12 resultados para equilibrio stella nana bianca

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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Six novel dibenzyl bromophenols (1-6) with different dimerization patterns and two propyl bromophenol derivatives (7 and 8), together with 11 known bromophenol derivatives, were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the brown alga Leathesia nana. On the basis of spectroscopic methods the structures of the new compounds were determined as 5,6'-diethyloxymethyl-3,4,2'-tribromo-2,3',4'-trihydroxydiphenyl ether (1), 2-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (2), 6-(2,3-dibromo-4,5dihydroxybenzyl)-2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxy benzyl methyl ether (3), 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dimethoxy-3,4,7,8-tetrabromo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydroxyanthracene (4), (+)-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-bromo-5,6-dihydroxy-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran (5), rel-(4aS*,10aR*)-(+/-)-6,7-dibromo-4a-hydroxy-3,8-dihydroxymethyl-10a-methoxy- 1,4,4a, 10a-tetrahydrodibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin-1-one (6), (E)-2-methyl-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)propenal (7), and 2-methyl-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol (8). Some compounds including 3 showed in vitro selective cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines. This is the first brown alga to be reported containing bromophenols.

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To investigate the antitumor effect of bromophenol derivatives in vitro and Leathesia nana extract in vivo, six bromophenol derivatives 6-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxy benzyl methyl ether (1), (+)-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-bromo-5,6-dihydroxy-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran (2), 3-bromo-4-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-5-methoxymethyl-pyrocatechol (3), 2,2',3,3'-tetrabromo-4,4',5,5'-tetrahydroxy-diphenylmethane (4), bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether (5), 2,2',3-tribromo-3',4,4',5-tetrahydroxy-6'-ethyloxymethyldiphenylmethane (6) were isolated from brown alga Leathesia nana, and their cytotoxicity were tested by MTT assays in human cancer cell lines A549, BGC-823, MCF-7, B16-BL6, HT-1080, A2780, Bel7402 and HCT-8. Their inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) with over-expression of c-kit was analyzed also by ELISA. The antitumor activity of ethanolic extraction of Leathesia nana (EELN) was evaluated on S-180-bearing mice. All compounds showed very potent cytotoxicity against all of the eight cancer cell lines with IC50 below 10 mu g/mL. In PTK inhibition study, all bromophenol derivatives showed moderate inhibitory activity and compounds 2, 5 and 6 showed significant bioactivity with the inhibition ratio of 77.5%, 80.1% and 71.4%, respectively. Pharmacological studies reveal that EELN could inhibit the growth of Sarcoma 180 tumor and increase the indices of thymus and spleen to improve the immune system remarkably in vivo. Results indicated that the bromophenol derivatives and EELN can be used as potent antitumor agents for PTK over-expression of c-kit and considered in a new therapeutic strategy for treatment of cancer.

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A novel bromophenol was isolated from ethanolic extract of the brown alga Leathesia nana S.et G. The structure was elucidated as (E)-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methyl-propenal by spectroscopic methods including IR, HREIMS, ID and 2D NMR techniques.

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Molecular dynamics simulations are carried out in order to study the atomic structure of crystalline component, of nanocrystalline alpha-Fe when it is consolidated from small grains. A two-dimensional computational block is used to simulate the consolidation process. All the preset dislocations in the original grains glide out of them in the consolidation process, but new dislocations can generate when the grain size is large enough. It shows that dislocations exist in the consolidated material rather than in the original grains. Whether dislocations exist in the crystalline component of the resultant model nana-material depends upon grain size. The critical value of grain size for dislocation generation appears to be about 9 nm. This result agrees with experiments qualitatively.

