暖温带落叶阔叶混交林能量生态学研究

本文是首篇研究中国暖温带落叶阔叶混交林能量生态学的论文。在文中，笔者以详实的第一手资料从能量环境、能量流动、能量组合以及能量平衡几个方面，全面、系统地阐述、分析了辽东栎林——这一暖温带落叶阔叶混交林典型自然群落代表的能量生态学特征。 在能量环境一章中，笔者从能量流动，能量平衡的角度出发重点研究了辽东栎群落的辐射能量环境特征。笔者以1991-1993年的观测资料为基础，从乔木、灌木和草本三个层次分析了生长季总辐射、散射辐射、直射辐射、反射辐射、净辐射、先合有效辐射、透射辐射、吸收辐射以及乔木层和灌木层反射率的季节动态和日进程特征，并从天文因子、气象因子和群落自身发育特征几方面解释分析了辐射能量环境的这种时空动态特征，同时，分析了这种变化特征对群落能量流动、分配和平衡过程可能产生的影响。 另外，笔者也对群落湿度和风速环境的时空动态特征进行了分析。 在能量流动一章，笔者以1992-1993年的野外实验资料为依据，沿季节动态、月际变化和日进程的时间轴，从群落、乔木层、灌木层、草本层以及各乔、灌木种群的空间尺度详细分析、阐述了太阳辐射能在森林群落内的流动和转化特征，并从能量环境和群落发育的角度解释分析了能量在群落内的这种时空分布和转化特征。所讨论的能流对象包括群落、乔、灌、草各层及各乔、灌木种群的总能流固定量、叶片呼吸耗能量、剩余能流固定量以及沿枯枝落叶流出的能流量。 与分析能流过程同步，笔者从上述的时、空尺度分别以生长季内太阳总辐射和光合有效辐射为基础计算、分析了森林群落的光能转化率特征。 在这一章的最后，笔者概述性地介绍了辽东栎群落的能量平衡特征 在第四章，笔者从能值的角度出发，以能量密度为标准讨论了能量沿群落各层及各乔、灌木种群的积累、分配和组合特征，并讨论了能量流动和光能转化率与热值和能量密度的关系。 辽东栎群落能量生态学的研究不但为了解暖温带落叶阔叶林生态系统的结构和功能，为恢复和重建退化的森林生态系统提供了丰富详实的理论信息，而且，也为山区人工林优化模式的组建提供了理论依据和实践指南。

神农架巴山冷杉天然林凋落物特性的研究

神农架地区的巴山冷杉（Abies fargesii）林是秦巴山地重要的森林生态系统类型，长期以来其在水土保持、水源涵养、林产品供给等方面的生态服务功能受到了广泛的重视，近年来该类森林的生物地球化学循环正成为关注的热点。本文以神农架巴山冷杉天然林为研究对象，从其凋落物的数量、养分、能量3个方面入手，着重研究1)凋落物组成及其凋落量的月变化模式;2)凋落物养分含量及养分年归还量的特征;3）凋落物的能流量及其月变化模式。研究表明： 巴山冷杉天然林的年凋落量为5702.99kg.hm-2，处于亚热带森林年凋落量的范围内;巴山冷杉林的凋落物组成比较丰富，主要有落叶、落枝、球花、球果和其它五部分，其中以落叶为多，占总凋落量的46.00%;凋落量的月变化模式呈双峰型，分别在2006年10-11月和2007年4-5月达到峰值。 巴山冷杉林凋落物养分含量的大小顺序为：N＞K＞Ca＞P＞Mg;N、P、K、Ca、Mg的年归还量分别为：39.1063 kg.hm-2、4.5346 kg.hm-2、13.4367 kg.hm-2、5.4965 kg.hm-2、0.0911 kg.hm-2，以N的年归还量最多;就凋落物各组分的养分年归还量而言，落叶的养分归还量远远大于其余组分的养分归还量，占总归还量的52.65%。因此，不论凋落量还是养分归还量，巴山冷杉林凋落物中的落叶都占有绝对的优势。 在巴山冷杉林凋落物各组分中，干重热值介于20.60 KJ/g 至22.70 KJ/g之间，灰分浓度介于1.38%至5.94%之间，去灰分热值介于21.34 KJ/g至23.55KJ/g之间，充分表明了灰分对热值的影响。在各组分中，无论是干重热值还是去灰分热值，均以落叶的热值最高。从整年来看，落叶的热值在2006年10－11月和2007年6－7月较高。巴山冷杉林通过凋落物的年能流量为 12500.96 KJ.m-2，以落叶能流量最大，占总能流量的47.72%。通过计算凋落物的能流量占太阳有效辐射的百分数可以得出太阳辐射进入凋落物的转化效率，巴山冷杉林凋落物的能量转化效率为0.61%，这在亚热带和热带森林类型中属于中等水平。

