绒毡层、花粉粒、大孢子囊和颖花底部维管束中表达。转反义OsUBP1植株大多不能正常结实,这说明OsUBP1可能参与水稻的育性调节。 关键词

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第一部分 水稻E类MADS-box 基因在花发育中的功能分析 MADS-box 基因是一个大的转录因子家族,在花发育过程中起重要作用。根据对双子叶模式植物拟南芥、金鱼草和矮牵牛遗传突变体的研究,提出了花发育的ABCDE模型。该模型认为:A、B、C、D、E代表了5类功能不同的花器官特征基因,单独或联合控制花器官的发育。A类基因控制萼片的发育;A、B和E类基因控制花瓣的发育;B、C和E类基因控制雄蕊的发育;C和E类基因控制心皮的发育;D类基因控制胚珠的发育;A和C类基因相互抑制。在这5类基因中,E类基因的功能较为复杂,它不仅是花器官特征基因,而且具有花分生组织决定性(Floral meristem determinency)。在单子叶植物中,E类基因的功能发生了很大的分化。水稻是单子叶植物的模式植物,水稻中至少有5个E类基因,分别是OsMADS1、OsMADS5、OsMADS7、OsMADS8和OsMADS34,在这5个E类基因中,除了对OsMADS1基因有较深入的研究外,对其它几个E类基因的功能了解甚少。我们在现有的研究基础上,根据对双子叶植物中E类基因的研究结果,以OsMADS8基因为出发点,利用组织原位杂交,RNAi技术对水稻中的E类基因进行了深入的研究。结果表明:OsMADS8/7基因早在花序枝梗分生组织原基就有转录,随着小穗的生长发育,逐渐集中在小穗分生组织原基,小花分生组织原基,浆片、雄蕊和心皮中表达;在胚珠形成时,内外珠被有很强的杂交信号,而且在幼胚和胚乳中也有表达。OsMADS5在幼花时期,四轮花器官均有表达,在小穗发育后期及受精后的表达方式与OsMADS8/7基因相同。OsMADS8基因被抑制后,转基因植株没有任何表型变化,说明很可能有其它E类基因弥补了OsMADS8基因的功能缺失;当同时抑制其它E类基因的表达时,转基因植株抽穗期明显延长,四轮花器官的发育均受到影响:稃片类似叶片状;浆片转变为稃片类的结构;雄蕊没有花粉;心皮具有了稃片的特点;没有胚珠结构的形成,同时失去了花分生组织决定性,在心皮的部位产生了新的花器官或花分生组织逆转为花序分生组织。说明水稻四轮花器官及胚珠的正常发育需要E类基因的参与,但其功能与双子叶植物如拟南芥,西红柿、矮牵牛等直系同源基因相比已经发生变化;水稻中的E类基因在维持花分生组织特征性方面起重要作用;另外对抽穗期有影响。 第二部分 玉米MADS-box基因ZAG2转录调控区的研究 基因的时空表达受基因中的顺式作用元件及其反式作用因子调控。顺式作用元件由位于基因编码区上游的启动子区域和位置不确定的增强子区域组成。顺式作用元件对基因表达的开启至关重要。MADS-box 基因编码一类控制花器官发育的转录因子,在花的发育过程中顺序表达。MADS-box 基因突变,花器官发生同源异型转换。研究MADS-box 基因的调控序列可以进一步揭示影响基因时空表达的内外因素。ZAG2是玉米MADS-box 基因中的D类基因,控制胚珠的发育,在胚珠和心皮的内表面特异表达。ZAG2基因有7个外显子和6个内含子。我们从玉米基因组分离到了ZAG2基因翻译起始点上游3040bp的序列,并利用5’-RACE方法鉴定出了转录起始点的位置。序列比较发现,在 5’-UTR内有一个1299bp的内含子,这个内含子可能对基因的表达有调控作用,因此构建了两个与GUS基因融合的表达载体:一个是pZAG2-1::GUS,包括翻译起始点以上所有的调控序列;另一个是pZAG2-2::GUS,去掉了5’-UTR中的内含子序列,转化水稻。结果这两个构建都没有使GUS基因在正确的位置表达。pZAG2-1::GUS构建在心皮基部类似花托的部位及稃片顶端着色,pZAG2-2::GUS构建在内外稃片沿稃脉的部位有很强的着色,说明翻译起始点上游的调控序列不足以使基因正常表达。两个构建着色方式不同,可能pZAG2-1::GUS构建在5’-UTR部分含有抑制ZAG2基因在稃片表达的顺式元件,或者启用了在5’-UTR中的转录起始点,因为在5’-UTR的内含子中也有一个很典型的TATA-box。我们推测,在ZAG2基因编码区的第一内含子可能存在另外一些使基因正常表达的增强元件,需要进一步的序列缺失实验加以验证。