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根据现有记载,萱草属约有20种,主要分布在东亚,由于种间在外部形态和核型上的高度相似性,加之长期人工栽培,使本属植物的分类成为一个难题,我们做了大量的野外调查和温室栽培试验,获得了一些有意义的观察结果,对核型变异做了详细定量分析:系统观察了花粉扫描电镜特征,为了揭示属内可能的表征和分支关系,运用聚类分析,主成分分析及简约分析对属下类群做了定量研究.本文得到如下主要结论. 1.虽然迄今为止许多核型观察结果未能得到有分类学意义的结论,运用数量分析方法比较各分类群核型定量变异结果表明,其分类学意义是明显的,例如,北黄花菜、黄花菜和小黄花菜三者外部形态很一致,核型亦高度相似:大苞萱草和多花萱草的核型公式虽与前三者相同,但已出现明显的数量变异.同样,北萱草,折叶萱草和西南萱草虽有相同核型公式,亦出现明显数量变异.萱草则与所有其他类群的核型均有明显差别.核型对称性分析表明,臂比不对称性出现一个由低到高的演变序列:但长度不对称性与此无明显相关性.萱草和折叶萱草的臂比不对称性最低,西南萱草和北萱草升高,黄花菜,大苞萱草和多花萱草等最高. 2.观察到三种类型花粉;舟形具网纹,舟形具疣纹和亚球形具疣纹.萱草,北萱草,大苞萱草,北黄花菜,黄花菜,小黄花菜及多花萱草具第一种类型花粉;折叶萱草和西南萱草具第2种类型花粉;矮萱草具第三种花粉.以广义百合科其他类群作为复合外类群进行比较,推测花粉形态的演化序列为:舟形具网纹一舟形具疣纹一亚球形具疣纹. 3.在外部形态上,萱草因具二叉分枝花序,叶型苞片,根膨大适中,花蕾顶部绿色及花筒占花被比例较小等原始性状状态,结合不对称性较低的核型特征和舟形具网纹花粉特征,是现存种类中最原始类群;折叶萱草及北萱草等具较短的花筒,二叉分枝花序,单色花被及花蕾部绿色等特征显得进化程度不高.黄花菜因具夜间开花习性,长花筒,叶鞘红色等状态被认为是进化类群,大苞萱草高度压缩的花序形成头状花序,具总苞状宽大苞片及绳索状根被认为是特化类群,矮萱草个体矮小,单花,具亚球形疣纹花粉亦被认为是高度特化类群.外部形态,花粉特征,核型及地理分布之间存在着相关性;随地理水平分布由南向北,外部形态特征由原始到进化,核型不对称性由低到高:随地理垂直分布由低向高,形态特征由复杂到简化,核型不对称性由低到高,花粉形态由舟形具网纹到舟形具疣纹再到亚球形具疣纹,这两种趋势结合起来构画出了本属植物演化和地理分布的基本轮廊. 4.萱草是一个孤立的属,没有明确的外类群可供比较.在现存类群中.Dahlgren等(1985)认为本属与分布在非洲,地中海地区,西亚及中亚的Asphodeloideae(亚科)有较多的共有特征.本文比较了两个类群之后发现,萱草不但在许多一般特征上与Asphodeloideae -致,而且在小孢子同时型发生及含蒽醌等被认为是Asphodeloideae典型属性的特征上亦与后者相同.这些共有特征显示出二 者在系统发育上一定的联系.进一步比较发现两者在有差异的特征中,萱草属显得较为进化.二者的分布区是完全不同的;Asphodeloideae分布在中亚及其以西地区和非洲,而本属分布在东亚,延及西伯利亚,据本文分析,欧洲生长的一个种(H.lilioasphodelus,北黄花菜)是归化类群.北美和台湾没有自然分布,但栽培植物均生长良好,而且已有归化植物.由此似乎可以推测,本届的祖先与Asphodeloideae的祖先有亲缘关系,这种关系似可远溯到第三纪古地中海时期,或许当时与Asphodeloideae祖先有关系的一个分支分布于古地中海东南缘的康滇古陆,即与现今横断山地区相应的地区,由于喜玛拉雅造山运动引起的地质,地理和气候剧变,某些类群灭绝了,一个类群发展成现今的萱草属. 5.由于本属各分类群间形态及核型相似性程度较高,种间极易(人工)杂交,似无必要在属与种间增设组或系,根据本文研究结果及参考有关分类文献(国外种类),我们将萱草属处理为10种2亚种13变种:H.darrowiana Hu;小萱草(H.dumortieri Morr.)及北萱草(var. esculenta (Koidz.) Kitamura;西南萱草(H.forrestii Diels);萱草(H.fulva (L.) L.)及var. aurantiaca (Baker) Hotta, var. disticha (Donn.) Baker,重瓣萱草(var. kwanso Regel),var. littorea (Makino)Hotta,长菅萱草(var. longituba (Miq.) Maxim,var. maculata Baroni,var. pauciflora Hotta et Matsuoka, var. rosea Stout, var. sempervirens (Araki) Hotta; H. hakuunensis Nakai;北黄花菜 (H. lilioasphodelus L. Var. lilioasphodelus)及黄花菜(ssp. citrina (Baroni) Xiong),小黄花菜(ssp. minor(Mill.) Xiong),var. corcana (Nakai) Xiong;大苞萱草 (H. middendorfii Trautv. et Mey var. middendorfii)及var. exaltata (Stout) Kitamura,长苞萱草(var. longibracteata Xiong);多花萱草(H. multiflora Stout);矮萱草(H. nana Smith ct Forrest);折叶萱草(H.plicata Stapf)。

