Donut-Shaped Fingerprint In Homologous Polypeptide Relationships-A Topological Feature Related To Pathogenic Structural Changes In Conformational Disease

Features of homologous relationship of proteins can provide us a general picture of protein universe, assist protein design and analysis, and further our comprehension of the evolution of organisms. Here we carried Out a Study of the evolution Of protein molecules by investigating homologous relationships among residue segments. The motive was to identify detailed topological features of homologous relationships for short residue segments in the whole protein universe. Based on the data of a large number of non-redundant Proteins, the universe of non-membrane polypeptide was analyzed by considering both residue mutations and structural conservation. By connecting homologous segments with edges, we obtained a homologous relationship network of the whole universe of short residue segments, which we named the graph of polypeptide relationships (GPR). Since the network is extremely complicated for topological transitions, to obtain an in-depth understanding, only subgraphs composed of vital nodes of the GPR were analyzed. Such analysis of vital subgraphs of the GPR revealed a donut-shaped fingerprint. Utilization of this topological feature revealed the switch sites (where the beginning of exposure Of previously hidden "hot spots" of fibril-forming happens, in consequence a further opportunity for protein aggregation is Provided; 188-202) of the conformational conversion of the normal alpha-helix-rich prion protein PrPC to the beta-sheet-rich PrPSc that is thought to be responsible for a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Efforts in analyzing other proteins related to various conformational diseases are also introduced. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

地黄属和崖白菜属的分子系统学研究--兼论地黄属和崖白菜属的科级系统位置

地黄属（Rehmannia Libosch.ex Fisch.et Mey）和崖白菜属（Triaenophora Solereder）是广义玄参科（Scrophulariaceae sensu lato ）种类较少的两个属。地黄属包括六个种，崖白菜属包括三个种。地黄属植物的根可以入药，是中国传统的著名中药。但在传统的分类学上，地黄属的种间系统关系及地黄属与崖白菜属的系统关系一直没有进行深入的研究。这两个属在科级的系统位置也一直都不确定。针对以上问题，本文通过大量的标本查阅、野外考察、以及分子系统学研究，得出了一些初步的结果。 1. 形态学 通过大量的野外考察及标本观察，对地黄属和崖白菜属的形态性状及其变异式样进行了详细地比较分析，重新评价了各性状的分类学价值。认为地黄属和崖白菜属植物的叶型，小苞片的形状，花冠的折叠式样在属下种类区分和系统关系的分析方面均具有较高的系统学价值。过去种间处理所依据的性状（如植株高低，花冠的颜色等）并不可靠，这些性状不宜作为属下种间的划分。 2．分子系统学 利用叶绿体DNA 片段trnL-F 和rps16 及核基因ITS 片段，通过数据单独和联合的最大简约法和贝叶斯法的系统发育分析，结合地黄属所有六个种和崖白菜属的两个种的形态特征，探讨它们属间及属下种间的系统关系。分析结果支持地黄属和崖白菜属的姐妹群关系，同时也支持两个属各自的单系起源。在地黄属内，天目地黄位于地黄属的基部位置可能与它独特的花冠裂片形状及地理分布有关。茄叶地黄和地黄亲缘关系最近，细胞学和形态学的证据同样支持二者姐妹群关系。裂叶地黄和高地黄的近缘关系也得到分子和形态学证据的支持。 一系列的分子系统学的研究揭示广义玄参科至少包括五个主要单系的科，由于地黄属和崖白菜属在这些研究中缺乏取样，他们的科级系统位置仍然是不确定的。因此，在上述研究的基础上，我们在广义唇形目中对与地黄属和崖白菜属可能近缘的类群进行广泛取样，通过五个DNA 片段（ITS, trnL-F, rps16, rbcL 和rps2）进行最大简约法和贝叶斯法分析，来探讨地黄属和崖白菜属在科级的系统位置。我们的分析分为两步，一、我们对所有取样的种类进行ITS 数据单独分析和四个叶绿体DNA 合并分析。二、根据第一步的分析结果，选择合适的外类群，内类群聚焦于与地黄属和崖白菜属近缘的列当科，透骨草科，泡桐属来探讨地黄属和崖白菜属及其近缘类群的系统发育关系，以及它们在科级的系统位置。数据分析采用ITS 数据的单独分析，四个叶绿体DNA 数据合并分析及ITS 和叶绿体数据的联合分析。结果显示地黄属和崖白菜属组成的单系分支和列当科构成姐妹群关系，并具有较高的支持率。植物化学和形态学的证据也支持地黄属和崖白菜属与列当科的姐妹群关系。因此，地黄属和崖白菜属可能隶属于列当科，代表列当科第二个非寄生类群的分支与列当科的余下类群构成姐妹群关系，或应该将地黄属和崖白菜属组成的单系分支上升到一个科级的水平，与列当科互为姐妹群关系。

Hematological and plasma biochemical responses of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) to intraperitoneal injection of extracted microcystins with the possible mechanisms of anemia

