~(137)Cs示踪技术背景值研究进展与建议

利用环境核素137Cs示踪技术研究土壤侵蚀被越来越多的科研人员所采用,而背景值的确定是利用该技术研究土壤侵蚀的前提和根本,直接关系到侵蚀速率计算的准确与否。本文从137Cs背景值采样点的选取方式,137Cs全球空间分布预报模型以及影响137Cs沉降因素等方面进行了总结性综述,对137Cs背景值研究应注意的问题和今后研究重点提出了建议。

坡面植物生长期内对~7Be的截留吸收及影响因素分析

对坡面植物在生长期内7Be含量的动态变化进行研究,发现随着生长植物在生长期内7Be含量增加,单位面积上植物截留吸收7Be量增加;研究区坡面7Be的植被截留吸收率为3.35%~8.44%,说明植被覆盖对土壤中7Be含量有重要的影响。同时还发现,不同采样间隔期7Be日均增量不定,在整个采样期内变异性大,变异系数为0.69,但从春季到夏季的前4个采样间隔期变异性相对较小;不同采样间隔期7Be日均增量和日均降雨量呈正比,相关系数为0.64。

大气散落核素复合示踪在土壤侵蚀科学中的应用

介绍了大气散落核素 7Be、2 1 0 Pbex、1 37Cs复合在土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源领域中的研究进展 ;阐述了核素比率应用的原理、特点及其能更为敏感地反映土壤侵蚀速率和过程等优点 ;说明多元素复合示踪在推断土壤不同侵蚀过程及估算土壤侵蚀速率方面的作用 ;论述了建立两核素相关深度曲线确定泥沙起源深度的应用原理和特点及其应用范围 ,并对各种方法进行了简单的评价。

Observations on the nocturnal activity and feeding behavior of Anguilla japonica glass eels under laboratory conditions

Glass eels of the temperate anguillid species, Anguilla japonica, clearly showed a nocturnal activity rhythm under laboratory conditions. Light-dark cycle was a determinant factor affecting their photonegative behavior, nocturnal locomotor activity, and feeding behavior. Under natural light conditions, glass eels remained in shelters with little daytime feeding, but came out to forage during darkness. They moved and foraged actively in the following dark, and then their activity gradually declined possibly because of food satiation. They finally buried in the sand or stayed in tubes immediately after the lights came on. Under constant light, glass eels often came out of the shelters to forage in the lights but spent little time moving outside the shelters (e.g. swimming or crawling on the sand). Glass eels took shelter to avoid light and preferred tubes to sand for shelter possibly because tubes were much easier for them to take refuge in than sand. Feeding and locomotor activities of the glass eels were nocturnal and well synchronized. They appeared to depend on olfaction rather than vision to detect and capture prey in darkness. Feeding was the driving force for glass eels to come out of sand under constant light. However, in the dark, some glass eels swam or crept actively on sand even when they were fully fed. The lunar cycles of activity rhythms of glass eels that have been observed in some estuarine areas were not detected under these laboratory conditions.

Locomotor activity rhythm in the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica elvers

Under artificial LD cycles (6, 12, 18 L), the elvers of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, showed a 24 h cycle of locomotor activity rhythm being most active at light transitions: the eels' activity rose to a primary peak after lights-off, followed by a quiescent period during which they buried into the shelters or lying motionlessly on sand for most of the time, and then reached a secondary peak before lights-on. Elvers could resynchronize their activity rhythm with a new photo cycle within 4 d. Moreover, their activity level at dark phase significantly increased as the light period was prolonged: higher activity levels during shorter dark period. However, the elvers did not display clearly the existence of a circadian rhythm under constant light or dark conditions. The timing of daily activity rhythm evidenced in the Japanese eels may occur through the action of the LD cycles with a weak participation of an endogenous circadian system. In all the LD cycles, over 99% of the activity occurred in the dark phase, indicating that the eels were always nocturnally active no matter what time of day it might be. Under 12 L conditions, the eels' activity level and the time outside sand were significantly elevated both at light and dark phases as temperature increased from 10 similar to 15 to 20 similar to 25 degrees C. The activity rhythm pattern (i.e., two peaks occurring around light transitions) did not apparently change among temperatures. However, in contrast with the primary activity peaks immediately after lights-off at 20 and 25 degrees C, the timing of the primary peaks at 10 and 15 degrees C showed a latency of a few hours following lights-off, indicating the inhibiting effect of low temperature on the eels' activity.

Observations on the spawning behavior of artificially matured Japanese eels Anguilla japonica in captivity

Spawning behavior of artificially matured Japanese eels Anguillo japonica in captivity was investigated using a DVD Video image system. Following a routine hormone treatment technique for this fish, female eels were artificially matured by weekly intramuscular injections of salmon pituitary extracts (SPE) at a dosage of 40 mg kg(-1) BW for a total of 7-11 doses to induce ovarian maturation, while male eels received weekly intramuscular injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) at a dosage of 1000 IU kg(-1) BW for a total of 6-11 doses at 18 degrees C to induce testicular maturation in a separate aquarium. In this experiment, three pairs of such hormone-treated matured eels were acclimatized in seawater in 1.5 m(3) experimental aquaria with or without shelters at 20 degrees C for 24 h. Twenty four hours after the acclimatization terminated, the females received SPE injections to boost maturation and ovulation. Twenty four hours following these injections, the females received injections of HCG (1000 IU per fish, HCG injection) and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (2 mg per fish) to induce ovulation, while males were given HCG injections (1000 IU per fish, HCG injection) to induce spermiation. Video taping started after the 24 h acclimatization terminated and last for a total of 96 h. Before the HCG injections, both sexes were inactive, staying on the bottom or in shelters if available. Following these HCG injections, they became active and frequently left the bottom swimming in the water column. During the 24 h following HCG injections, activity accounted for 67% and 45% of the total activity in no shelter treatment for females and males, respectively, in comparison with 77% and 78% in shelter treatment. Activity was significantly more pronounced during this phase than during other phases for each sex in either shelter treatment. Egg release and sperm ejection occurred in the water column around the time eels' activity reached peaks. Eels either returned into the shelters or stayed motionlessly on the bottom of the aquaria after egg release and sperm ejection. Eight out of nine (89%) females in no shelter treatment spontaneously released eggs with a total of 11 batches 14-18 h following HCG injections, in contrast with four out of nine (44%) females releasing eggs for 4 batches 16-20 h in shelter treatment. Males arrived at activity peaks 11-13 h following HCG injections in no shelter treatment, 2-4 h ahead of the females (14-16 h), in comparison with 8-11 h in shelter treatment with 5-6 h ahead of the females (14-17 h). Courtship behavior indicative of spawning such as pairing, chasing and touching bodies was not observed in the eels in this study. However, on many occasions, eels of both sexes (male-female or female-female) were found to "cruise together" in water column for a short time period or frequently come together prior to releasing eggs and ejecting sperm, suggesting the possibility of group mating in artificially matured Japanese eels. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.