大蒜、绊根草中重金属抗性分子机制的研究

日益加剧的重金属污染已经危害到了全球的生态环境以及人类健康。在分子水平上阐明植物中的重金属抗性机制并应用于环境修复和绿色农业是植物科学和环境科学以及农业科学的交叉点和新的生长点。为了了解植物重金属抗性的分子机制，我们的研究主要是从重金属抗性植物材料大蒜(Allium sativumL．)和绊根草(Cynodon dactylon)中分离重金属抗性相关基因，并研究它们在重金属抗性机制中的功能。 在高等植物中有迹象表明，一种富含半胱氨酸的低分子量蛋白．类金属硫蛋白 (Metallothioneins Like，MTs Like)和一类具有Y-(Glu-Cys) n-Gly特殊结构的多肽一植物络合素(Phytochelatins，PCs)在重金属抗性机制中占有重要地位。然而人们对于同一种植物中这两种重金属结合肽作用的相互关系还缺乏了解，同时对于MT Like基因以及PCs合酶基因在同一种植物中的表达模式如金属离子专一性、时空表达特点等，还投有文献报道，因此本文将首先以这两个基因为切入点进行研究。 本研究采用RACE的方法，从大蒜中分离得到了类金属硫蛋白(MT-Like)的cDNA序列(GenBank Accession No.AY050510)，PCR和SoutheLrn Blot分析表明，大蒜基因组中不仅存在类金属硫蛋白基因，而且可能以基因家族的形式存在。对获得的MT Like cDNA进行的序列分析及同源性分析表明，大蒜MT Like cDNA含有一个完整的开放阅读框架，编码73个氨基酸，其中12个为半胱氨酸，占氨基酸总数的1 6.4%，并与其他植物如水稻、小麦、紫羊茅草中的类金属硫蛋白基因同源性较高，其中最高达89%。对该基因编码的氨基酸序列和结构分析表明在N-端、c-端结构域中分别含有3个典型的金属硫蛋白的结构模式Cys-Xaa-Cys，属于典型的Type-1类金属硫蛋白。这些Cys-Xaa-Cys特征结构表明大蒜MT Like基因编码的蛋白可以结合二价金属离子。重金属胁迫下大蒜根中MT Like基因在转录水平的表达检测表明，MT Like基因的表达受重金属离子Cu2+、Cd2+的诱导，暗示MT Like基因在大蒜对重金属的抗性中有重要作用。此外，用能谱电镜技术研究大蒜中重金属的积累与分布，以及用组织原位杂交技术分析MT Like基因的表达定位与重金属的积累、转运的关系已在进行之中。 植物络合素也是富含巯基的多肽化合物，在重金属抗性中起重要作用。由植物络合素结构中存在的Y一酰胺键或β-Ala可知PCs不是基因表达的直接产物，而是以GSH为前体的酶促反应产物。目前已知y一谷氨酰半胱氨酸二肽转肽酶(简称为PCs合酶，phytochelatin synthase，PCS)是PCs合成途径的关键酶，编码这一关键酶的基因目前已在小麦、拟南芥菜和裂殖酵母中克隆。由于这一基因在不同物种中的保守性较低，其克隆较困难。本研究通过设计植物络合素台酶基因简并引物，从大蒜中扩增得到了345bp的cDNA序列。序列分析和推测的氨基酸序列同源性比较表明，此序列的翻译产物与已知的植物络合素合酶同源性最高，此cDNA序列应为大蒜植物络合素合酶基因的部分cDNA序列(GenBank Accession No.AF384110)。目前大蒜植物络台素合酶基因的全长序列的扩增，以及这两种与重金属抗性有关的基因(MT Like，PCS)的表达模式仍在研究中。 本文还尝试了利用酵母重金属敏感突变株M379/8功能互补的方法从重金属抗性植物绊根革中分离新的重金属抗性相关基因。构建了用于转化的酵母质粒表达文库，探索了酵母转化体系建立的条件。曾尝试多种转化方法，并对其中的条件进行了优化改进。下一步的工作将集中在合适的酵母突变体的筛选或穿梭表达载体的选择标记基因替换上

~(12)C离子束辐照对酵母发酵能力的影响；Improved ethanol fermentation of a yeast mutant by C-12 ion beam irradiation

利用100MeV/u的12C6+离子束辐照酵母Saccharomyces cerevsiea YY,选育出一株高产突变菌株C03A,考察C03A发酵过程中不同温度、pH、糖汁浓度对发酵的影响。通过正交实验确定最佳发酵条件为:糖汁浓度24%、温度35℃、pH5.0。在10L发酵罐实验中,C03A发酵速率相对原始菌株高,36h发酵完全,比原始菌株缩短12h;发酵产酒率达到13.2%(V/V),比原始菌株高1.6%(V/V)。

Surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopic study of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c and its mutant

The structural stability and redox properties of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c and its mutant, F82H, were studied by surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) spectroscopy. Phenylalanine, which exists at the position-82 in yeast iso-1-cytochrome c, is replaced by histidine in the mutant. The SERRS spectra of the proteins on the bare silver electrodes indicate that the mutant possesses a more stable global structure with regard to the adsorption-induced conformational alteration. The redox potential of the mutant negatively shifts by about 400 mV, relative to that of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c. This is ascribed to axial ligand switching and higher solvent accessibility of the heme iron in the mutant during the redox reactions.

Functional analysis of FP25K of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus

The fp25k gene of Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) was studied. HearNPV fp25k gene transcription was found starting from about 18 h post-infection, and protein could be detected from the same time with antiserum against FP25K. To study the function of HearNPV fp25k, a recombinant HearNPV (HaBacWD11) with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene replacing the fp25k was constructed using HaBacHZ8, a bacmid of HearNPV that lacks the polyhedrin gene. Growth curve analysis showed that HaBacWD11 produced higher titres of budded viruses (BVs) than its wild-type counterpart HaBacHZ8-GFP. Electron microscopic analysis indicated that at the late stage of infection, the number of intranuclear enveloped nucleocapsids in HaBacWD11-infected cells was much less than that of HaBacHZ8-GFP. A rescue recombinant virus HaBacWD14 was constructed by reintroducing fp25k gene into HaBacWD11. The growth curve and electron microscopic analysis of the rescued recombinant confirmed that the increase of BV yield and the decrease of the virion production in infected cells were the result of fp25k deletion. The expression of membrane fusion protein (Ha133) and ODV-E66 were studied using the FP25K mutants HaBacWD11 and HaBacHZ8-GFP. Unlike FP25K mutants in Autographa californica multicapsid NPV (AcMNPV), which caused an increase in the expression of membrane fusion protein GP64 and a decrease of ODV-E66, no obvious changes at the expression level of Ha133 and ODV-E66 were observed in HearNPV FP25K mutant.

Functional characterization of sll0659 from Synechocystis sp PCC 6803

Synchocystis sp. PCC 6803 lacks a gene for the any known types of lycopene cyclase. Recently, we reported that sll0659 (unknown for its function) from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 shows similarity in sequence to a lycopene cyclase gene-CruA from Chlorobium tepidum. To test, whether Sll0659 encoded protein serves as lycopene cyclase, in this study, we investigated the carotenoids of the wild types ans mutants, In the sll0659 deleted mutant, there is no blockage at the lycopene cyclization step. Our results demonstrate that sll0659 does not affect lycopene cyclization. However, the ultrastructure of mutants suggests the involvement or necessity of sll0659 in the cell division.

Revelation of a Functional Dependence of the Sum of Two Uniaxial Strengths/Hardness on Elastic Work/Total Work of Indentation

Dimensional and finite element analyses were used to analyze the relationship between the mechanical properties and instrumented indentation response of materials. Results revealed the existence of a functional dependence of (engineering yield strength sigma(E,y) + engineering tensile strength sigma(E,b))/Oliver & Pharr hardness on the ratio of reversible elastic work to total work obtained from an indentation test. The relationship links up the Oliver & Pharr hardness with the material strengths, although the Oliver & Pharr hardness may deviate from the true hardness when sinking in or piling up occurs. The functional relationship can further be used to estimate the SUM sigma(E,y) + sigma(E,b) according to the data of an instrumented indentation test. The sigma(E,y) + sigma(E,b) value better reflects the strength of a material compared to the hardness value alone. The method was shown to be effective when applied to aluminum alloys. The relationship can further be used to estimate the fatigue limits, which are usually obtained from macroscopic fatigue tests in different modes.

Molecular Dynamics And Density Functional Studies Of A Body-Centered-Tetragonal Polymorph Of Zno

We report a previously unknown body-centered-tetragonal structure for ZnO. This structure results from a phase transformation from wurtzite in [0001]-oriented nanorods during uniaxial tensile loading and is the most stable phase for ZnO when stress is above 7 GPa. The stress-induced phase transformation has important implications for the electronic, piezoelectric, mechanical, and thermal responses of ZnO. The discovery of this polymorph brings about a more complete understanding of the extent and nature of polymorphism in ZnO. A crystalline structure-load triaxiality map is developed to summarize the relationship between structure and loading.