A Method Based on Digital Image Analysis for Measuring the Strain Field of Deformed Sheet

对薄板成形应变场传统的测量方法进行了研究,指出了其不足和误差的来源,提出了数字图像分析法测量薄板成形中的应变场,对测量原理、新的测量方法对传统方法的改进,以及如何降低误差进行了介绍,指出数字图像分析法的前景,提出了改进意见。

Thermal Properties Measurement of Micro-Electromechanical System Sensors by Digital Moire Method

The thermal properties of a micro-electromechanical system sensor were analysed by a novel digital moire method. A double-layer micro-cantilever sensor (60 mu m long, 10 mu m width and 2 mu dm thick) was prepared by focused ion beam milling. A grating with frequency of 5000 lines mm- I was etched on the cantilever. The sensor was placed into a scanning electron microscope system with a high temperature device. The observation and recording of the thermal deformation of the grating were realised in real-time as the temperature rose from room temperature to 300 degrees C at intervals of 50 degrees C. Digital moire was generated by interference of the deformed grating and a digital virtual grating. The thermal properties including strain distribution of the sensor and the linear expansion coefficient of polysilicon were accurately measured by the phase-shifted moire patterns.

Quantitative measurement of domain inversion in RuO2 : LiNbO3 crystal by digital holographic interferometry

We quantitatively study the domain inversion in a RuO2:LiNbO3 crystal wafer by the digital holographic interferometry. The crystal wafer is placed into one arm of a Mach-Zehnder-type interferometer to record a series of holograms. Making use of the angular spectrum backward propagation algorithm, we reconstruct the optical wave field in the crystal plane. The extracted phase difference from the reconstructed optical wave field is a well linear function of the applied external voltage. We deduce that the linear electro-optic coefficient of the detected RuO2:LiNbO3 crystal sample is 9.1x10(-12) m/V. An unexpected phase contrast at the antiparallel domain wall is observed and the influence of the applied external voltage on it is studied in detail. Also the built-in internal field is quantitatively measured as 0.72 kV/mm. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.

Cascaded Fresnel digital hologram and its application to watermarking

A cascaded Fresnel digital hologram (CFDH) is proposed, together with its mathematical derivation. Its application to watermarking has been demonstrated by a simulation procedure, in which the watermark image to be hidden is encoded into the phase of the host image. The watermark image can be deciphered by the CFDH setup, the reconstructed image shows good quality and the error is almost close to zero. Compared with previous technique, this is a lensless architecture which minimizes the hardware requirement, and it is used for the encryption of digital image.

Dynamic phase-mapping of domain nucleation on MgO : LiNbO3 crystal by digital holographic interferometry

The quantitative phase-mapping of the domain nucleation in MgO:LiNbO3 crystals is presented by using the digital holographic interferometry. An unexpected peak phase at the beginning of the domain nucleation is observed and it is lowered as the spreading of the domain nucleus. The existence of the nucleus changes the moving speed of the domain wall by pinning it for 3s. Such in-situ quantitative analysis of the domain nucleation process is a key to optimizing domain structure fabrication.

Digital holographic interferometry and the angular spectrum method applied to measuring the domain inversion in ferroelectric crystal

The application of digital holographic interferometry on the quantitative measurement of the domain inversion in a RuO2: LiNbO3 crystal wafer is presented. The recorded holograms are reconstructed by the angular spectrum method. From the reconstructed phase distribution we can clearly observe the boundary between the inverted and un-inverted domain regions. Comparisons with the results reconstructed by use of the Fresnel transform method are given. Factors that influence the measurement include the spectrum filter size and the spectrum movement are discussed. The spectrum filter size has an effect on the measurement of the details. Although the spectrum movement affects every single reconstructed image, it has no influence on the final measurement.

Investigation of effective internal field in congruent lithium niobate crystal by digital holographic interferometry

The phase contrast across the crystal thickness induced by the internal field is measured by the digital holographic interferometry just after the congruent lithium niobate crystal is partially poled. The direction of applied external field is antiparallel to that of internal field, and the measured phase contrast varies linearly with the applied external field. A new internal field is obtained by this method and named effective internal field. The distinct discrepancy between effective and equivalent internal fields is observed. The authors attribute this effect to the new macroscopic representation of elastic dipole components of defect complex in the crystal. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Watermarks encrypted in the cascaded Fresnel digital hologram

A cascaded Fresnel digital hologram (CFDH) is proposed, together with its mathematical derivation. Its application to watermarking has been demonstrated by a simulation procedure, in which the watermark image to be hidden is encoded into the phase of the host image. The watermark image can be deciphered by the CFDH setup, the reconstructed image shows good quality and the error is almost closed to zeros. Compared with previous technique, this is a lensless architecture, which minimizes the hardware requirement. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Phase mapping of domain kinetics in lithium niobate by digital holographic interferometry

The phase mapping of domain kinetics under the uniform steady-state electric field is achieved and investigated in the LiNbO3 crystals by digital holographic interferometry. We obtained the sequences of reconstructed three-dimensional and two-dimensional wave-field phase distributions during the electric poling in the congruent and near stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystals. The phase mapping of individual domain nucleation and growth in the two crystals are obtained. It is found that both longitudinal and lateral domain growths are not linear during the electric poling. The phase mapping of domain wall motions in the two crystals is also obtained. Both the phase relaxation and the pinning-depinning mechanism are observed during the domain wall motion. The residual phase distribution is observed after the high-speed domain wall motion. The corresponding analyses and discussions are proposed to explain the phenomena.

Elimination of zero-order diffraction in digital holography

A simple method to suppress the zero-order diffraction in the reconstructed image of digital holography is presented. In this method, the Laplacian of a detected hologram is used instead of the hologram itself for numerical reconstruction by computing the discrete Fresnel integral. This method can significantly improve the image quality and give better resolution and higher accuracy of the reconstructed image. The main advantages of this method are its simplicity in experimental requirements and convenience in data processing. (C) 2002 Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Digital holographic aberration compensation in electron holography

This paper proposes a new digital method to compensate for the aberration of an electron objective lens in electron holography. In this method, the object wavefront in the exit pupil plane is numerically reconstructed from a digitized electron hologram, and is corrected by multiplying it with the conjugated phase-error function. Then, an aberration-free image can be obtained by calculating the Fresnel integral of this corrected wavefront. In comparison with traditional methods, this method is much more convenient and accurate. Some verifying experiments are also presented in this paper. (C) 2003 Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Phase-shifting apodizer for next-generation digital versatile disk

The next generation digital versatile disk (DVD) using blue lasers will have a capacity of 13 to 15 Gbytes. Compared with current DVD, the wavelength will be shorter and the numerical aperture (NA) will be higher. But with the increase of NA and decrease of wave length, the depth of focus (DOF) decrease rapidly, which makes it hard for the servo-system to track. We propose an optimized three-portion phase-shifting apodizer to increase the depth of focus and at the same time minimize the spot size, which makes the DOF of next generation DVD comparable to current DVD. The simulation result shows that an optical system with this apodizer also has a good defocus characteristic. (C) 2001 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Insight into human sex ratio imbalance: the more boys born, the more infertile men

This study investigated, through large-scale statistical analysis of the global population, whether the human sex ratio is skewing worldwide, and if so, why and how it shifts, and the impact of any shift on human reproduction. A significant imbalance of t