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小波鱼属(Microrasbora)隶属于鲤形目(Cypriniformes)鲤科(Cprinidae) Danioninae 亚科,小型鱼类,目前包括5 个种,其中库氏小波鱼(Microrasbora kubotai)分布于泰国,盖氏小波鱼(M. gatesi)、红身小波鱼(M. rubescence)、 娜拉小波鱼(M. nana)分布于缅甸,小眼小波鱼(M. microphthalma sp. nov. )分 布于中国。本文对该属鱼类5 种45 尾标本的9 个可数性状和12 个可量性状 进行分析比较,并描述该属鱼类一新种。主要结论如下: 1. 小波鱼属的主要鉴别特征:体小型、短而侧扁;眼大而突出,眼径是 眼间距的150 %;口小、亚上位;下颌无须,前端腹缘宽钝;背鳍鳍 条8–10、其中分支鳍条5–7;臀鳍分支鳍条8–13,臀鳍前长/体长约 60-71 %;尾鳍深叉形;鳞片大而薄,不易见,易脱落,横列鳞数目 7–71/2,侧线缺失;沿体侧中轴线一模糊条带,周围具分散黑色素(大 的个体在背部具模糊的网状纹);第四胸肋基部一大孔,其侧面可见。 2. 基于外部形态特征,利用分支系统学原理和方法对小波鱼属鱼类进行 系统发育研究。分支系统学结果证明小波鱼属的单系性是成立的,小 波鱼属鱼类可能具有的分化顺序是:小眼小波鱼是最早分化出来的物 种;红身小波鱼是第二个分化出来的物种;库氏小波鱼是第三个分化 出来的物种;娜拉小波鱼与盖氏小波鱼是最晚分化出来的物种。 3. 小眼小波鱼的主要鉴别特征:背鳍前鳞 15–16,背鳍前长是标准长的 60–68%,臀鳍前长是标准长的65–71%,眼径是头长的27–38%,眼径 是眼间距的70–93%,背鳍起点在背鳍起点之后。根据以上特征,将其 描述为小波鱼属一新种。 4. 小眼小波鱼在中国瑞丽江(伊洛瓦底水系)支流南畹河被发现。该种 鱼为国内该属鱼类的首次记录。 5. 小眼小波鱼生活于平缓山间溪流,食性以浮游动物和浮游植物为主。

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生态系统服务价值评估已成为生态学研究的一个热点,针对不同区域尺度或生态类型的相关研究案例大量涌现的同时,评估方法和技术也在不断改进。本文即以科尔沁沙地草地生态系统为研究对象,分别采用生物量和生物多样性指数订正草地生态系统服务价值系数,估算了该沙地中西部地区各草地类型的生态服务价值;并以位于科尔沁沙地腹地的翁牛特旗为例,利用STELLA系统模拟出近15年(1985~2000年)草地生态系统服务价值动态变化与其外部驱动因子的关系,根据模型结果分析,提出草地生态系统管理相关建议。 主要结论如下: (1)对以小尺度细划的草地类型,以生物量和生物多样性指数订正的生态系统服务单价均可反映生态服务功能强度的变化。 (2)科尔沁沙地中西部地区的草地生态系统服务价值,经两个指数订正的结果显示,1990~1999年间分别降低了35.85亿元和42.14亿元,降低的原因包括:①草地向耕地等其它土地利用形式转化;②草地系统内部由生态服务高价值流类型向低价值流类型转化。 (3)在STELLA 系统中基于下述逻辑关系构建草地生态系统服务价值的动态模拟过程:人口数量和牲畜数量是草地过度开垦和过度放牧的驱动因素;过度开垦造成草地“农田化”,过度放牧造成草地退化和沙化;前者使草地面积减少,后者使草地生物量锐减;草地生态系统服务价值由草地面积及草地生物量两个因子决定。 (4)2000年翁牛特旗草地生态系统总服务价值为42.91亿元,与1985年相比降低了10.86%,其中,原始草地的总价值为22.10亿元,已退化草地为9.99亿元,已沙化草地为10.82亿元,原始草地对草地生态系统服务价值的贡献最大,对其变化的影响最显著;模型灵敏度分析表明,模型结果对单个不确定参数变化的反映不敏感,而对参数同时变化的反映将随时间推移越来越大。

