259 resultados para ddc: 507.8

em Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal


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钍是一种重要的核燃料。我国包头稀土精矿含钍0.2%,按每年处理5000吨精矿计算,每年可回收氧化钍10吨。因而研究钍与稀土及其它杂质的分离,不仅能回收钍,同时能降低稀土产品的放射性污染。用伯胺从硫酸焙烧精矿中分离钍的流程已应用于工业生产,但从氧化焙烧流程中回收钍的问题尚未得到解决。本工作主要是研究二种常用的萃取剂伯胺N_(1923)和HEH(EHP)(P_(507))对钍的萃取机理,并针对包头矿氧化焙烧硫酸浸出液中钍与稀土的分离,研究了工艺流程。本工作主要包括五部分。一、伯胺从硫酸溶液中萃取钍的机理研究了伯胺-苯溶液从硫酸介质中萃取钍的萃取机理,用饱和法、斜率法、等克分子系列法确定了萃合物的组成,得到了在一定条件下的萃取反应为:Th~(4+) + 2SO_4~(2-) + 2(RNH_3)_2SO_(4(O)) <-> (RNH_3)_4Th(SO_4)_(4(O))考察了不同溶剂对萃取平衡的影响,在不同溶剂中,伯胺的萃钍能力次序如下:四氯化碳>氯仿>苯>二甲苯>二氯已烷>正已烷。计算了不同条件下的浓度平衡常数K,lg K = 10.28 ± 0.05,结果表明,K不随伯胺浓度改变,K随水相酸度增大而增大,随钍浓度增大而减小。研究了温度对萃取平衡的影响,结果表明,伯胺从硫酸溶液中萃取钍的热效应很小。并计算了一定条件下的热力学函数ΔH = -2900 JM~(-1),ΔS = 190 JM~(-1)。考察了不同条件下的红外和核磁共振谱,并对所提出的机理进行了讨论。二、伯胺从碳酸盐溶液中萃取钍的机理研究了伯胺-正辛烷溶液从碳酸盐介质中萃取钍的平衡规律,用斜率法确定了萃合物组成,得出萃取机理:Th~(4+) + 5CO_3~(2-) + 4(RNH_3NO_3)_((1.5)(O)) <-> (RNH_3)_6Th(CO_3)_(5(O)) + 6NO_3~-考察了不同碳酸盐及水相PH值对萃取平衡的影响,结果表明,在各种碳酸盐溶液中,萃取能力均随碳酸盐浓度及水相PH值增加而下降。计算了浓度平衡常数K,结果表明,K随伯胺浓度增加而增加。研究了不同溶剂及温度对萃取平衡的影响,结果表明,伯胺从碳酸盐溶液中萃取钍是放热反应,并计算了两种碳酸盐浓度下的ΔH、ΔS值。考察了萃合物的红外光谱和核磁共振谱,并对反应机理进行了讨论。三、P_(507)从硫酸溶液中萃取钍的机理研究了P_(507)-正辛烷溶液在不同浓度(1 ~ 15 N)的硫酸介质中萃取钍的平衡规律,同斜率法,饱和法确定了萃合物组成,提出了不同硫酸浓度下P_(507)萃取钍的两种机理。在低酸度下(0.5-6 N):Th~(4+) + 2.5(HL)_(2(O)) <-> ThL_3(HL_2)_((O)) + 4H~+在高酸度下(10-15 N):Th~(4+) + 2HSO_4~- + SO_4~(2-) + 2.5(HL)_(2(O)) <-> H_2Th(SO_4)_35(HL)_((O))并按如下机理萃取硫酸(12N以上):2H~+ + SO_4~(2-) + (HL)_(2(O)) <-> H_2SO_2·2(HL)_((O))通过低酸度下的饱和萃取试验,得出了在饱和情况下,P_(507)萃取钍的机理:Th~(4+) + 2(HL)_(2(O)) <-> ThL_(4(O)) + 4H~+考察了不同溶剂对萃取平衡的影响,结果表明,P_(507)从低浓度硫酸溶液中萃取钍的能力随溶剂的介电常数增加而下降。计算了各种条件下的浓度平衡常数,lgK(2.2N H_2SO_4) = 4.07 ± 0.02, lgK (12.6N H_2SO_4) = 3.53 ± 0.04,结果表明,在高、低两种酸度下,K均不随P_(507)浓度改变,在低酸底下,K随硫酸浓度增加而略有增大,在高酸度下,K随硫酸浓度增加有较显著的增大。从温度对萃取平衡的影响指出,P_(507)从硫酸介质中萃取钍是放热反应。计算了各种酸度下的ΔH、ΔS值。研究了萃合物的红外及核磁共振谱,并对不同条件下的反应机理进行了讨论。四、用伯胺从包头矿氧化焙烧流程中回收钍的工艺包头稀土矿氧化焙烧流程中,得到了含钍、铈(IV),稀土(III)和铁(III)的硫酸浸出液。工艺要求从该浸出液中回收钍,并且同时把其中的铈(IV)单独分离出来。由于料液中有大量的铈(IV),严重地影响了伯胺对钍的萃取能力,如果增大伯胺浓度,会使分相速度减慢。我们用15%N_(1923)-5%异辛醇-煤油作有机相,进行了13级分流萃取,出口小相中Th/RE = 3 * 10~(-5),低于国家规定标准,铈(IV)较完全地被萃入有机相中,出口有机相中铈的纯度为96.7%。然后用3N硝酸加1%过氧化氢溶液将钍与铈同时反萃到水相,反萃液中铈(IV)已被还原为铈(III),再用0.3F P_(507)进行8级逆流萃取,将钍萃入有机相,铈留在水相,从而使钍与铈分离。五、用P_(507)从包头矿氧化焙烧硫酸浸出液中回收钍的工艺当有铈(IV)存在时,P_(507)对钍的萃取能力仍很强。我们用1.54F P_(507)-煤油作萃取剂,进行了5级逆流萃取,出口水相中Th/RE = 1.2 * 10~(-4),低于国家规定标准,铈(IV)全部萃入有机相中,出口有机相中铈的品位为96.2%。出口有机相用2N硫酸加2%过氧化氢进行还原反萃,用13级分流反萃,使铈全部反到水相中,钍则不被反萃,达到了铈、钍分离的目的。以上两种工艺流程均可用于从氧化焙烧硫酸浸出液中分离钍及铈。