Alterations in hematological indices such as decreases in blood cell counts (RBC), hematocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations are key symptoms of anemia. However, few experiments were conducted to examine changes in hematological indices of fish exposed to microcystins that are believed to be fatal to circulatory systems of vertebrates. An acute toxicological experiment was designed to study hematological changes of crucian carp injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with extracted microcystins at two doses, 50 and 200 mu g MC-LReqkg(-1) body weight. After being i.p. injected with microcystins, the fish exhibited behavioral abnormity. There were significant decreases in RBC in the high-dose group, and in Ht and Hb concentrations in both dose groups, while erythrocte sedimentation rate (ESR) significantly increased, indicating the appearance of normocytic anemia. There were no prominent changes in the three red cell indices, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH,), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CR) in both dose groups suggest the occurrence of kidney impairment. Alteration in blood indices was reversible at the low dose group. Conclusively, anemia induced by kidney impairment was a key factor to cause abnormity of swimming behaviors and high mortality of crucian carp. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Introduction of the human lactoferrin gene into grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) to increase resistance against GCH virus

Haemorrhage can be an epidemic and fatal condition in grass carp. It is known now that the Grass Carp Haemorrhage Virus (GCHV) triggers haemorrhage. Human lactoferrin (hLF) plays an important role in the non-specific immune system, making some organisms more resistant to some viruses. Sperm of grass carp was mixed with linearized pCAhLFc, which is a DNA construct containing an hLF cDNA and the promoter of common carp beta-actin gene, and then electroporated. Then, mature eggs were fertilized in vitro with the treated sperm cells. The fry were sampled and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results indicated that the foreign gene had been transferred successfully into the cells of some fry. Under optimal electroporation conditions, the efficiency of gene transfer was as high as 46.8%. About 35.7% of treated 5-month-old grass carp contained foreign genes. Most transgenic fry demonstrated significant delays in onset of symptoms of haemerrhage after injection of GCHV, suggesting a significant positive relationship between hLF cDNA and levels of disease resistance (P < 0.01). Results suggest that transgenic grass carp could be bred for increased resistance to haemorrhage. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

地震波场模拟及叠前深度偏移的李群方法

The processes of seismic wave propagation in phase space and one way wave extrapolation in frequency-space domain, if without dissipation, are essentially transformation under the action of one parameter Lie groups. Consequently, the numerical calculation methods of the propagation ought to be Lie group transformation too, which is known as Lie group method. After a fruitful study on the fast methods in matrix inversion, some of the Lie group methods in seismic numerical modeling and depth migration are presented here. Firstly the Lie group description and method of seismic wave propagation in phase space is proposed, which is, in other words, symplectic group description and method for seismic wave propagation, since symplectic group is a Lie subgroup and symplectic method is a special Lie group method. Under the frame of Hamiltonian, the propagation of seismic wave is a symplectic group transformation with one parameter and consequently, the numerical calculation methods of the propagation ought to be symplectic method. After discrete the wave field in time and phase space, many explicit, implicit and leap-frog symplectic schemes are deduced for numerical modeling. Compared to symplectic schemes, Finite difference (FD) method is an approximate of symplectic method. Consequently, explicit, implicit and leap-frog symplectic schemes and FD method are applied in the same conditions to get a wave field in constant velocity model, a synthetic model and Marmousi model. The result illustrates the potential power of the symplectic methods. As an application, symplectic method is employed to give synthetic seismic record of Qinghai foothills model. Another application is the development of Ray+symplectic reverse-time migration method. To make a reasonable balance between the computational efficiency and accuracy, we combine the multi-valued wave field & Green function algorithm with symplectic reverse time migration and thus develop a new ray+wave equation prestack depth migration method. Marmousi model data and Qinghai foothills model data are processed here. The result shows that our method is a better alternative to ray migration for complex structure imaging. Similarly, the extrapolation of one way wave in frequency-space domain is a Lie group transformation with one parameter Z and consequently, the numerical calculation methods of the extrapolation ought to be Lie group methods. After discrete the wave field in depth and space, the Lie group transformation has the form of matrix exponential and each approximation of it gives a Lie group algorithm. Though Pade symmetrical series approximation of matrix exponential gives a extrapolation method which is traditionally regarded as implicit FD migration, it benefits the theoretic and applying study of seismic imaging for it represent the depth extrapolation and migration method in a entirely different way. While, the technique of coordinates of second kind for the approximation of the matrix exponential begins a new way to develop migration operator. The inversion of matrix plays a vital role in the numerical migration method given by Pade symmetrical series approximation. The matrix has a Toepelitz structure with a helical boundary condition and is easy to inverse with LU decomposition. A efficient LU decomposition method is spectral factorization. That is, after the minimum phase correlative function of each array of matrix had be given by a spectral factorization method, all of the functions are arranged in a position according to its former location to get a lower triangular matrix. The major merit of LU decomposition with spectral factorization (SF Decomposition) is its efficiency in dealing with a large number of matrixes. After the setup of a table of the spectral factorization results of each array of matrix, the SF decomposition can give the lower triangular matrix by reading the table. However, the relationship among arrays is ignored in this method, which brings errors in decomposition method. Especially for numerical calculation in complex model, the errors is fatal. Direct elimination method can give the exact LU decomposition But even it is simplified in our case, the large number of decomposition cost unendurable computer time. A hybrid method is proposed here, which combines spectral factorization with direct elimination. Its decomposition errors is 10 times little than that of spectral factorization, and its decomposition speed is quite faster than that of direct elimination, especially in dealing with a large number of matrix. With the hybrid method, the 3D implicit migration can be expected to apply on real seismic data. Finally, the impulse response of 3D implicit migration operator is presented.