Food web of macroinvertebrate community in a Yangtze shallow lake: trophic basis and pathways

No detailed food web research on macroinvertebrate community of lacustrine ecosystem was reported in China. The present study is the first attempt on the subject in Lake Biandantang, a macrophytic lake in Hubei Province. Food webs of the macroinvertebrate community were compiled bimonthly from March, 2002 to March, 2003. Dietary information was obtained from gut analysis. Linkage strength was quantified by combining estimates of energy flow (secondary production) with data of gut analysis. The macroinvertebrate community of Lake Biandantang was based heavily on detritus. Quantitative food webs showed the total ingestion ranged from 6930 to 36,340 mg dry mass m(-2) bimonthly. The ingestion of macroinvertebrate community was higher in the months with optimum temperature than that in other periods with higher or lower temperature. Through comparison, many patterns in benthic food web of Lake Biandantang are consistent with other detritus-based webs, such as stream webs, but different greatly from those based on autochthonous primary production (e.g. pelagic systems). It suggests that the trophic basis of the web is essential in shaping food web structure.

黄土丘陵区退耕撂荒地土壤微生物量演变过程

土壤微生物量是表征土壤生态系统中物质和能量流动的重要参数,研究黄土丘陵区坡耕地撂荒后微生物量及其活性的变化过程对认识该地区生态恢复过程中土壤质量的演变及其效果评价具有重要意义。【方法】采用时空互代法,以典型侵蚀环境纸坊沟流域生态恢复过程中不同年限的撂荒地为研究对象,选取坡耕地和天然侧柏林为参照,通过室内测试分析,并运用统计和相关分析等方法,研究坡耕地撂荒后土壤微生物量、呼吸强度、代谢商(qCO2)及土壤理化性质的演变特征。【结果】侵蚀环境下的坡耕地土壤微生物量含量偏低,土壤理化性质较差,撂荒后理化性质得到显著改善,微生物量碳(Cmic)在撂荒1a后显著增大,前7a较为剧烈,增幅较大,随后呈波动式上升,50a达到最大值;微生物量氮(Nmic)在撂荒初期增长缓慢,40a时才达到显著水平,微生物量磷(Pmic)在撂荒初期显著降低,5～7a达到最低值,随后逐渐上升,20～25a时和坡耕地没有显著差异,50a时达到最大值。撂荒50a时土壤Cmic、Nmic和Pmic分别较坡耕地增加166%、146%和52%,但仅为侧柏林的43.42%、45.06%和51.47%。呼吸强度在撂荒初期迅速增加,随后趋于稳定,与侧柏...

Distribution of organic and reduced sulfur forms in marsh soils of coastal Louisiana

Soil samples from a Louisiana Barataria Basin brackish marshes were fractionated into acid-volatile sulfides (AVS), HCl-soluble sulfur, elemental sulfur, pyrite sulfur, ester-sulfate sulfur, and carbon-bonded sulfur. Inorganic sulfur composed 13% of total sulfur in brackish marsh soil with HCl-soluble sulfur representing 63–92% of the inorganic sulfur fraction. AVS represented less than 1% of the total sulfur pool. Pyrite sulfur and elemental sulfur together accounted for 8–33% of the inorganic sulfur pool. Organic sulfur, in the forms of ester-sulfate sulfur and carbon-bonded sulfur, was the most dominant pool representing the majority of total sulfur in brackish marsh. Results were compared to values reported for fresh and salt marshes. Reported inorganic sulfur fractions were greater in adjacent marshes, constituting 24% of total sulfur in salt marsh, and 22% in freshwater marshes. Along a salinity gradient, HCl-soluble sulfur represented 78–86% of the inorganic sulfur fraction in fresh, brackish, and salt marsh. Organic sulfur in the forms of ester-sulfate sulfur and carbon-bonded sulfur was the major constituent (76–87%) of total sulfur in all marshes. Reduced sulfur species, except elemental sulfur, increased seaward along the salinity gradient. Accumulation of reduced sulfur forms through sedimentation processes was significant in marsh energy flow in fresh, brackish and salt marshes.