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A novel method for the determination of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NGNA) has been developed using high-performance capillary electrophoresis with UV detection at 195 nm, without pre or post-column derivatisation. The acids were separated in a 50-cm, fused-silica capillary (50 mu m i.d, 45.5-cm effective length) with Na2B4O7-Na2HPO4 buffer. The detection limit for NANA is a concentration of 9.6 x 10(-6) M or, in terms of mass: 3.879 x 10(-14) mol (39 fmol). This method is applicable to determination of NANA in normal human serum. The results were also compared with those of the colorimetrie method.

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The broad acceptance and collective commitment of countries to the tasks involved in the implementation of Agenda 21, Chapter 17, have profound implications vis-à-vis the interplay between coastal zone management (CZM) and national development planning (NDP). It appears that in many countries, CZM has evolved in isolation from the mainstream of national development processes. The paper examines various forms and elements for the effective integration of CZM into NDP.

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滤食性贝类以水体中的浮游植物和有机碎屑为主要食物,养殖海域的初级生产力水平、水动力学特性等生态环境因子的差异,不仅直接影响养殖贝类的产量,而且也与贝类养殖活动对生态环境的压力密切相关。由于养殖的种类、密度、方式及养殖海域的特性不同,关于贝类对生态环境的影响往往有不同的结果。本文以我国北方大连獐子岛扇贝底播海区和荣成桑沟湾贝类筏式养殖区为研究对象,采用现场调查、室内受控实验及生态数值模型模拟方法,分析研究了滤食性贝类对海域生态系统的影响,对这两个海域贝类养殖的生态容量进行了初步的评价。 主要结果: 1. 獐子岛海域底播贝类养殖活动对该海域生态系统的影响较小。非参数统计—符号检验的结果显示,养殖区与非养殖区之间的溶解性无机氮、磷酸盐浓度、氮磷摩尔比及浮游植物群落结构没有统计学上的差异(p>0.05)。但是从变化的趋势上来看,贝类养殖活动对水域环境的某些参数有一定程度的影响。例如,獐子岛底播贝类养殖海域的溶解性无机氮以氨氮为主,可能与贝类的代泄活动有关;不论是叶绿素浓度,还是网采浮游植物的生物量都是贝类高密度养殖区<贝类低密度养殖区<非养殖区(7月份除外),这种趋势可能与贝类的摄食压力有关。 桑沟湾各环境指标表现出明显的区域性。除春季外,非养殖区的DIN浓度高于各养殖区。在春季和冬季,贝类区的磷酸盐浓度显著降低;而硅酸盐浓度在夏季和秋季显著增大。综合分析DIN、PO4-P及SiO3-Si三个参数的四季变化,海带区、贝藻区及贝类区发生显著性变异的概率分别为25%,42%和50%,贝类区的变异较大。浮游植物、小型浮游动物的生物多样性指数都是以非养殖区为最高,贝类区的多样性指数最低。尤其是浮游动物的丰度,贝类区显著低于非养殖区。 2. 利用挪威的MOM (Modelling-Ongrowing fish farms-Monitoring)评价系统,评价了桑沟湾长期大规模的贝藻筏式养殖活动对底质环境的压力。在桑沟湾设10个取样站位,共获得66个底泥样品。比较了MOM-B评价系统的3组参数的季节变化特性。结果显示,底质条件属于1级,说明桑沟湾贝藻长期大规模的养殖活动对底质环境的压力较低。结合桑沟湾的环境及养殖特点,分析了压力较低的原因。 3. 经计算,2006年中国海水养殖的贝类和藻类使用浅海生态系统的碳可达396万吨,并通过收获从海中移出至少136.9万吨的碳。从1995年至2006年,养殖大型藻类和贝类累计移出的碳分别约为365万吨和893万吨,总计达1258万吨。证明了浅海的贝类和藻类养殖活动直接或间接地使用了大量的海洋碳,提高了浅海生态系统吸收大气CO2的能力。 4. 采用模拟现场生物沉积法测定了虾夷扇贝的滤水率、摄食率等生理指标及其与贝类个体大小、水温的关系。