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基因的重复(duplication)及其功能的多样性(diversification)为生物体新的形态进化提供了原材料。重复的基因通过表达方式和(或)编码序列的改变而导致其亚功能化(subfunctionalization)和(或)新功能化(neofunctionalization),从而使这些重复基因有可能保留在生物体中,增添生物的遗传稳定性(robustness)和多样性。MADS-box基因在植物(特别是在被子植物)的进化过程中发生了大量的基因重复事件而形成一个多基因家族。MADS-box基因家族的不同成员在植物生长发育过程中起着非常重要的作用,在调控开花时间、决定花分生组织和花器官特征,以及调控根、叶、胚珠及果实的发育中起着广泛的作用。开展对MADS-box基因家族成员的序列结构、表达模式及编码蛋白的功能研究可以为这些同源基因在生物体中的可能命运提供很好的实验依据。本研究以我国特有的蔷薇科物种太行花做实验材料,通过3’ RACE和5’ RACE方法从太行花中克隆了7个MADS-box家族的基因。序列和系统进化树分析表明这7个基因分别与拟南芥的MADS-box基因AG、SHP(SHP1/2)、PI、AP1、FUL和SEP1以及与矮牵牛MADS-box基因PhTM6具有很高的同源性并聚为一支,从而将这7个MADS-box基因分别命名为TrAG(Taihangia rupestris AG)、TrSHP(Taihangia rupestris SHP)、TrPI(Taihangia rupestris PI)、TrAP1(Taihangia rupestris AP1)、TrFUL(Taihangia rupestris FUL)、TrSEP1(Taihangia rupestris SEP1)和TrTM6(Taihangia rupestris PhTM6)。针对克隆的这些基因,具体进行了以下几方面的研究: 第一,对TrAG和TrSHP两个MADS-box基因进行了研究,它们分别属于AG亚家族中旁系同源进化系euAG和PLE进化系的成员。通过原位杂交的方法分析了旁系同源基因TrAG和TrSHP的表达方式是否发生了分化;构建组成型表达载体转化野生型拟南芥,分析了TrAG和TrSHP的编码蛋白的功能是否发生了改变;并进一步通过酵母双杂交的方法比较了TrAG和TrSHP的相互作用方式是否发生了分化。原位杂交分析表明,TrAG和TrSHP主要在雄蕊、心皮和胚珠中表达。在花发育过程中,TrAG起始表达比TrSHP早,在随后将形成雄蕊和心皮原基的分生组织区域以及雄蕊原基中表达;然而直到雄蕊原基出现前未检测到TrSHP的表达。在雄蕊原基形成之后,TrAG和TrSHP在发育的雄蕊、随后将产生心皮原基的分生组织区域以及心皮原基中表达。在花发育的晚期,TrAG在发育的柱头、花柱以及胚珠中均有表达,而TrSHP仅在胚珠中表达。35S::TrAG和35S::TrSHP转基因拟南芥植株表现出相似的表型,包括开花提前;莲座叶和茎生叶向腹卷曲、变小;花芽在时期13前即开放,萼片包裹不住花芽;萼片和花瓣分别被同源异型转化为心皮化和雄蕊化器官,并在萼片向腹面产生异位的胚珠;在茎生叶上产生柱头化的乳突和胚珠;子房弯曲;果实提前沿着开裂区裂开,暴露出胚珠。此外,也观察到35S::TrAG和35S::TrSHP转基因拟南芥植株的一些表型差异,35S::TrAG转基因拟南芥植株花芽呈暗绿色,而35S::TrSHP转基因拟南芥植株花芽呈黄绿色;不同与35S::TrAG转基因植株表型的是,35S::TrSHP转基因拟南芥植株花被脱落受到了抑制,偶尔可以观察到花丝基部融合,果实变短、育性降低。酵母双杂交分析表明TrAG可以与TrSEP3相互作用,而TrSHP不能与TrSEP3形成异源二聚体。以上研究结果表明做为旁系同源基因,TrAG和TrSHP在表达方式上发生了改变,在蛋白编码序列上保持了其祖先的功能,但是编码序列的一些差异还是导致它们之间生化作用方式的不同和一定程度上的亚功能化。基于以上研究结果并结合先前报道的在拟南芥、金鱼草和矮牵牛等物种中旁系同源基因的表达和功能数据,我们提出在不同物种中旁系同源基因在进化过程中维持部分功能冗余(redundant),但是也通过改变表达方式、编码蛋白的功能及蛋白相互作用方式呈现出不同形式的亚功能化和(或)新功能化。 第二,对TrPI基因的功能也进行了初步研究,它属于AP3/PI亚家族PI-like进化系的成员。原位杂交结果表明,TrPI主要在花瓣、雄蕊和胚珠中表达。显示出TrPI与拟南芥同源基因PI保守的表达模式。35S::TrPI转基因拟南芥植株莲座叶发生延迟、变小、并且第一至第三片莲座叶呈白色针状;莲座叶和茎生叶并不像野生型呈有规则的螺旋状排列;花序茎基部、中间或顶端发生2-3个分支;在茎生叶的叶腋内的花序抽出时间明显晚于野生型,并且很小甚至不能完全抽出而藏在叶腋内。低温条件下转基因植株莲座叶的表型更加明显,表现为莲座叶变为针状,无叶片,仅有叶柄结构。这明显不同于35S::PI转基因拟南芥植株的表型。此外,酵母双杂交分析表明TrPI自身可以形成同源二聚体。这种相互作用方式也不同与拟南芥中PI的相互作用方式。以上研究结果表明,TrPI可能与拟南芥PI具有保守的表达模式但编码的蛋白可能获得了新的功能。 第三,构建了一个AP1-like基因(TrAP1)的过量表达载体,转化野生型拟南芥植株,通过反向遗传学分析了TrAP1的功能。35S::TrAP1转基因拟南芥植株开花提前;花序以两朵花终止,形成terminal flower的表型;偶尔可以观察到雄蕊转化为花瓣化的器官;莲座叶呈黄绿色并且其边缘呈锯齿状。酵母双杂交分析表明TrAP1蛋白自身可以形成同源二聚体。这些结果表明TrAP1可能与拟南芥同源基因AP1具有保守的功能。