黄土旱塬麦田生态系统能流特征及评价

根据长武试区 1 986年～ 1 995年连续 1 0年的统计资料并结合田间试验 ,对黄土旱塬典型农田生态系统——冬小麦农田系统能量的投入产出、流向、流量与转化效率进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明 ,能量平衡中人工辅助能的投入逐渐增加 ,化肥能投入比例逐渐超过有机肥能 ;该区农业已发展到无机—有机复合阶段 ,农业生产中机械化程度有所提高。通过统计分析 ,得出提高无机能的投入比例可提高能量的产投比 ,增加化肥能投入水平则可提高能量的总产出 ,指出应在机械化条件下实行秸秆还田和多途径增加有机肥投入 ,调整能量投入结构 ,提高能量转化效率 ,提高光能利用率

Effects of diatoms on reproduction and growth of marine copepods

Two hot spots in marine ecology, deleterious effects of diatoms and feeding selectivity of copepods, as well as new progress on these two issues achieved in the recent ten years, are reviewed. These two issues are considered correlated closely. Diatoms and their metabolites can induce deleterious effects on growth, reproduction and development of copepods, including increase of mortality and decrease of egg production, hatching and growth rates. Such negative effects, resulting from either chemical toxin or nutritional deficiency, can be conquered in natural environments by diverse feeding. It is therefore concluded that deleterious effects of diatoms observed in laboratory or during blooming period are only a special case that accommodation of feeding strategy of copepods is disabled. To understand their feeding strategy in natural environments is a prerequisite to explaining the mechanisms of deleterious effects caused by diatoms, and makes it possible to re-evaluate the energy flow in marine ecosystems.

Zooplankton functional groups on the continental shelf of the yellow sea

Zooplankton plays a vital role in marine ecosystems. Variations in the zooplankton species composition, biomass, and secondary production will change the structure and function of the ecosystem. How to describe this process and make it easier to be modeled in the Yellow Sea ecosystem is the main purpose of this paper. The zooplankton functional groups approach, which is considered a good method of linking the structure of food webs and the energy flow in the ecosystems, is used to describe the main contributors of secondary produciton of the Yellow Sea ecosystem. The zooplankton can be classified into six functional groups: giant crustaceans, large copepods, small copepods, chaetognaths, medusae, and salps. The giant crustaceans, large copepods, and small copepods groups, which are the main food resources for fish, are defined depending on the size spectrum. Medusae and chaetognaths are the two gelatinous carnivorous groups, which compete with fish for food. The salps group, acting as passive filter-feeders, competes with other species feeding on phytoplankton, but their energy could not be efficiently transferred to higher trophic levels. From the viewpoint of biomass, which is the basis of the food web, and feeding activities, the contributions of each functional group to the ecosystem were evaluated; the seasonal variations, geographical distribution patterns, and species composition of each functional group were analyzed. The average zooplankton biomass was 2.1 g dry wt m(-2) in spring, to which the giant crustaceans, large copepods, and small copepods contributed 19, 44, and 26%, respectively. High biomasses of the large copepods and small copepods were distributed at the coastal waters, while the giant crustaceans were mainly located at offshore area. In summer, the mean biomass was 3.1 g dry wt m(-2), which was mostly contributed by the giant crustaceans (73%), and high biomasses of the giant crustaceans, large copepods, and small copepods were all distributed in the central part of the Yellow Sea. During autumn, the mean biomass was 1.8 g dry wt m(-2), which was similarly constituted by the giant crustaceans, large copepods, and small copepods (36, 33, and 23%, respectively), and high biomasses of the giant crustaceans and large copepods occurred in the central part of the Yellow Sea, while the small copepods were mainly located at offshore stations. The giant crustaceans and large copepods dominated the zooplankton biomass (2.9 g dry wt m(-2)) in winter, contributing respectively 57 and 27%, and they, as well as the small copepods, were all mainly located in the central part of the Yellow Sea. The chaetognaths group was mainly located in the northern part of the Yellow Sea during all seasons, but contributed less to the biomass compared with the other groups. The medusae and salps groups were distributed unevenly, with sporadic dynamics, mainly along the coastline and at the northern part of the Yellow Sea. No more than 10 species belonging to the respective functional groups dominated the zooplankton biomass and controlled the dynamics of the zooplankton community. The clear picture of the seasonal and spatial variations of each zooplankton functional group makes the complicated Yellow Sea ecosystem easier to be understood and modeled. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Modeling trophic positions of the alpine meadow ecosystem combining stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of single tissues or whole bodies were analyzed to establish trophic positions of main consumers living at the alpine meadow ecosystem in the Tibetan Plateau. The results demonstrated that delta C-13 and delta N-15 values of vertebrates showed great variations and ranged from -26.83 to -22.51 parts per thousand and from 2.33 to 8.44 parts per thousand, respectively. Plateau pika, root vole, plateau hare, infants of rodents and hatchlings of passerine bird species had the lowest delta C-13 and delta N-15 values. delta C-13 and delta N-15 values of omnivorous and insectivorous birds and amphibians showed intermediate. Carnivorous species, steppe polecat and Upland buzzard, and omnivorous Robin accentor and White wagtail possessed extremely higher VC and delta N-15 values. Omnivorous birds captured in earlier year had significantly less negative delta C-13 and greater delta N-15 values than those captured later. Based on steady angular enrichment between trophic levels, an "alpha and vector model" combing delta C-13 and delta N-15 values was introduced to reveal trophic positions, the results indicated that Tibetan sheep, Tibetan yak, plateau pika, root vole, plateau hare, infants of small rodents showed the lowest trophic positions (TP 1.81-2.38). While omnivorous and insectivorous birds, their hatchlings and amphibians showed intermediate trophic positions (TP 2.06-2.89), carnivorous species steppe polecat and Upland buzzard, migrant birds possessed extremely higher trophic positions (TP 2.89-3.05). The isotopic investigation of organisms and the introduced "alpha and vector model" successfully demonstrated the same trophic positions and diet prediction of consumers as nitrogen enrichment model at the alpine meadow ecosystem. Besides of this information, the "alpha and vector model" can also be incorporated into multiple isotope signatures to infer trophic relationships. This angular enrichment model has the potential to address basic ecological questions, such as trophic structure, trophic dynamics, and energy flow in other terrestrial ecosystems of properly handled. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ecological basis of Alpine meadow ecosystem management in Tibet: Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station