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溶剂分馏萃取是分离、提纯、富集物质的有效方法之一,由于它具有分离效果好,易于操作等优点。因此,在稀土萃取分离工艺中得到了广泛的应用。但是,每个分馏萃取工艺只能分离两个组份,若要分离所有稀土元素,流程较长。为改进生产,本工作提出了一种三出口萃取分离工艺流程。这种工艺流程可视为由两个萃取段和两个洗涤段组成,由于在两个洗涤段中,两相稀土浓度较高、稀土交换量较大,故可使级数减少。采用此工艺流程进行了P_(507)萃取分离Gd、Tb、Dy三组元素的串级模拟实验,得到了纯度大于99.99%的La-Gd,纯度大于99.8%的Dy-Lu和含量高于65%的Tb_4O_2富集物。Tb的收率大于95%。串级总级数为38级。通过对P_(507)萃取实际体系中稀土元素行为的研究,建立了多元体系中稀土在两相分配的经验模型。Z=C_1H~(C2)×T~(C_3)e~(c_4X(Tb)+C_5X(Dy))和具有一定物理意义的半热力学半经验模型。YT=(Z/H)~3[Σ from i=1 to m of CiXi + Co]根据氨化P_(507)萃取工艺中稀土总浓度在两相的分布规律,提出了一种适合氨化P_(507)萃取分离多元混合稀土工艺的串级计算方法,并用FORTRAN语言编写 了计算程序。使用自编的计算程序进行了氨化P_(507)萃取分离Gd、Tb、Dy三出口工艺的串级模拟计算,计算结果与实验值基本一致。同时,对文献中报导的中间某级开设出口的一分三工艺也进行了串级计算,根据计算结果讨论了两种工艺的优缺点。对恒定混合萃取比的多元稀土萃取分离工艺,进行了在不同串级条件下分界元素在各级的积累及易萃组份和难萃取份的有效分离系数在各级变化规律的计算。结果表明,有效分离系数在级体中出现一极小值β~*,并且β~*值的大小与其出现在级体中的位置随条件不同而改变。对同一萃取体系,当出口产品较纯时,用线性回归分析法关联计算数据得到了β~*与出口产品组成和总萃取比的经验关系式,在萃取段有(A、B与C分离的工艺)β~*/β_B~C=C1+C2EM+C_3ln (A1)/(B1)引入有效分离系数后,进行了环烷酸萃取分离钇与镧系元素的串级模拟计算,计算结果与实验值基本吻合。

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本文研究了镥-Ferron-表面活性剂三元荧光体系的荧光特性,各种表面活性剂中以溴化十六烷基三甲铵的增敏效果最佳,与相应的二元体系相比较,灵敏度提高近10倍。镥的测定下限可达8.8ng/ml。本法与P_(507)萃取色谱分离法相结合可用于天然混合稀土氧化物中痕量镥的测定,结果较满意。

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构造了8阶精度的群速度控制型差分格式.根据激波捕捉能力及对小尺度分辨能力对格式系数进行了优化.采用该格式对可压缩均匀各向同性湍流进行了直接数值模拟,所计算的最大湍流马赫数达到0.95.相同计算条件下的结果与他人结果吻合较好,说明了格式在捕捉激波的同时对湍流小尺度有较好的分辨能力.