虾夷扇贝单位个体的滤水率与组织干重的关系符合幂函数方程CR=a×DWb,b值在0.45~0.65范围内;水温对虾夷扇贝滤水率的影响极其显著(p<0.01),温度(T)与滤水率(CR)呈抛物线的关系:CR=-0.0009T2+0.0188T-0.0306,水温为10℃时,虾夷扇贝的滤水率、摄食较大。 5. 采用模拟现场流水法测定了3种滤食性贝类的食物选择性。紫贻贝、长牡蛎及栉孔扇贝分别对直径4m, 6m 和 8m颗粒的保留效率达到最大值;对小颗粒(直径2m)的保留效率分别为17%, 19% 和 8%。栉孔扇贝对食物数量和质量浓度的变化相对敏感,随着数量浓度的增加,栉孔扇贝倾向于摄食较大的颗粒;随着颗粒食物质量浓度的增加,倾向于摄食较小的颗粒。 6. 獐子岛海域四个航次的调查结果显示,叶绿素浓度在1.23~2.85mg.m-3范围内,均值为1.78±0.57 mg.m-3;初级生产力的变化范围为30.4~117.0 mg C. m-2.d-1,平均值为76.6±41.9 mg C. m-2.d-1。通过虾夷扇贝生物量断面调查,获得了虾夷扇贝的壳高频率分布情况,7月份的众数值出现在100 mm,10月份壳高的众数值为80 mm。利用以上测定的虾夷扇贝的滤水率等基本生物学特性,结合虾夷扇贝的年产量、海域面积和有关的水文状况等数据,计算了滤水效率、摄食压力、调节比率3个食物限制性指标参数,全年的均值分别为0.048, 0.31和 0.16,都小于1,说明目前该海域虾夷扇贝的养殖量未达到养殖容量。 7. 利用STELLA软件,建立的桑沟湾贝藻养殖的数值模型,模拟了叶绿素a浓度及氮磷营养盐的周年变化情况,及其对贝类养殖生物量变化的响应。以叶绿素a浓度为指标,初步探讨了桑沟湾贝类的生态容量。

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Three new bromophenols coupled with pyroglutamic acid derivatives and one bromophenol coupled with deoxyguanosine were obtained from the red alga Rhodomela confervoides. By spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR and single-crystal X-ray structure analysis their structures were elucidated as N-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)methyl pyroglutamate (1), N-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)pyroglutamic acid (2), N-[3-bromo-2-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-4,5-dihydroxybenzyllmethyl pyroglutamate (3), and 2-N-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzylamino)deoxyguanosine (4), respectively. Compounds 1-4 were evaluated against several microorganisms and human cancer cell lines, but found inactive. To our knowledge this is the first report of bromophenols coupled with amino acid or nucleoside derivatives through the C-N bond.

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A novel method for the determination of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NGNA) was developed by using high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) with UV detection at 195 nm. NANA and NGNA were separated directly and analyzed without pre- or postcolumn derivation. The detection limit of NANA is 9.6 x 10(-6) mol L-1 and for mass 3.879 x 10(-14) mol (39 fmol). This method was applied for the determination of NANA in 30 normal human and 72 cancer patients. The results demonstrated that NANA in the sera of cancer patients increased significantly as compared with the normal human (P < 0.001). The new method is simple and sensitive, and is suitable for basic research and clinical application to malignant tumors.