Alpine meadow and shrub are the main pasture types on the Tibetan Plateau, and they cover about 35% of the total land area. In order to understand the structural and functional aspects of the alpine ecosystem and to promote a sustainable animal production system, the Haibei Alpine Meadow Research Station was established in 1976. A series of intensive studies on ecosystem structure and function, including the energy flow and nutrient cycling of the ecosystem, were the main tasks during the first 10 years. Meanwhile, studies with 5 different grazing intensities on both summer and winter pasture have been conducted. In the early years of the 1990s, the research station started to focus its research work on global warming, biodiversity and sustainable animal production systems in pastoral areas. Various methods for improving degraded pasturelands have been developed in the region.

城市发展与地质环境相互作用机制及数量分析—北海市可持续发展战略研究

Based on a viewpoint of an intricate system demanding high, this thesis advances a new concept that urban sustainable development stratagem is a high harmony and amalgamation among urban economy, geo-environment and tech-capital, and the optimum field of which lies in their mutual matching part, which quantitatively demarcates the optimum value field of urban sustainable development and establishes the academic foundation to describe and analyze sustainable development stratagem. And establishes a series of cause-effect model, a analysissitus model, flux model as well as its recognizing mode for urban system are established by the approach of System Dynamics, which can distinguish urban states by its polarity of entropy flows. At the same time, the matter flow, energy flow and information flow which exist in the course of urban development are analyzed based on the input/output (I/O) relationships of urban economy. And a new type of I/O relationships, namely new resources-environment account, are established, in which both resource and environment factors are considered. All above that settles a theoretic foundation for resource economy and environment economy as well as quantitative relationships of inter-function between urban development and geoenvironment, and gives a new approach to analyze natinal economy and urban sustainable development. Based on an analysis of the connection between resource-environmental construct of geoenvironment and urban economy development, the Geoenvironmental Carrying Capability (GeCC) is analyzed. Further more, a series of definitions and formula about the Gross Carrying Capability (GCC), Structure Carrying Capability (SCC) and Impulse Carrying Capability (ICC) is achieved, which can be applied to evaluate both the quality and capacity of geoenvironment and thereunder to determine the scale and velocity for urban development. A demonstrative study of the above is applied to Beihai city (Guangxi province, PRC), and the numerical value laws between the urban development and its geoenvironment is studied by the I/O relationship in the urban economy as following: · the relationships between the urban economic development and land use as well as consumption of underground water, metal mineral, mineral energy source, metalloid mineral and other geologic resources. · the relationships between urban economy and waste output such as industrial "3 waste", dust, rubbish and living polluted water as well as the restricting impact of both resource-environmental factors and tech-capital on the urban grow. · Optimization and control analysis on the reciprocity between urban economy and its geoenvironment are discussed, and sensitive factors and its order of the urban geoenvironmental resources, wastes and economic sections are fixed, which can be applied to determine the urban industrial structure, scale, grow rate matching with its geoenvironment and tech-capital. · a sustainable development stratagem for the city is suggested.