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细胞在材料表面的粘附是贴壁依赖型细胞生长的前提.本文以胶原和牛血清蛋白(BSA)为模型蛋白,研究了两者的吸附和竞争吸附对细胞粘附和生长的影响.

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<正> 1989年3月日面出现了近四十年来最大的黑子群,发生了剧烈的太阳活动,产生了重大的地球物理效应。对这些事件的联测取得了大量日地物理的资料。为了推动进一步的分析和研究,中国科学院第22周太阳活动峰年日地系统整体行为研究专家组于1990年4月23日至26日在北京召开了“1989年3月和8月重大日地事件观测与分析研

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通过模拟分析 ,对激光毛化 18 8不锈钢的疲劳寿命与毛化覆盖率的关系进行研究 ,预测结果与相关实验结果进行对比。结果显示 ,由于激光毛化处理的影响 ,18 8不锈钢的疲劳寿命得到改善 ,而且在毛化覆盖率为 2 0 %左右时 ,材料疲劳性能最好

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利用脉冲辐照研究超高温度梯度下表层预轩ZrO_2纳米颗粒涂层的18-8奥氏体不锈钢的快凝组织形态、微结构特征及力学性质,结果表明,在表层约15μm范围内形成Zr的合金化微区,Zr最大含量(原子分数)为43.3%,但Zr成分分布存在不连续特征;预置纳米ZrO_2陶瓷涂层明显提高了激光作用深度。超高温梯度和高冷却速度显著细化了快凝亚组织并得到超细枝晶及胞晶,并观察到位错胞及栅栏孪晶两类亚晶,而激光熔区的外延生长机制未使晶粒细化。激光辐照后,合金化区硬度增加而弹性模量降低,其余部分硬度增加而弹性模量无变化。

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据中国数字地震台网测定,2004年1月20日16时34分11.9秒在滦县发生了ML=4.8的地震,震中位于东经118.77°,北纬39.71°,震源深度H=10km。尽管地震造成的破坏轻微,但有感范围较大,在秦皇岛市、青龙县、北京市、廊坊市、天津市等地均有震感。这次地震使震中及其附近地区的5台数字强震仪触发,记录了5组3分量数字加速度记录。本文对这次地震事件、地震地质概况作了简要介绍,并就台站(阵)基本背景资料、数字强震仪主要技术指标作了详细说明。最后,对获取的15条数字加速度记录作了初步处理分析,如基线校正、加速度峰值计算、傅里叶谱及反应谱计算等。

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Czochralski (CZ) crystal growth process is a widely used technique in manufacturing of silicon crystals and other semiconductor materials. The ultimate goal of the IC industry is to have the highest quality substrates, which are free of point defect, impurities and micro defect clusters. The scale up of silicon wafer size from 200 mm to 300 mm requires large crucible size and more heat power. Transport phenomena in crystal growth processes are quite complex due to melt and gas flows that may be oscillatory and/or turbulent, coupled convection and radiation, impurities and dopant distributions, unsteady kinetics of the growth process, melt crystal interface dynamics, free surface and meniscus, stoichiometry in the case of compound materials. A global model has been developed to simulate the temperature distribution and melt flow in an 8-inch system. The present program features the fluid convection, magnetohydrodynamics, and radiation models. A multi-zone method is used to divide the Cz system into different zones, e.g., the melt, the crystal and the hot zone. For calculation of temperature distribution, the whole system inside the stainless chamber is considered. For the convective flow, only the melt is considered. The widely used zonal method divides the surface of the radiation enclosure into a number of zones, which has a uniform distribution of temperature, radiative properties and composition. The integro-differential equations for the radiative heat transfer are solved using the matrix inversion technique. The zonal method for radiative heat transfer is used in the growth chamber, which is confined by crystal surface, melt surface, heat shield, and pull chamber. Free surface and crystal/melt interface are tracked using adaptive grid generation. The competition between the thermocapillary convection induced by non-uniform temperature distributions on the free surface and the forced convection by the rotation of the crystal determines the interface shape, dopant distribution, and striation pattern. The temperature gradients on the free surface are influenced by the effects of the thermocapillary force on the free surface and the rotation of the crystal and the crucible.