Energy conversions and storage caused by an unsteady poloidal flow in active solar regions

In this paper we discuss coupling processes between a magnetic field and an unsteady plasma motion, and analyze the features of energy storage and conversions in active region. It is pointed out that the static force-free field is insufficient for a discussion of storage processes, and also the pure unsteady plasma rotation is not a perfect approach. In order to analyze the energy storage, we must consider the addition of poloidal plasma motion. The paper shows that because the unsteady poloidal flow is added and coupling occurs between the magnetic field and both the toroidal and the poloidal plasma flows, an unsteady process is maintained which changes the force-free factor with time. Hence, the energy in the lower levels can be transferred to the upper levels, and a considerable energy can be stored in the active region. Finally, another storage process is given which is due to the pure poloidal flow. The article shows that even if there is no twisted magnetic line of force, the energy in the lower levels may still be transferred to the upper levels and stored there.

The mechanism of energy loss and transition in a flow with submerged vegetation

The mechanism of energy balance in an open-channel flow with submerged vegetation was investigated. The energy borrowed from the local flow, energy spending caused by vegetation drag and flow resistance, and energy transition along the water depth were calculated on the basis of the computational results of velocity and Reynolds stress. Further analysis showed that the energy spending in a cross-section was a maximum around the top of the vegetation, and its value decreased progressively until reaching zero at the flume bed or water surface. The energy borrowed from the local flow in the vegetated region could not provide for spending; therefore, surplus borrowed energy in the non-vegetated region was transmitted to the vegetated region. In addition, the total energy transition in the cross-section was zero; therefore, the total energy borrowed from the flow balanced the energy loss in the whole cross-section. At the same time, we found that there were three effects of vegetation on the flow: turbulence restriction due to vegetation, turbulence source due to vegetation and energy transference due to vegetation, where the second effect was the strongest one. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Modeling study on the flow, heat transfer and energy conversion characteristics of low-power arc-heated hydrogen/nitrogen thrusters

A modeling study is conducted to investigate the effect of hydrogen content in propellants on the plasma flow, heat transfer and energy conversion characteristics of low-power (kW class) arc-heated hydrogen/nitrogen thrusters (arcjets). 1:0 (pure hydrogen), 3:1 (to simulate decomposed ammonia), 2:1 (to simulate decomposed hydrazine) and 0:1 (pure nitrogen) hydrogen/nitrogen mixtures are chosen as the propellants. Both the gas flow region inside the thruster nozzle and the anode-nozzle wall are included in the computational domain in order to better treat the conjugate heat transfer between the gas flow region and the solid wall region. The axial variations of the enthalpy flux, kinetic energy flux, directed kinetic-energy flux, and momentum flux, all normalized to the mass flow rate of the propellant, are used to investigate the energy conversion process inside the thruster nozzle. The modeling results show that the values of the arc voltage, the gas axial-velocity at the thruster exit, and the specific impulse of the arcjet thruster all increase with increasing hydrogen content in the propellant, but the gas temperature at the nitrogen thruster exit is significantly higher than that for other three propellants. The flow, heat transfer, and energy conversion processes taking place in the thruster nozzle have some common features for all the four propellants. The propellant is heated mainly in the near-cathode and constrictor region, accompanied with a rapid increase of the enthalpy flux, and after achieving its maximum value, the enthalpy flux decreases appreciably due to the conversion of gas internal energy into its kinetic energy in the divergent segment of the thruster nozzle. The kinetic energy flux, directed kinetic energy flux and momentum flux also increase at first due to the arc heating and the thermodynamic expansion, assume their maximum inside the nozzle and then decrease gradually as the propellant flows toward the thruster exit. It is found that a large energy loss (31-52%) occurs in the thruster nozzle due to the heat transfer to the nozzle wall and too long nozzle is not necessary. Modeling results for the NASA 1-kW class arcjet thruster with hydrogen or decomposed hydrazine as the propellant are found to compare favorably with available experimental data.