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孕震初期加卸载响应比(LURR)通常在1左右涨落,然后逐渐上升至峰值点。但强地震并不在峰值点上发生,而要滞后一段时间(T2)。T2与震级有关,震级越大,T2越长。对于8级地震,T2的计算值为28±8个月,汶川8级地震实际的T2是23个月。对于大地震,T2很长,峰值点后LURR通常迅速下降,在大地震前夕LURR常常降得很低,而预测的地震又迟迟没有发生,这种情况下很容易误导人们怀疑,甚至放弃原来的预测,殊不知,这时大地震正在迫近。这正是汶川8级地震给予人们血的教训。大地震不仅孕育时间长,孕震区面积也很大。大地震的前兆在时空上都是大尺度。基于这种认识,根据LURR的演化,中国大陆西南地区可能正在孕育一个特大地震。

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L-selectin plays a crucial role in inflammation cascade by initiating the tethering and rolling of leukocytes on endothelium wall. While many L-selectin molecules are rapidly shed from the cell surface upon activation, the remaining membrane-anchored L-selectin may still play an important role in regulating leukocyte rolling and adhesion with different binding kinetics. Here we developed an in vitro model to activate Jurkat cells via interlukin-8 (IL-8) and quantified the two-dimensional (2D) binding kinetics, using a micropipette aspiration assay, of membrane-anchored L-selectin to P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) ligand coupled onto human red blood cells (RBCs). The data indicated that L-selectin shedding reduced the amount of membrane-anchored L-selectin and lowered both its reverse and forward rates. These results suggested that the rolling dynamics of activated leukocytes was determined by two opposite impacts: reducing the surface presentation would enhance the rolling but lowering the kinetic rates would decrease the rolling. This finding provides a new insight into understanding how L-selectin shedding regulates leukocyte rolling and adhesion.

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目的 研究IL-8刺激所致的L-选择素水解断裂是否会引起细胞膜结构和刚度的变化,进而影响L广选择素-配体的反应动力学.方法 分别用IL-8、TAPI-0+IL-8和TAPI-0处理本构表达L-选择素的Jurkat细胞,用以构建L-选择素水解断裂、阻断水解断裂和阻断剂对照的细胞-分子模型.采用扫描电镜观察其表面拓扑结构,采用微管吸吮方法测量其刚度.结果 与正常组相比,水解断裂组和阻断水解断裂组细胞微绒毛减少、表面趋于光滑,而阻断剂对照组则无明显变化;无论是水解断裂组,阻断水解断裂组还是阻断剂对照组,细胞膜刚度与正常组相比均无显著性差异.结论 IL-8刺激所致L-选择素水解断裂会引发细胞膜拓扑结构的变化,进而影响L一选择素一配体反应动力学的变化;而细胞膜刚度未见明显变化,表明载体刚度不是水解断裂引发L-选择素-配体反应动力学变化的因索.

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We measured spectroscopic and laser action properties of a novel 8-position substituted pyrromethene-BF2, namely 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-2,6-diethyl-8-n-propyl pyrromethene-BF2 complex. The laser action was performed with the corresponding dye solution in ethanol, which was placed in a Littman-type laser cavity pumped by the second harmonic of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The spectroscopic measurements clearly indicated that the corresponding dye solution in ethanol exhibited intense absorption in the visible spectral region with large fluorescence quantum yield. It possesses rather low triplet-triplet absorption in the spectral region 460-550 nm and almost negligible triplet-triplet absorption in the lasing spectral region. As a consequence, it lases nearly as efficiently as commercially available benchmark laser dyes such as Rhodamine-6G and outperformed them in wavelength tunability in our laser cavity and pump geometry. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America.

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We report on the conversion of near-ultraviolet radiation of 250-350 nm into near-infrared emission of 970-1100 nm in Yb3+-doped transparent glass ceramics containing Ba2TiSi2O8 nanocrystals due to the energy transfer from the silicon-oxygen-related defects to Yb3+ ions. Efficient Yb3+ emission (F-2(5/2)-> F-2(7/2)) was detected under the excitation of defects absorption at 314 nm. The occurrence of energy transfer is proven by both steady state and time-resolved emission spectra, respectively, at 15 K. The Yb2O3 concentration dependent energy transfer efficiency has also been evaluated, and the maximum value is 65% for 8 mol % Yb2O3 doped glass ceramic. These materials are promising for the enhancement of photovoltaic conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells via spectra modification.